PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii The Tissue Level of Organization.

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii

The Tissue Level of Organization

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Learning Objectives

• Identify the four major tissue types and describe their functions.

• Describe the relationship between form and function for each tissue type.

• Discuss the types and functions of epithelial tissues.

• Compare the structure and function of connective tissues.


Learning Objectives

• Explain the structure and function of the four types of membrane.

• Describe the three types of muscle tissue and the structural features of each.

• Discuss the basic structure and role of neural tissue.


SECTION 4-1 Tissues of the Body: An Introduction


• Tissues are:

• Collections of specialized cells and cell products organized to perform a limited number of functions

• Histology = study of tissues

• The four tissue types are:

• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscular

• Nervous

Tissues and tissue types


• Includes glands and epithelium

• Glands are secretory

• Is avascular

• Forms a protective barrier that regulates permeability

• Cells may show polarity

Epithelial tissue


• Physical protection

• Control permeability

• Provide sensation

• Produce specialized secretions

Functions of epithelium


• Perform secretory functions

• Perform transport functions

• Maintain physical integrity

• Ciliated epithelia move materials across their surface

Specializations of epithelium


Figure 4.1 The Polarity of Epithelial Cells

Figure 4.1


• Cells attach via cell adhesion molecules (CAM)

• Cells attach at specialized cell junctions

• Tight junctions

• Desmosomes

• Gap junctions

Maintaining the integrity of epithelium


Figure 4.2 Intercellular connections

Figure 4.2

Animation: Intercellular connectionsPLAY


• Basal lamina attaches to underlying surface

• Lamina lucida

• Lamina densa

• Germinative cells replace short-lived epithelial cells

Structure of typical epithelium


• Number of cell layers

• Simple

• Stratified

• Shape of apical surface cells

• Squamous

• Cuboidal

• Columnar

Classification of epithelia


Figure 4.3 Squamous Epithelia

Figure 4.3


Figure 4.4 Cuboidal Epithelia

Figure 4.4a


Figure 4.4 Cuboidal Epithelia

Figure 4.4b


Figure 4.4 Transitional Epithelium

Figure 4.4c


Figure 4.5 Columnar Epithelia

Figure 4.5a



Figure 4.5b



Figure 4.5c


• Exocrine glands

• Secrete through ducts onto the surface of the gland

• Endocrine glands

• Release hormones into surrounding fluid

Glandular epithelia


• Merocrine (product released through exocytosis)

• Apocrine (involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm)

• Holocrine (destroys the cell)

Glandular secretions can be:


Figure 4.6 Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion

Figure 4.6

Animation: Mechanisms of glandular secretion PLAY


• Unicellular

• Individual secretory cells

• Multicellular

• Organs containing glandular epithelium

• Classified according to structure

Glands

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.7

Figure 4.7 A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands


SECTION 4-3 Connective Tissues


• Establishing a structural framework

• Transporting fluids and dissolved materials

• Protecting delicate organs

• Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissues

• Storing energy reserves

• Defending the body from microorganisms

Connective tissue functions:


Figure 4.8 A Classification of Connective Tissues


• Specialized cells• Matrix

• Composed of extracellular protein fibers and a ground substance

Connective tissues contain


• Contains varied cell populations

• Contains various fiber types

• A syrupy ground substance

Connective tissue proper


Fluid connective tissue

• Contains a distinctive cell population

• Watery ground substance with dissolved proteins

• Two types

• Blood

• Lymph


• Less diverse cell population

• Dense ground substance

• Closely packed fibers

• Two types

• Cartilage

• Bone

Supporting connective tissues


• Contains fibers, a viscous ground substance, and a varied cell population

• Fibroblasts

• Macrophage

• Adipocytes

• Mesenchymal cells

• Melanocytes

• Mast cells

• Lymphocytes

• Microphages



• Three types of fiber• Collagen fibers• Reticular fibers• Elastic fibers



• Classified as loose or dense

• Loose

• Embryonic mesenchyme, mucous connective tissues

• Areolar tissue

• Adipose tissue

• Reticular tissue

• Dense

• Dense regular CT

• Dense irregular CT



Figure 4.9 The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper


Figure 4.10 Connective Tissue in Embryos

Figure 4.10


Figure 4.11 Adipose and Reticular Tissues

Figure 4.11


Figure 4.12 Dense Connective Tissues

Figure 4.12a



Figure 4.12b



Figure 4.12c


• Distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrix

• Blood• Formed elements and plasma

• Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

• Arteries carry blood away, veins carry to the heart

• Capillaries allow diffusion into the interstitial fluid

• Lymph• Interstitial fluid entering the lymphatic

vessels

Fluid connective tissues


Figure 4.13 Formed Elements of the Blood

Figure 4.13


• Cartilage and bone support the rest of the body

• Cartilage

• Grows via interstitial and appositional growth

• Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin sulfate

• Cells called chondrocytes

• Cells found in lacunae

• Perichondrium separates cartilage from surrounding tissues

• Three types: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

Supporting connective tissues


Figure 4.15 The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage

Figure 4.15a, b



Figure 4.15c



Figure 4.15d


• Has osteocytes

• Depend on diffusion through canaliculi for nutrients

• Little ground substance

• Dense mineralized matrix

• Surrounded by periosteum

Bone, or osseus tissue


Figure 4.16 Bone

Figure 4.16


SECTION 4-4 Membranes


• Form a barrier

• Composed of epithelium and connective tissue

• Four types

• Cutaneous

• Synovial

• Serous

• Mucous

Membranes are simple organs


Figure 4.17 Membranes

Figure 4.17a-d


• Line cavities that communicate with the exterior

• Contain lamina propria

Mucous membranes


• Line sealed internal cavities

• Form transudate

Serous membranes


• Cutaneous membrane• Covers the body surface

• Synovial membrane• Incomplete lining within joint cavities


SECTION 4-5The Connective Tissue Framework of the Body


• Network of connective tissue proper consisting of

• Superficial fascia

• Deep fascia

• Subserous fascia

Organs and systems are interconnected


Figure 4.18 The Fasciae

Figure 4.18


SECTION 4-6Muscle Tissue


• Specialized for contraction

• Three types

• Skeletal

• Cardiac

• Smooth

Muscle tissue


Figure 4.19 Muscle Tissue

Figure 4.19a



Figure 4.19b



Figure 4.19c


• Cells are multinucleate

• Striated voluntary muscle

• Divides via satellite cells

Skeletal muscle


• Cardiocytes occur only in the heart

• Striated involuntary muscle

• Relies on pacemaker cells for regular contraction

Cardiac muscle


• Non-striated involuntary muscle

• Can divide and regenerate

Smooth muscle tissue


SECTION 4-7Neural Tissue


• Conducts electrical impulses

• Conveys information from one area to another

Neural tissue


• Neurons

• Transmit information

• Neuroglia

• Support neural tissue

• Help supply nutrients to neurons

Neural tissue cells


Figure 4.20 Neural Tissue

Figure 4.20


• Cell body

• Dendrites

• Axon (nerve fiber)

• Carries information to other neurons

Neural anatomy


SECTION 4-8Tissue Injuries and Aging


• Injured tissues respond in coordinated fashion

• Homeostasis restored by inflammation and regeneration

Inflammation and regeneration


• Isolates injured area

• Damaged cells, tissue components and dangerous microorganisms removed

• Infection avoided

• Regeneration restores normal function

Inflammatory response


Figure 4.21 An Introduction to Inflammation

Figure 4.21


• Change with age

• Repair and maintenance less efficient

• Structure altered

• Chemical composition altered

Aging and tissue repair


Aging and cancer incidence

• Incidence of cancer increases with age

• 70-80% of all cases due to exposure to chemicals or environmental factors


Figure 4.22 Changes in a Tissue under Stress

Figure 4.22


You should now be familiar with:• The four major tissue types and their

functions.

• The relationship between form and function for each tissue type.

• The types and functions of epithelial tissues.

• The structure and function of connective tissues.

• The structure and function of the four types of membrane.

• The three types of muscle tissue and the structural features of each.

• The basic structure and role of neural tissue.

PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii The Tissue Level of Organization.

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PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii The Tissue Level of Organization.