Adage • A saying that has been popularly
accepted over a long period of time.
• When it rains, it pours.• The grass is always greener on the
other side.• Open mouth, insert foot.
Generalization
• A broad statement based on specific facts and examples.
– Tables and chairs had been set up in the school gym for the big checkers tournament. The gym was packed with students talking excitedly as they waited to see whom they would be paired with. Suddenly, Steve walked into the gym. The students stopped talking and stared. A few began to bite their fingernails. Most of them hoped they would not have to face Steve in the first round.
Generalization made Students fear and respect Steve as a great checkers
player. What were the clues?
Compare and Contrast
• Compare: – to identify ways that multiple things are
alike. • Contrast
– to identify ways that multiple things are different.
Character
• is any person, animal, or thing that takes part in the action of a story.
Characterization
• Physical attributes- blonde hair, red shirt, etc.
• Interaction with others- how they treat and talk to others. (shy, mean, nice, etc.)
• Their thoughts• Their actions• STEAL
Setting
• is when and where a story takes place
Plot•is the series of events that make up a
story.
Conflict
• A problem that the characters must solve– Does not have to be a real fight or
argument.
Climax
• The point in the story at which the conflict of the story is addressed by the main characters but is not solved yet.
• The turning point!
Plot ---->
Point of View• First Person –
– Told from the point of view of I or we• Third Person –
– Told from the point of view of he, she, or they.
• Third-Person Limited – – A point of view in which he and she is
used, and readers learn a lot about one or two characters and their thoughts.
• Third- person Omniscient-– A point of view in which he and she is
used, and readers learn a lot about all characters’ thoughts.
Dialect
• The way a person who lives in a specific geographical area or specific time period might speak. – Example- In Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Theme
• is the central idea or meaning of a story.
• Example: Giving is better than receiving.
Verb TensePast Tense:
A form of a verb used to describe actions that have already happened. (He jumped high.)
Present TenseA form of a verb used to describe actions or
events happening currently right now. HE jumps high.)
Future Tense A form of a verb that describes actions that
have not happened yet (He will jump high.)
Perfect Verb TenseA form of a verb used to describe actions
already completed. Something happened before another time.
Future Perfect Verb Tense
• A form of the perfect tense made by combining the future tense of “to have” with the past tense of a verb. (will have)
• By Sunday, Chris will have finished his book report.
• Two events in the future. One is completed before the other future event.
Past Perfect Verb Tense
• A form of the perfect tense made by combining the past tense of “to have” (had) with the past tense of a verb.
• Alex had washed the dog when Fred arrived.
• Two events in the past. One happens before the other but both in the past.
Present Perfect Verb Tense• A form of the perfect tense made by
combining the present tense of “to have” with the past participle of a verb. Use have or has with past tense verb tense.
• Mrs. Bradley has taught for ten years.
• An event that happened in the past and is still happening today.
Interjection
• A word or phrase that shows strong feeling.
• Ouch, that hurts!• Yes, I won the race!
Preposition A word that links objects (generally nouns or
pronouns) to other words in a sentence. Often shows location or direction.
Prepositional Phrase- a phrase containing a preposition and an object. They often indicate directions, or describe motion more precisely.
Example: Bring me the book on the maple table. The prepositional phrase is: “on the maple table”
Author’s PurposeThe reason an author writes a particular
piece.
Persuade- change the way you thinkInform- teach you something Entertain-tell a story
Figurative Language Descriptive language that is not use literally
and creates an image in the reader’s mind.
Proverbis a statement of practical wisdom expressed
in a simple way. An example of a proverb is “A stitch in time saves nine,” which means that doing something in a timely way saves you from having to do more work later.
Dialogueis a conversation between characters
Example: “Wake up! It’s time for your birthday
breakfast,” Carolyn shouted.
Description Tells how something looks, feels, smells,
sounds, or tastes.
Example: Laughter and shouts filled the air because the players were too wound up to sit quietly.
Context CluesWhen you find a word you do not know, you use the words around the word to determine its meaning.
You may have to use the sentence before or after the word that is unknown.
What are the four main types?
Root Words The basic word part that another word is made of when an affix is added. Remember an affix is a prefix or suffix.
Topic Sentence Usually the first sentence in a paragraph
that tells the main idea of the paragraph.
Concluding Sentence
Usually the last sentence in a paragraph that sums up the idea of the paragraph.
Conclusion = where
Stanza
Pumpkins on Guard
Look at all the pumpkin facesLighting up so many places.
On the porch and in the yard,Pumpkin faces standing guard.
Looking friendly, looking mean,With a smile or with a scream.
Orange faces burning brightIn the cool October night.
Stanza 1
Stanza 2
Stanza 3
Stanza 4
Rhyme-Last line in poetry have same sounds
Rhyme Scheme-The pattern in which rhyme sound occur in a stanza. abab, abcabc, abcdabcd, etc.
Idiom
An expression of two or more words that mean something other than the literal meaning of the individual words.
Give me a hand
Imagery
Words that appeal to our five senses of sight, smell, taste, touch, or hearing.
The sun cast an orange glow over the ocean.
Alliteration Repetition of the same
consonants In lines of poetry or prose
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers;A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked;
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,Where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper
picked? Do not forget that it is two or more not always the whole sentence!
Simile
comparing 2 unlike things using "like" or
"as"
Metaphor
comparing 2 things without using "like" or "as"
The mind is a machine.
Onomatopoeia-
Sound Words Like
Splash, buzz, hiss, boom
Personification-
• Giving human qualities to something not human
• The sweet face of the moon is shining.
• The acorn jumped from the tree. • The grass danced in the wind.
Affix
• A group of letters that are added before or after a root.
• Prefix and Suffix• Prefix- pre, re, un, dis, anti, co, mis,
semi, • Suffix- able, er, less, ment, ion, est
P Q R S
Pun
• Words with humorous double meaning. A “play on words.”
• Example: The average ghost is mean spirited.
Palindrome
• is a word or phrase that reads the same way backwards and forwards.
• Example: deed, dad, mom, racecar, never odd or even
Poem/Poetry
• Concentrated words expressing strong feeling, does not follow rules of prose writing
I'm Late For School
I got up late for school today,And nearly missed the bus!I hurried down the stairs,Wolfed my toast, and caused a fuss!
I quickly threw books in my bag,My pens, my lunch and shorts.Grabbed my coat from out the cupboard,Took my bat and ball for sports.
I slid across the kitchen floor,And hopped around the cat!Then expertly rolled over,Jumped back up and grabbed my hat!
I belted out of our front door,Spun round and swung it shut.Saw the bus was waiting for me,I felt I had time to strut!
I climbed aboard and then froze still,And knew that things weren't right!My friends fell down in fits of fun,And pointed with delight!
My face went red, I couldn't breathe,For in my haste I knew!I'd forgotten to wear trousers,Jumper, shirt, my socks and shoes!
Sequence of events
What order things happen, usually not over a period of
time .
First, put cracked eggs in a large bowl. Then, add flour.
Chronological order-
• Things put into order by time
Charlie went to the store, and bought a box of cookies. Then, he went home and made a card. The next day, he took the card and cookies to school. At lunch, he gave the card and cookies to Sally for her birthday.
Spatial Order
• observing by bottom to top, left to the right, inside to outside, East to West, near to far. The way things appear in the space around them
Cause-
• the event or reason {Because of rain (cause), the grass grew (effect)}
• The reason something • happens.
Opinion
• Opinion- a statement that cannot be proven. It communicates someone’s feeling or judgement.
Table of contents
Chapter titles and page numbers
Index-Alphabetical reference list of topics, heading , subheadings, people, places, events & the page they are located.
Foreshadowing-
clues or hints of what is to come
Genre
A books genre is the type of book it is.
For instance, a book in the autobiography genre is a book that was written about a person about their life.
A book in the fiction genre is a book that is a made up story.
Science Fiction-
The future, in other words, or different dimensions of time & space
Mystery-Terror or suspense plays a controlling point in the story. Characters are looking for clues to solve problem.
Tall tale-
Hyperbole (or exaggeration) of true events and people.
Example: Paul Bunyan, Davy Crockett, or a Fish Story
Conjunctions
• A word that connects two or more words in a sentence.– Fanboys = coordinating conjunctions
(needs a comma if connecting two complete sentences)
– Correlative Conjunctions- both…and, either…or, neither….nor, not only…..but also
– Subordinating Conjunctions- because, after, since, etc.
– Connects dependent clauses with independent clauses.
Coordinating Conjunctions
• FANBOYS• Used to connect words, phrases, and
sentences. • If used to connect two sentences,
you need a comma before the conjunction.
• The comas takes the place of the first comma.
Subordinating Conjunctions
• A subordinating conjunction always comes at the beginning of a dependent clause.
• It helps connect the dependent clause to the independent clause.
• Ram went swimming although it was raining
• Although it was raining, Ram went swimming.
Correlative Conjunctions
• Either ... or, neither ... nor, and not only ... but also are all correlative conjunctions.
• They connect two equal grammatical items.
• Every single evening either the horned owl or the squabbling cats wake Samantha with their racket.