2012Edition TUTORIAL CASE STUDY FOR PWDT©
2012 Edition Yahaya Hassan©
PHARMACIST WORKUP OF DRUG THERAPY IN
PHARMACEUTICAL CARE
Date :
Case :
Ward :
Bed No:
Reg. No :
PROBLEM ORIENTEDPHARMACIST RECORDDepartment of Pharmacy Practice
Faculty of PharmacyUniversiti Teknologi MARA
CASE 1
A. Patient Description
Name : Age :
Reg. No : Gender : Male [ ] Female [ ]
Admission : Weight : kg
Race : Malay [ ] Chinese [ ] Indian [ ] Height : cm
B. Chief Complaint (CC)
C. History of present illness (HPI)
D. Family & Social History
E. Medical History Interview
HEART PROBLEMS: URINARY/REPRODUCTIVE:
Chest pain (angina) Urinary or bladder infection
Past heart attack Prostate problems
Heart failure Hysterectomy
Irregular heartbeat Chronic yeast infections
Heart by-pass surgery Kidney disease
Rheumatic fever Dialysis
Other: Other:
EYES, EARS, NOSE & THROAT MUSCLES AND BONES
Poor vision Arthritis
Poor hearing Gout
Glaucoma Back pain
Sinus problem Amputation
Bladder disorder Joint replacement
Other: Other:
GASTROINTESTINAL NEUROLOGICAL
Heartburn Headache
Ulcer Seizures or epilepsy
Constipation Parkinson’s disease
Diverticulitis Dizziness
Liver disease Past stroke
Gallbladder problems Fainting
Pancreatitis Depression
Other: Anxiety
Other:
DO YOU HAVE: LUNG PROBLEMS
High blood pressure Asthma
Low blood pressure Emphysema
High cholesterol Bronchitis
Diabetes Other:
Cancer
Anaemia
Bleeding disorder DO YOU HAVE OR USE…?
Hay fever Glasses
Sleeping problems Hearing aid
Other: Other:
DO YOU HAVE A FAMILY HISTORY OF:
High blood pressure
Heart disease Other:
Diabetes
F. Medication history
F.S.1Current Prescription Medication Regimen
Name/Dose/Strength/Route Schedule/Frequency of
Use
Indication Start Date (and stop
date if applicable)
Prescriber Indication issues, effectiveness,
safety, compliance and
cost
F.S.2 Current Nonprescription Medication Regimen (OTC, herbal, homeopathic, nutritional, etc)
Name/Dose/Strength/Route Schedule/Frequency
of Use
Indication Start Date (and stop
date if applicable)
Prescriber Indication issues,
effectiveness, safety,
compliance and cost
G. Allergies:
History of allergies: Yes [ ] No known allergies [ ]
Are you allergic to any prescription drugs, over-the-counter medication, herbals or food
supplements?
Yes No. If yes, please list the medications and type of
allergic reaction experienced:
Are there any medications that you are not allergic but cannot tolerate?
[ ] Yes [ ] No If yes, please list the medications and the reaction experienced:
What environmental allergies do you have?
H. Medication Compliance assessment
Base questions on history obtained to this point.
Your medication regimen sounds complex and must be hard to follow;
How often would you estimate that you miss a dose?
______________________________________________________________________
Everyone has problems with following a medication regimen exactly as written.
What are the problems you are having with your regimen?
______________________________________________________________________
Compliance rate : Compliant [ ] Moderate/partial compliant [ ] Noncompliant [ ]
I. Social History (Soc.Hs)
Smoking:
Do you use tobacco?
Yes NoIf yes, what type? packs/day ________ years.
If no, Never consume [ ] , stopped [√] 17 year(s) ago.
Alcohol :
Do you drink alcohol? Chronic alcoholic
Yes No If yes, what type? Drinks/day/week.
If no, Never consume [ ] , stopped [ ] year(s) ago.
Other Drug use :
Caffeine intake : Never consumed [ ] drinks per day , Stopped __ year(s) ago.
Drug/substance abused : Never consumed [] , If yes What type
_________________
Diet
Routine
Exercise/Recreation
Daily Activities/Timing
J. Risk Assessment/Preventive Measures/Quality of Life
Please calculate the 10-year Coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in this patient according to the Modified Framingham Risk Scores For Men and Women (appendix: Table 2)
Modified Framingham Risk Scores For Men and Women
Male Female
Point total 10 year risk (%) Point total 10 year risk (%)
0 1 <9 <1
1 1 9 1
2 1 10 1
3 1 11 1
4 1 12 1
5 2 13 2
6 2 14 2
7 3 15 3
8 4 16 4
9 5 17 5
10 6 18 6
11 8 19 8
12 10 20 11
13 12 21 14
14 16 22 17
15 20 23 22
16 25 24 27
>17 >30 >25 >30
J. Physical examination / laboratory for initial and follow-up.
Lab investigation
Date DateHeight(cm) Na+Weight(kg) K+Temp(C°) BUNBp(mmHg) CreatininePulse(bpm) Urine outputRR/VENT I/OPeak Flow Uric acid/MgPH Ca2Osat PO4PCO2 FBS/RBSHCO BMILDL LDHHDL CPKTG INRT.Choles. PT/aPTTWBC TT/FDPHgb BLI BiliPlatelet ALT/ASTChest X-ray Alk PhosEchocardio Total P/AlbECG TSH
CrCl(ml/min)
Pharmacologic review of system:
General: ___________________________________________
Vital Signs: ___________________________________ _____
KUT: _____ ___
HEPATIC: _____________________________________ ___
CVS: __________ ____ ________
CHEST: _____________________ _______________________
BLOOD: _____________________________________ _____
ABDO: _____________________________________________
SKIN/MUSCLE: ____________________________________
NEURO/MENTAL: ___________________________________
HEENT: _____________________________________ _____
GIT : ________________________________________ ______
Vital Signs
8/7 9/7 10/7
T (oC)
BP (mmHg)
HR (beat/min)
I/O: Input/Output
Balance
Haematology: Complete Blood Count
Normal range 8/7 Normal range 8/7
WBC 5.2 – 12.4 10^3/uL Monocyte 3.4 – 9.0 %
RBC 4.7 – 6.1 10^6/uL Eosinophil 0.0 – 7.0 %
HGB 14 – 18 g/dL Basophil 0.0 – 1.5 %
HCT 42 – 52 % Neutrophil # 1.5 – 5.5 10^6u/L
MCV 80 – 94 fL Lymphocyte# 0.9 – 5.2 10^6u/L
MCH 27 – 31 pg Monocyte# 0.16 – 1.00 10^6u/L
MCHC 33 – 37 g/dL Eosinophil# 0.0 – 0.8 10^6u/L
RDW-CV 11.5 – 14.5 % Basophil 0.0 – 0.2 10^6u/L
Platelets 130 – 400 10^3/uL Lymphocyte 19 – 48 %
Neutrophils 40 – 74 %
Renal Profile
Normal range
Na+ 136 – 145 mmol/L
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K+ 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L
Urea 2.5 – 6.7 mmol/L
Creat 53-115 μmol/L
Clcr 50 – 110 ml/min
Cl- 98 – 107 mmol/L
Evaluation of renal function (Please choose at what stage of renal impairment that the patient is having based on your calculated creatinine clearance. Formula is given at the appendix)
Stage Description GFR ml/min/1.73m2 Patient’s CKD stage
1 Kidney damage with normal or ↑GFR ≥90
2 Kidney damage with mild ↓GFR 60 – 89
3 Moderate ↓GFR 30 – 59
4 Severe ↓GFR 15 – 29
5 Kidney failure (ESRD) <15 (or dialysis)
Cardiac Enzymes
Normal range
CK 30 - 200
LDH 135 - 225
Aspartate Transaminase 5-34
Others
Normal range
RBS 4-11mmol/L
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K .Diagnoses/Provisional Dx / Acute / Chronic medical Problems
L. Drug treatment in the ward
Current Drug Theraphy(Oral,Parental,Inhaler and others)
Drug Name Prescribed
Schedule
Duration Indication/safety/efficacy
start Stop
Time Line: Please circle the actual administration time of the medication. Below it, state the drugs that the patient is currently on based on decided time.
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5
am noon pm midnight
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Patient’s progress report in the wardDate
General
Vital signsBPPRRRT
CVPO2Sat
Lungs
Abdomen
CVSLimbs
ReflometPlan
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M. Drug therapy assessment/Identifying drug related problem. (Please answer each of the following questions based on your assessment of the patient)DRUG RELATED PROBLEM QUESTION ANSWER () COMMENTS
1) Correlation Between DrugTherapy & Medical Problem
Any drugs without a medical indication?Any unidentified medication?Any untreated medical conditions?Do they require drug therapy?
YES ? NOYES ? NOYES ? NOYES ? NO
2) Appropriate Therapy Comparative efficacy of chosenmedication (s)?Relative safety of chosen medication (s)?Is medication on formulary?Is non drug therapy appropriately used(e.g diet & exercise)?Is therapy achieving desired goals oroutcomes?Is therapy tailored to this patient?
YES ? NO
YES ? NO
YES ? NO
YES ? NO
YES ? NO
3) Drug Regimen Are dose and dosing regimen appropriateand/ or within usual therapeutic rangeand/ or modified for patient factor?Appropriateness of PRN medications?Is route dosage from mode ofadministration appropriate, length orcourse of therapy considering efficacysafety, convenience patient limitationlength or course of therapy and cost?
YES ? NO
YES ? NOYES ? NO
4) Therapeutic Duplication / Polypharmacy
Any therapeutic duplication? YES ? NO
5) Adverse Drug Reaction Are symptoms or medical problem druginduced? What is the like hood the problem is drug related?
YES ? NO
6) Interactions: Drug-Drug. Drug- disease, Drug-Food, Drug-herbal
Any drug-drug interaction with clinicalsignificance?Any relative contraindications givenpatient characteristic and current/ pastdisease state?Any food interactions with clinicalsignificance?Any drug-lab test interactions withclinical significance?
YES ? NO
YES ? NO
YES ? NO
YES ? NO
DRUG RELATED PROBLEM QUESTION ANSWER () COMMENTS
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7) Drug Allergy Or Intolerance Allergy or intolerance to any medicationcurrently being taken. Is patient using a method to alert healthcare provider of the allergy/intolerance?
YES ? NO
YES ? NO
8) Risk And Quality of Life Impact
Is patient at risk for complications with an existing disease state?Is patient on track for preventivemeasures (immunizations, mammograms)Is Therapy adversely impacting patient’squality of life? How so?
YES ? NO
YES ? NO
YES ? NO
9) Social Or Recreational Drug Use (Drug Abuse)
Is current use of social drug problematic?Are systems related to suddenwithdrawal or discontinuation of socialdrugs?
YES ? NOYES ? NO
10) Financial Impact Is therapy cost-effective?Does cost of therapy represent a financialhardship for the patient?
YES ? NOYES ? NO
11) Patient knowledge Of Therapy Does patient understand the role of theirmedication, how to take it and potentialside effect?Would patient benefit from educationtools?Does the patient understand the role ofnon drug therapy?
YES ? NO
YES ? NO
YES ? NO
12) Adherence/ compliance Is there a problem with non adherence todrug or non drug therapy?Are there barriers to adherence or factorshindering the achievement of therapeuticefficacy?
YES ? NO
YES ? NO
13) Self Monitoring Does patient perform appropriate self-monitoring?Is correct technique employed?Is self-monitoring performed consistently,at appropriate times and with appropriatefrequency?
YES ? NO
YES ? NO
YES ? NO
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N. DRUG THERAPY PROBLEM LIST (DTPL)
Date DRP(medication related) Recommendation
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O. PHARMACIST’S CARE PLAN MONITORING WORKSHEET (PMW)
PharmacotherapeuticGoal (based on the above
DRP)
Monitoring Parameter DesiredEndpoint
MonitoringFrequency
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P. DISCHARGE SUMMARY AND COMMUNICATION
Patient was discharged with:
Based on the above discharge medication, please provide a summary of the changes
that happened in the hospital based on the DRP detected and your recommendation
given.
B. COMMUNICATION:
Please provide the communication aspects that you would give to other healthcare
professional and to patients upon discharge.
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A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reaction
(Naranjo CA, Busto U, Sellers EM, et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981;30:239-5.)
To assess the adverse drug reaction, please answer the following questionnaire and give the
pertinent score
Yes NoDo not know
1. Are there previous conclusive reports on this reaction? +1 0 0
2. Did the adverse event appear after the suspected drug was administered?
+2 -1 0
3. Did the adverse reaction improve when the drug was discontinued or a specific antagonist was administered?
+1 0 0
4. Did the adverse reaction reappear when the drug was readministered?
+2 -1 0
5. Are there alternative causes (other than the drug) that could on their own have caused the reaction?
-1 +2 0
6. Did the reaction reappear when a placebo was given? -1 +1 0
7. Was the drug detected in the blood (or other fluids) in concentrations known to be toxic?
+1 0 0
8. Was the reaction more severe when the dose was increased, or less severe when the dose was decreased?
+1 0 0
9. Did the patient have a similar reaction to the same or similar drugs in any previous exposure?
+1 0 0
10. Was the adverse event confirmed by any objective evidence?
+1 0 0
If score is then, ADR is:
< 0 doubtful
1 to 4 possible
5 to 8 probable
> 9 definite
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Appendix
1. Formula creatinine clearance calculation:
a. Cockcroft-Gault GFR
(140-age) * (Wt in kg) * (0.85 if female)
(72 * Cr)
Where ClCr is expressed in ml/min, age in years, weight in kg and serum creatinine mg/dl
If serum creatinine is expressed as µmol/liter instead of mg/dl, calculation is based on:
88.4 µmol/liter =1mg/dl
b. Estimated GFR using MDRD Equation
186 x (Creat / 88.4)-1.154 x (Age)-0.203 x (0.742 if female) x (1.210 if black)
Where serum creatinine is expressed as µmol/liter
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Q. REFERENCES
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