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Prepared by,
JALPA MISTRY
SHINA THAKURANVITA RAJPUT
KHUSHBU PONDA
KHUSHBU MADHANI
TWINKLE JAIN
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Agrotech (Agro-Textiles)
Mobiltech (Automotive and Aerospace Textiles)
Buildtech (Construction Textiles)
Clothtech (Clothing Textiles)
Geotech (Geo-Textiles)
Hometech (Domestic Textiles)
Indutech (Industrial Textiles) Oekotech (Environmentally friendly Textiles)
Packtech (Packaging Textiles)
Protech (Protective Textiles)
Types of Textile TechnologyTypes of Textile Technology
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Meditech (Medical Textiles)
Sporttech (Sports Textiles)
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Medical textiles are manufactured a goods which includestextile stuff used in hygiene, healthiness and private care aswell as surgical end use. The Medical textiles products areobtainable in woven, knitted and non-woven structure
based on the area of application. Increasingly, synthetic fibre is being utilized in the
manufacturing of these products. Depending upon the area of purpose, medical textiles are classify as
under:
Non- implantable Healthcare & Hygiene products
Implantable
Extra-corporeal
About Medical TextilesAbout Medical Textiles
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Classification of medical textileClassification of medical textile
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The type of fibre used varies based on the
application. The synthetic fibres are steadily
replacing natural fibres.
However, most of products under Medical
textiles (and related fibre) need sterilization
and should be non-carcinogenic and anti-
allergen in nature.
Raw Material Use in Medical TextilesRaw Material Use in Medical Textiles
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The major fibres for medical textiles areThe major fibres for medical textiles are
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Baby diapers
Incontinence diapers
Sanitary napkin
Surgical sutures
Disposables
Surgical dressing Contact lens
Artificial implants
The major technical textile productsThe major technical textile products
covered under Medical textiles are ascovered under Medical textiles are as
given belowgiven below
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Artificial heart valve Artificial vascular graft
Artificial ligaments
Artificial skin Artificial tendon
Artificial joints
Artificial kidney Artificial cornea
Artificial lever
ContdContd
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Constituent Element of MedicalConstituent Element of Medical
Textile ProductTextile Product
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The Artificial Heart
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What is an artificial heart?
An artificial heart is a mechanical device that
replaces the heart. Artificial hearts are
typically used to bridge the time to heart
transplantation, or to permanently replace the
heart in case transplantation is impossible.
An artificial heart is also distinct from
a cardiopulmonary bypass machine (CPB),
which is an external device used to provide
the functions of both the heart and lungs.
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Raw materials
Raw Materials
An artificial heart is made out of metal, plastic, ceramic,and animal parts. A titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy isused for the pump and other metal parts because it is
biocompatible and has suitable structural properties. Thetitanium parts are cast at a specialized titanium processor.Except for blood-contacting surfaces, the titanium ismachined to a specific finish. Blood-contacting surfacesreceive a special coating of titanium microspheres thatbond permanently to the surface. With this coating, bloodcells adhere to the surface, creating a living lining.
A blood-contacting diaphragm within the pump is madefrom a special type of polyurethane that is also textured toprovide blood cell adherence. Two tubular grafts are madefrom polyester (which are used to attach the device to the
aorta) and the valves are actual heart valves removed from
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Artificial Heart
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How does it work
An artificial heart is made up of metal and plastic.It is acombination of both and has a small pumpingchamber.This pumping chamber is lined in a materialthat helps to prevent the formation of blood clotswithin the chamber.The pumping chamber can beimplanted within the body or left outside.It all dependson the type of artificial heart being used.
An artificial heart is made up of metal and plastic.It is a
combination of both and has a small pumpingchamber.This pumping chamber is lined in a materialthat helps to prevent the formation of blood clotswithin the chamber.The pumping chamber can be
implanted within the body or left outside.It all dependson the t e of artificial heart bein used.
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Contd
An artificial heart works by allowing blood to enterfrom either the right or the left atrium. The blood isthen pumped into the aorta or thepulmonary artery.Which atrium the blood enters
through and where it is pumped to after, all dependson which side of the heart the artificial heart is
The artificial heart gets its power through electricity orcompressed air.There is a thin cable that connects thepumping chamber to a control console.The control
console is used to regulate the functioning of thepump.The control console is outside of the body andcan be worn by the person on either a belt or a vest.Ithas the ability to be disconnected from the opening inthe body so that the person wearing it can take a
shower.The artificial heart is then running on a battery
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Problems associated with it
The risk of infection is high because of thebreak in the skin that is needed to connect theartificial heart with its external power source
Another problem is that the medicationsrequired increase the risk of bleedingcomplications.Blood thinning drugs are givento help the body reduce the tendency to formclots.But, by doing that, the body is slow toform clots for any injuries throughout thebody, thereby causing the bleeding
complications.
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conclusion
Despite the problems, artificial hearts are
extremely important to the longevity of the
human race.The age of life expectancy will
continue to rise as long as devices such as the
artificial heart are invented and used.
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ARTIFICIAL LIVER
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Artificial liver
Earlier, artificial support
systems were not widely
used in case of liver failure,
primarily because hepatic
toxics are albumin-bound
unlike for the most parturemic pollutant and hence
cannot be removed by usual
dialysis process.
Recently advances have
been made for the removal
of hepatic toxins making it
now possible to support the
patient with liver failure till
liver recovers or until liver
transplantation is feasible
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TheThe major artificial support systems are:major artificial support systems are:
1.1. Peritoneal dialysisPeritoneal dialysis
2.2. HemodialysisHemodialysis
3.3. HemofiltrationHemofiltration
4.4. Continuous renalContinuous renalreplacement therapyreplacement therapy
5.5. CharcoalCharcoalhaemoperfusionhaemoperfusion
6.6. Plasma exchangePlasma exchange
7.7. BiologicBiologic--dtdt absorbentabsorbent
systemsystem8.8. Molecular absorbentMolecular absorbent
re circulating systemre circulating system
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Market for artificial liverMarket for artificial liver
India has done less than 300 liver transplantations.
The liver transplants are primarily done through two
modes in india-
new.Cadaveric donation where the liver of a brain deadperson is used.
2.Living liver donation where half of the liver of patients
relative is given to the patient,the liver then regeneratesafter some days in both donor and receiver.
There has been no artificial liver transplant in india yet.
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ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
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Artificial kidneyArtificial kidneyKidney serves the
filtering mechanism of
the blood.
The kidney has a
mechanical substitute in
kidney dialysis machine.
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About Artificial Kidney /About Artificial Kidney / DialysersDialysers::
The kidney dialysis devices is outside the body
and distils the blood by a filter called the
haemodialysor.
The haemodialysor is prepared primarily of
polysulphone and polyacetate.
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The main constituent in a dialyzer is a partly
porous membrane through which a littleparticle can pass by diffusion.
Dialyzers are encountered in medical work in
renal dialysis where unwanted small molecules(e.g. urea) and water can be removed from the
body.
Hemodialysis (sometimes called artificial
kidneys) take blood from the body and pass it
along one side of the dialyzing membrane so
that unwanted small molecules may diffuse
into a special dialyzing fluid passing along the
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Product characteristics:
The primary function of the artificial kidney is
to purify the blood.
The filtration medium used is hollow viscose
or hollow polyester fiber.
The typical characteristics of the fabric are:
Low lining,
High durability,
Good capillary action,
Good absorbency,
Biodegradability and
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Viscose
Polyester
Raw materials
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ArtificialArtificial ligamentsligaments
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About Artificial Ligaments
An artificial ligament is a medical device & the
purpose of an artificial ligament to join ends
of two bones.
The artificial ligaments are made from man-
made fibres like polyester.
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Raw materials
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polyester
SilkPTFE
multi filaments are mainly used to make
artificial ligaments.
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Technology used
Braiding
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Product characteristics
Ligament is a multilayered or tubular woven
structure having intra-particular region, at
least one bend region and end regions.
Each region is woven so as to possess the
required elasticity and strength.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is mainly
used for manufacturing artificial ligaments.
The artificial ligament must be bio-compatible
with contact blood and tissue and should have
good bonding strength.
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CONTACT LENCES
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The contact lenses are normally used to
accurate visualization, even though some
public wear colored contact lens to improve
or alter their eye color.
Introduction to Contact Lenses
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Soft Contact Lenses are prepared from a waterabsorbing material called HEMA (Hydroxy EthylMetha Acrylate) & are very flexible to handleand comfy on the eyes.
Inside the sphere-shaped category are theconventional and disposable soft lenses. Thefirst comprises a single pair that can be worn fora period of one year on a daily basis duringwaking hours.
Disposables are the most hygienic option asthey are replaced after a particular period daily, fortnightly, monthly or quarterly.
Hard contact lenses are made of some variant
of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and are
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General Considerations:
Rigid lenses are comparatively tiny, usually about9.0mm diameter.
RGP lenses should move a bit to convey O2through tears to the cornea. Movement or "lag"generally is approximately 2-3mm.
The uneasiness of the lenses is mainly due to lid
sense, particularly the upper lid going over thelens.
As a result, patients often stop blinking generally,and 3-9 staining, results from drying of the
parallel cornea.
THE OPTICS OF RIGID CONTACT
LENCES:
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Soft Contact Lenses are made from a waterabsorbing polymer called HEMA (Hydroxyl
Ethyl Metha Acrylate). It has hydrophilic
qualities, i.e., it can soak up water and still
retain its shape and optic functions.
RAW MATIRIALS
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Specification of contact lenses:
Contact lenses may be formed by cutting ablank on a lathe or by molding process.
Recommend displacement- generally 1day,1-2 week, 1 year
Wearing Indication
Lens Material (edge corrected)
Lens Material (non-edge corrected)
Water Content-generally 38%,47%,58% etc Visibility Tint- should be yes.
UV Blocking-should be yes
Inside-Out Mark
Center Thickness
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ARTIFICIAL SKIN
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Artificial skin
About artificial skin:
Skin grafting is theprocedure of replacingdead skin with live skin.
There are two primarymethods of skin grafting
1. Autologous skin graftand
2. Allograft transfers.
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The autologous skin graft transfers skin from one
part of the body to another. The allograft transfers
skin from the bodies of other people / cadaver. Allografts offer only temporary cover, as they are
quickly rejected by a persons immune system.
The artificial skin is used in the skin grafting process.
After taking out burnt / spoiled skin, surgeons
covered the injury with a covering called artificial
skin.
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Product characteristics:
y Artificial skin consists of two layers.
1. Bottom layer
2. Upper layer
1. Bottom layer: It is made in such a way
that it can regenerate the lower layer of
real skin. The ingredients of bottom layer
made a matrix of interwoven bovine
collagen (a fibrous cow protein) and a
sticky carbohydrate (sugar) molecule
called glycosaminoglycan, which imitate
the fibrous pattern of the bottom layer of
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2. Upper layer:
The upper layer is mainly a medical- grade,
flexible silicon piece that imitate the top,
epidermal layer of skin.
The commercial name one of the artificial skin
graft is Integra & it looks somewhat like
translucent plastic wrap.
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Raw materials
Chitins used to manufacture the artificialskin
Chitin (C8H13O5N)n is a long-chain
polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine, aderivative ofglucose, and is found inmany places throughout the naturalworld.
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Nonwoven
Technology used
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ARTIFICIAL JOINTS
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A metal or plastic part that is surgically
implanted to replace a natural joint
(possibly elbow or wrist but usually hip or
knee)
Definition of artificial joint
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PRODUCT CHARACTRISTICS
The artificial joints primarily made of Titanium, Stainless
steel and chromium cobalt, materials which exhibits
compatibility with the human body.
The technical textile component in joints is ultra high
molecular weight high density polyethylene material.
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Raw material of artificial joints
Ultra High molecular weight density
polyethylene, carbon, Polyacetal are
multifilament are used to manufacture
the artificial joints or bones.
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Which technology is used?
Weaving
Braiding
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Joint replacement surgery is a commonly
perofrmed procedure that is used most often
for arthritis treatment. When a joint
replacement is performed, an artificial joint
prosthesis is inserted in place of the worn out
bone and cartilage. The most commonly usedartificial joint replacements are:
What is joint replacement surgery?
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Improved movement and use of a joint.
Surgery can replace or stabilize the joint,
allowing you to stand and walk more easily.
Pain relief. Surgery can relieve pain that
doesn't respond to other treatment options.
Improved alignment of deformed joints. Re-
aligning the joints can improve the functioning
of those joints, plus make cosmetic
improvements
Benefits of artificial joints?
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MASKS
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MasksAbout face mask Facemask is used to guard
the respiratory system andthe face against hazardous
gases and particles whileoffering a wide field ofvision.
The Disposable Face Maskoffers outstanding one-size-fits-all guard for a range of
airborne particulates.
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Its supple design features allow the wearer
to breathe comfortably for hours of use.
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Product characteristics
The desired properties of
disposable facemask are:
Made with multi-layered non-poisonous,non-allergic, non-stimulating materials
Should eliminate cross-contamination
between patients Soft, flexible nosepiece permits individual
adjustment to face.
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Design should allow mask to easily be worn
with glasses and goggles.
Are safe as demonstrated in independent
testing
Offer a long-lasting protective virucidal and
bactericidal coating that is permanentlybound to the medical mask.
Pose little or no risk of promoting antibiotic
resistance. High air permeability and light weight
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Application
The main end use of facemask is to
provide barrier against :
Droplets containing pathogenicmicroorganisms
During cement manufacturing & handling
Dust during cleaning of dusty areas likebasements, attics, garages etc
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Grinding operations
Lab or clean room use
Pollutes from heavy metal
Spreading pathogens to others and their
environment through coughs, sneezes, or
talking
Sweeping
Wood and metal sanding
Microorganism during surgical operation
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Raw materials
Nonwoven fabric
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Technology
Nonwoven converting machinery
Blank Masks Making Machinery
Ear Loop Sealing Machine Tie-Tape Sealing Machinery
Packing Machinery
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BANDAGES
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A bandage is a part of material used either to hold up a
medical apparatus such as a dressing or splint, or on its own
to offer support to the body. Bandages are existing in an
ample range of varieties, from common cloth strips, to
specialized fashioned bandages designed for a precise limb orpart of the body, even though bandages can frequently be
improvised as the situation demands, using clothing, blankets
or other stuff.
Introduction About Bandages
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In ordinary speech, the word "bandage" is often used
to mean a dressing, which is used directly on a
wound, whereas a bandage is technically only used
to support a dressing, and not directly on a
wound.
According to StedmansBandages are ...piece[s]
of cloth or other material, of varying shape and size,
applied to a body part to make compression,
absorb drainage, prevent motion, retain surgicaldressings.
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Three layers to a classic bandage
Contact or Primary Layer-Adherent bandage for
inflammatory stage of healing &Non-Adherent for
repair stage
Intermediate or Secondary Layer-Bulky for
absorbency and padding
Outer or Tertiary Layer-Holding strength
Wound Dressing Material
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Gauze bandage
Adhesive bandage
Compression bandage
Triangular bandage
Tube bandage
Splint
Velpeau Sling
Carpal Flexion Bandage
Robert Jones Bandage
Types of bandages:
Product characteristics
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A bandage holds a dressing in place over an openwound . So whenever possible a bandage should
A well padded bandage is almost alwayscomfortable to wearer
As primary dressing, open-weave design providesfast wicking action, superior aeration andexcellent absorbency.
As secondary dressing, it provides bulk,cushioning and ultimate conformability
Contains no latex, will not melt, harden or dry outfrom heat or cold.
Easier removal
Excellent extensibility
Product characteristics
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Non-irritating adhesive
Not to stick to the wound Provides softness, conformability, low lint,
high absorbency
Reduce bacterial penetration through the
dressing.
Resists bacterial colonization within the
dressing
Stays in place with minimal taping Water resistant- yet breathable
l
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In general, the main raw materials used to
manufacture the bandages are Cotton &
Spandex.
Raw materials
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Technology
Weaving
A li ti
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The purpose of using dressing like bandage is to
Control bleeding
Prevent infection & contamination
Absorb blood & wound drainage
Protect the wound from further injury
treatment of lymph edema or venous ulcers provide support to sprains and strains
avoid pressure sores
Application
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Utilized for shoulder and scapular fractures
and injuries Useful for short-term stabilization in wounds
The types of wounds for which they are used
include: Skin flaps
Leg ulcers
Foot ulcers
Diabetic wounds
Burns
Lacerations
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MEDICAL MATTRESSES
Medical mattresses
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Medical mattresses
A hospital bed is unique bed that may possibly ne needed tocare for an individual who is ill. The majority hospital bedsseem like a twin bed made of heavy metal parts.The bed has
portable side rails. Hand cranks or electricity may be used toalter positions of bed.Hospital beds can be physical orelectric.Electric beds may be easier for most groups to use.
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Product characteristics
Dermatological tested Long-lasting freshness and comfort Asthma and allergy prevention
Longer service life and functionality More sleeping comfort No odor and no bacteria Unhindered spread of dust mites and bacteria
No fungi Flood proof, antimicrobial and flame retardant
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Application
Medical mattresses play a serious role in
providing the enduring with the suitable comfort
while ensuring a full and healthy recovery.
Preventing bedsores.
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SUTURE MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES
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Surgical suture is a medical device used to
hold body tissues together after an injury or
surgery. It generally consists of a needle with
an attached length of thread.
What are surgical sutures?
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To bring tissue edges together and speed
wound healing (=tissue apposition)
Orthopedic surgery to help stabilize joints
Repair ligaments
Ligate vessels or tissues
Whats It Used for?
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Suture thread is made from numerous
materials.
The original sutures were made from
biological materials, such as catgut
suture and silk.
Most modern sutures are synthetic, including
the absorbables polyglycolic acid, polylacticacid, and polydioxanone as well as the non-
absorbables nylon and polypropylene
Raw material
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Monofilament Vs. Multifilament
Characteristics of Suture Material
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memory easy to handle
less tissue drag more tissue drag
doesnt wick wicks/ bacteria
poor knot security good knot security
- tissue reaction +tissue reaction
Monofilament Vs. Multifilament
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Surgical disposal material
R t i l
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The raw materials for surgical dressings
are cotton fiber, viscose, polyester and
acrylic.
Raw materials:
Product characteristics
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The materials included under surgical
dressings are:
Rolled bandages,
Crepe bandages,
Plaster-of-Paris bandages,
Absorbent gauze pack,
plaster,
absorbent pads and
Surgical pads.
Product characteristics
Some description of surgical dressing
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1. Crepe bandages /compression
bandages
They are knitted bandages made from thick
woven polyester fabric which have an elasticbehavior and porous nature for skin breathing.
These bandages are used on limbs to create
resting pressure and working pressure for thetreatment.
The crepe bandages are manufactured by
weaving and warping the yarn and then
rocessed to ive ro erties like stretch abilit .
Some description of surgical dressing
material:
Bandage holds the wound care layer on place.
wound care products which are adhesive in
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wound care products which are adhesive in
nature are also available in the market.
The bandage can also be used on standalonebasis in case of orthopedic cases(crepe bandage).
The type of dressing used varies based on the
type of wound and location of the wound.
Typically, the wound care products consist of:-
1 Absorbent pad
2 Non-adhering/dressing
3 Adhering pads or adhesive plaster
The wound contact material is available in both
woven and non-woven forms.
2 Pl t f P i (POP) b d
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They are made of cotton gauze ofleno
weave cloth with Plaster-of-Paris
impregnated.
The leno weave holds the POP material
in the fabric.
The bandage is dipped in water and
applied on the limb which would
graduate into a hard cast once dried. The POP bandages are available is
various sizes like ~10, 15, 20 centimeter
x 3 meter
2. Plaster-of-Paris (POP) bandages:
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Generally they have basis weight of around 30
GSM.
These pads and absorbents are available
across various sizes.
4. Cohesive bandages:
These stick to themselves and not to the
users skin.
Hence, they are suited for skin protection
applications.
3. Dressing pads and absorbent gauze:
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Thanks!!!!!