Ain Shams University
Faculty of Science
Geophysics Department
Quantitative Seismic Interpretation and
Reservoir Characteristics of Ha’py Field, Nile
Delta, Egypt
A Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science as a
partial fulfillment for the requirements of Master degree
of Science in Applied Geophysics.
By
Asmaa Mohamed Nadeem Ahmed (B.Sc.in Geology/Geophysics - Faculty of Science - Ain Shams University, 2008)
To
Geophysics Department
Faculty of Science
Ain Shams University
Supervised by
Dr. Abdullah Mahmoud El -Sayed Mahmuod
Associate Professor of Geophysics
Geophysics Department - Faculty of Science - Ain Shams University
Dr. Azza Mahmoud Abdellatif El-Rawy Eng. Magdy Abdelhay Mohamed
Lecturer of Geophysics Senior geophysicist
Geophysics Department - Faculty of British Petroleum and Pharaonic
Science - Ain Shams University Petroleum Company
Cairo – 2017
Note
The present thesis is submitted to Faculty of Science, Ain
Shams University in partial fulfillment for the requirements of the
Master degree of Science in Geophysics.
Beside the research work materialized in this thesis, the
candidate has attended ten post-graduate courses for one year in the
following topics:
1- Geophysical field measurements.
2- Numerical analysis and computer programming.
3- Elastic wave theory.
4- Seismic data acquisition.
5- Seismic data processing.
6- Seismic data interpretation.
7- Seismology.
8- Engineering seismology.
9- Deep seismic sounding.
10- Structure of the earth.
She successfully passed the final examinations in these courses.
In fulfillment of the language requirement of the
degree, she also passed the final examination of a course in the
English language.
Head of Geophysics Department
Prof. Dr. Salah El-Deen Abdel Wahab
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and above all, praise be to go to ''Allah'', the
lord of the universe who guided and aided me to bring the
light for this work and without whose bounty I would not
have been to complete this works.
I would like to express my profound gratitude to Dr.
Abdullah M.E. Mahmoud, Assistant Professor of
Geophysics, Geophysics Department, Faculty of Science,
Ain Shams University, for his kind supervision, valuable
guidance and his kind encouragements for me during this
present work.
Sincere thanks and deepest gratitude to Dr. Azza M.
Abd El Latif El-Rawy, Lecturer of Geophysics,
Geophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University for her supervision, guidance, continuous
support and help during the preparation and writing the
manuscript of the present work.
Gratefulness and deepest appreciation to Eng.
Magdy Abdelhay Mohamed, Senior Geophysicist, Egypt
Gas Business Unit, British Petroleum and Pharaonic
Petroleum Co. for his supervision, suggesting the point,
valuable leading comments during most of the stages of the
progress of this thesis.
Special thanks to my friend Geologist Eman Salem,
for her support, stood by me through the good and bad
times and helping me in using Petrel software for the
present work.
Thanks are extended to the Egyptian General
Petroleum Company (EGPC) and Pharaonic Petroleum
Company (PhPC) for providing the data required for this
work.
Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to
my Mom (may Allah rests her soul), Dad, Sister, Brother
and Friends for providing me with unfailing support and
continuous encouragement through the stages of this
accomplishment which would not have been possible
without them.
Abstract
I
Abstract
Nile Delta is a complex and difficult province for
hydrocarbon exploration, Ha’py Field is located in the eastern
offshore part of Nile Delta, Egypt, in 80 m of water (about 40 km of
Ras El Barr Point). It's being the largest field yet discovered in
Pliocene Trend, its features a somewhat more complicated trapping
configuration. The Plio - Pleistocene primary reservoir in Hap'y Field
(A20 sand) is a package of sands deposited by shallow marine
environments. It deposited in a structural garben, formed through a
complicated interaction of deep deformation of Temsah - Akhen
structure and differential loading during Pliocence deposited.
The principal objective of the current work is studying of A20
reservoir characteristics and identifying the depositional elements of
the reservoir by integrating different types of data that are 3D
seismic, well logs, core and pressure data.
The study of reservoir characteristics of A20 reservoir
package have be executed through several steps : 1) Evaluation of
petrophysical properties of the reservoir then studying reservoir
characteristics and rock quality based on calculated petrophysical
properties and investigating the reservoir connectivity, 2) Mapping
top ,base gas and base of the reservoir package, 3) Construction of
attribute maps and images by using reflectivity volumes, then
identification of architectural elements of A20 reservoir package, 4)
Integrating well data analysis and attribute-maps for reservoir
characterization then, 5) Building A20 depositional model.
The main A20 Sand reservoir in the Ha’py Field is an
unconsolidated and the dominant control on reservoir quality is
detrital clay content. According to the plots of pressure depth, the gas
water contact is at 1742 m TVDSS from H-09 well. There is no
reservoir connectivity between wells of the reservoir.
The constructed time and depth maps show that the reservoir
is trapped between a two major listric growth faults (northeast-
southwest) fault and (northwest-southeast) fault. The constructed
isochron and isopach maps show that the gas bearing sand bars
observed their trend to west.
Abstract
II
Extracted seismic attribute (Amplitude Attribute, Coherency
Attribute and Instantaneous Frequency Attribute) has applied for A20
reservoir package to aid in the construction of depositional model.
Observing the changing in amplitude anomalies and polarities, and
decipher it to direct hydrocarbon indictors to see the gas effect on the
seismic images present in the subsurface.
The results of integrating well data analysis, core data and
attribute maps show that A20 reservoir sand is good example of the
wave dominated deltas with strong river influence. The extensive
river input sediments are delivered to the sea which is reworking
most of the sediments, and a spit barrier system .The upper A20 unit
is shallow marine environments sand bar or shoreface elongated sand
bar complex. Subsurface data indicates that Ha’py field exhibits a
series of at least two stacked sand bars (mounds).
Keywords: Ha’py Field, A20 Reservoir characterization, 3D seismic
interpretation, Petrophysical analysis, Depositional
model.
Contents
III
Contents
IV
Contents
V
Contents
VI
Contents
VII
List of Figures
VIII
List of Figures
Figure (1-1): (A) Index map of Nile Delta, Egypt. (B)
Location of Ha'py Field, offshore Nile Delta .......... 2
Figure (1-2): Location of fields, development leases and
exploration concessions. Field locations and areas
are approximate. ...................................................... 3
Figure (2-1): Nile Delta sub-surface structure pattern .................. 9
Figure (2-2): Generalized lithostratigraphic column of Nile
Delta area ............................................................... 11
Figure (2-3): Nile Delta Miocene stratigraphical framework ..... 15
Figure (2-4): Nile Delta Plio-Pleistocene Stratigraphical ........... 16
Figure (2-5): Facies relationship of Neogene Formations on the
west flank of Nile Delta ....................................... 17
Figure (2-6): Late Miocene multiple incisions and canyon fills . 19
Figure (2-7): NE-SW seismic line, showing the base Messinian
SB Tor 3/Me 1 (6.9 Ma) ........................................ 21
Figure (2-8): Stratigraphy of Ha'py Field .................................... 25
Figure (2-9): Depositional model for A20 sand before (A) and
after (B) the appraisal drilling programe ............... 27
Figure (2-10): Palaeogeographic map of northeastern Nile Delta at
the time of deposition of A20 Sand, superimposed
on the present day map of the region .................... 28
Figure (2-11): Major geological structures in Eastern
Mediterranean. (A) Location of Nile Delta and
Ha'py Field. (B) Deep crustal structure under
Nile Delta. ............................................................. 30
Figure (2-12): Geological domains of Nile Delta and its
deepwater area. (A) A hinge line, comprising
Miocene faults downthrowing to the N, marks the
boundary of thick Tertiary sediments, deposited on
a platform. NW of the platform lies a zone of
rotated fault blocks and the basin floor. To the NE
lies an Late Miocene salt basin. (B) Cross-Section
B-C-B' in map (A). (C) Cross-Section B-C-C' in
map (A). ................................................................ 33
List of Figures
IX
Figure (2-13): Geodynamic setting of the Eastern Mediterranean
basin. Grey arrows indicate relative plate motions 37
Figure (2-14): Interpreted crustal distribution and key basement
lineaments related to opening of the East
Mediterranean Basin (EMB) ................................. 38
Figure (2-15): Regional and stratigraphic context of Ha'py Field.
Schematic cross-section through Nile Delta
province. ................................................................ 43
Figure (3-1): Pickett plot of A20 reservoir, H-01 well. ............ 61
Figure (3-2): Pickett plot of A20 reservoir, H-02 well ............. 62
Figure (3-3): Pickett plot of A20 reservoir, H-09 well. ............ 62
Figure (3-4): Pickett plot of A20 reservoir, H-T2 well. ............ 63
Figure (3-5): Neutron-Density cross plot of A20 reservoir,
H-01 well. .............................................................. 70
Figure (3-6): Neutron-Density cross plot of A20 reservoir,
H-02 well. .............................................................. 71
Figure (3-7): Neutron-Density cross plot of A20 reservoir,
H-09 well. .............................................................. 71
Figure (3-8): Neutron-Density cross plot of A20 reservoir,
H-T2 well. ............................................................. 72
Figure (3-9): Litho-Saturation cross plot of A20 reservoir,
H-01 well. .............................................................. 76
Figure (3-10): Litho-Saturation cross plot of A20 reservoir,
H-02 well. .............................................................. 77
Figure (3-11): Litho-Saturation cross plot of A20 reservoir,
H-09 well. .............................................................. 78
Figure (3-12): Litho-Saturation cross plot of A20 reservoir,
H-T2 well. ............................................................. 79
Figure (3-13): Elevation distribution map for A20 reservoir. ....... 82
Figure (3-14): Shale volume distribution map for A20 reservoir . 82
Figure (3-15): Effective porosity distribution map for A20
reservoir. ................................................................ 83
Figure (3-16): Water saturation distribution map for A20
reservoir. ................................................................ 83
Figure (3-17): Hydrocarbon saturation distribution map for A20
reservoir. ................................................................ 84
List of Figures
X
Figure (3-18): Pressure-depth plot for Akhen-1, Ha'py-1 and
Osiris-1 wells, showing water and gas gradients
and fracture pressure envelope. The deeper sands
experienced seal failure due to gas charge. ........... 89
Figure (3-19): Fluid injectivity cross-plot illustrating variations in
total volume injected with brine permeability in a
sample of A20 Sand taken from Ha'py-2 at 2012
m MD . These tests show that injectivity decreases
with decreasing salinity. ........................................ 90
Figure (3-20): Pressure-depth plot of A20 reservoir, H-01 well. .. 93
Figure (3-21): Pressure-depth plot of A20 reservoir, H-09 well ... 93
Figure (3-22): Multi pressure-depth plots of A20 reservoir H-01
and H-09 wells ...................................................... 94
Figure (4-1): location map of seismic lines and available wells
of the study area .................................................... 99
Figure (4-2): In-line 937 seismic section show sea bed
polarity ................................................................ 105
Figure (4-3): Polarity of Top and Base of A20 reservoir In-line
937 seismic section .............................................. 105
Figure (4-4): Time – Depth charts of the wells distributed in A20
reservoir ............................................................... 107
Figure (4-5): Synthetic seismogram constructed from
H-01 Well ............................................................ 110
Figure (4-6): Synthetic seismogram constructed from
H-09 Well ............................................................ 111
Figure (4-7): Inline seismic sections with fault interpretation (A)
Inline 952, (B) Inline 992 and (C) Inline 1009 ... 115
Figure (4-8): Cross Line seismic sections with fault
interpretation (A) Xline 457, (B) Xline 497 and (C)
Xline 517 ............................................................. 116
Figure (4-9): (A) xline 372 seismic section for flattened on top
A20, (B) typical profile of a prograding margin,
showing topset, bottomset, and foreset
(clinoform) ..........................................................119
Figure (4-10): Time Structure Contour maps for A20, (A) Top
A20, (B) Base Gas A20, and (C) Base A20
List of Figures
XI
respectively. ......................................................... 122
Figure (4-11): 3D display of time structural contour map of Top
A20 reservoir ....................................................... 124
Figure (4-12): Average velocity curves of the available well
data distributed in the study area ......................... 127
Figure (4-13): Average velocity maps for A20, (A) Top A20, (B)
Base Gas A20, and (C) Base A20 respectively ... 128
Figure (4-14): Depth structure contour maps for A20, (A) Top
A20, (B) Base Gas A20, and (C) Base A20
respectively .......................................................... 131
Figure (4-15): 3D display of depth structural contour map of Top
A20 reservoir ....................................................... 132
Figure (4-16): Thickness maps between Top A20 and Base A20,
(A) Isochron map and (B) Isopach map. ............ 134
Figure (4-17): Thickness maps between Top A20 and Base Gas
A20, (A) Isochron map and (B) Isopach map. .... 136
Figure (4-18): 3D display isochron between Top surface and
Base surface of A20 reservoir ............................. 137
Figure (4-19): 3D display isopach between Top surface and
Base surface of A20 reservoir ............................. 137
Figure (4-20): 3D display isochron between Top surface and
Base Gas surface of A20 reservoir ..................... 138
Figure (4-21): 3D display isopch between Top surfce and
Base Gas surface of A20 reservoir ..................... 138
Figure (5-1): The complex trace shown as a helix of variable
amplitude in the direction of time axis. It consists of
the real component (original seismic trace); and the
imaginary (quadrature) component. .................... 142
Figure (5-2): 3D RMS window attribute map (+15/-15) ms of Top
surface of A20 reservoir, and (G) is indicative of the
gas/water contact . ............................................... 152
Figure (5-3): 3D RMS window attribute map (+15/-15) ms of
Base Gas surface of A20 reservoir, and (G) is
indicative of the gas/water contact . .................... 153
Figure (5-4): 3D RMS window attribute map (+80/-80) ms of
Base Gas surface of A20 reservoir, and (G) is