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Plenary
Group 26D
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CELL Types
Disturbance
Membrane
Transportation
Clinical Corellation
Organelles
Structure &
composition
Intercellular
Communication
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Learning Objectives
Students can described:
1. All kinds of cells
2. The structure and composition of cells
3. The kinds of organelle and its function4. The transportation of membrane cell
5. The differences of electricity potential and itschange
6. The communication intercell
7. The relevences between the damage of cell andclinical disorder
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Kinds of cells
According to nucleus membrane condition:
sel prokariotik
sel eukariotik
According to chromosome and its function:
sel somatis sel germinal
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Sel eukariotik Sel prokariotik
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NUCLEUS
Houses chromosomes, made of chromatin
( DNA , the genetic material, and proteins ).
Contains nucleoli, where ribosomalsubunits are made.
Pores regulate entry and exit of materials.
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RIBOSOME
Protein synthesis.
A new protein that have been synthesis will
be kept in an organell
e bounded membrane.
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40S
40S
60S
60S
60S
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ENDOPLASMICRETICULUM
SMOOTHER
> Synthesis oflipids ( enzyme in smoothER ).
> Metabolism of carbohydrates.
> Detoxification of drugs and poisons ( liver cell ).
> Store calcium ions (Ca ).
ROUGHER
> Aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins
from bound ribosomes.> Adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins.
> Produces new membrane.
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GOLGIAPPARATUS
Modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins,and phospholipids.
Synthesis of many polysaccharides.
Sorting of Golgi products, which are then released in
vesicles.
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LYSOSOME
Breakdown of ingested substances, cell
macromolecules, and damaged organelles for
recycling.
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MITOCHONDRIA
Cellular respiration.
Synthesis of energy ( ATP ).
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PEROXISOME
Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen to
water, producing hydrogen peroxide (HO ) asthe by product, which is converted to water
by other enzymes in the peroxisome.
Change fats to carbohydrates.
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MICROTUBULES
Maintenance of cell shape ( compression
resisting girders ).
Cell
motility ( as in ci
lia or f
lage
lla )
.
Chromosome movements in cell division.
Organelle movements.
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MICROFILAMENTS
Maintenance of cell shape ( tension bearing
elements ).
Ch
anges in cell
sh
ape.
Muscle contraction.
Cytoplasmic streaming.
Cell motility ( as in pseudopodia ).
Cell division ( cleavage furrow formation ).
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INTERMEDIATEFILAMENTS
Maintenance of cell shape ( tension bearing
elements ).
Anc
horage of nuc
leus and certain ot
herorganelles.
Formation of nuclear lamina.
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CENTRIOLES
Helps in cell division ( mitosis and meiosis ).
Helps organize microtubules assembly in animal
cells.
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PLASMALEMA
Membranes are selectively permeable
They control the flow of substances into and out
of a cell
Membranes can hold teams of enzymes that
function in metabolism Phospholipids are the main structural
components of membranes
They eachhave a hydrophilic head and twohydrophobic tails
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Phospholipid molecules form a flexible bilayer
Cholesterol and protein molecules are embedded in
it
Carbohydrates act as cell identification tags
The plasma membrane of an animal cell
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Some membrane proteins form cell junctions
Others transport substances across the
membrane
5.13 Proteins make the membrane a
mosaic of function
TransportFigure 5.13
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Many membrane proteins are enzymes
Figure 5.13
Some proteins function as receptors forchemical messages from other cells
The binding of a messenger to a receptor may
trigger signal transduction
E
nzyme activityS
ignal transduction
Messenger molecule
Receptor
Activated
molecule
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They are:1. diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area ofhigh
concentration to an area oflow concentration
There are two kind of diffusion :
1. diffusion of free
=> no need carrier2. diffussion
=> need carrier
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Osmosis => diffusion ofwater through a
selectively permeable membrane
Water moves fromh
igh
tolow concentrations
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CytosisCytosisA kind of active transport mechanism for
the movement of large amounts of
molecules into and out of cell byinvolving part of cells membrane.
Endocytosis: cell absorbs material
(molecules such as proteins) from outsidethe cell by engulfing it with cells
membrane.Phagocytosis: solid
Pinocytosis: liquid
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Exocytosis: cell expels secretion,
excretion, and extrusion.
Secretion: cells product, ex enzyme &hormone
Excretion: result of cells metabolism
Extrusion: solid substance
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Filtration
A kind of active transportation that occurs
because the differences of atmospheric
pressure between two rooms whichseparated by a permeable membrane.
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Active transport
Against gradien concentration
Pumping the ion
Source of energy are from ATP
The ways:
1.Pushing, use ekstrinsik protein
2.Confusing, use carrier protein
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BODYELECTRICITYBODYELECTRICITY
CELLSASELECTRICGENERATOR.CELLSHAVERMP (RESTING
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL)
RMP FORMED FROM DIFFERENTNA + K + AND THROUGH 2
EVENTS:
TRANSPORT active
DIFFUSION
Resting membrane potential
Normal - 70 s / d - 90 mVFormed through events
Diffusion and active transport
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Consisting of depolarization and repolarization phasesConsisting of depolarization and repolarization phases..
In the resting state, between the inside and outside theIn the resting state, between the inside and outside the
cell membrane there is a potential difference is calledcell membrane there is a potential difference is called
the resting potential of cells (cell resting potential).the resting potential of cells (cell resting potential).
These potential negativeThese potential negative polaritypolarity on the inside andon the inside and
positive on th
e outside of th
e cell
membrane.
positive on th
e outside of th
e cell
membrane.
When cells are in a state of rest / polarization is givenWhen cells are in a state of rest / polarization is given
the appropriate stimulus and with a fairly level, the cellthe appropriate stimulus and with a fairly level, the cell
will be changed from a resting state to the active statewill be changed from a resting state to the active state
it calls depolarization.it calls depolarization. ItIt startsstarts inin the cell membrane and spread to the entirethe cell membrane and spread to the entire
surface of the membrane.surface of the membrane.
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After experiencing a complete depolarization,After experiencing a complete depolarization,
cells subsequently conducted repolarizationcells subsequently conducted repolarization..
In the state of repolarization, membraneIn the state of repolarization, membrane
potential changes from positive on the insidepotential changes from positive on the inside
heading back to negative on the inside.heading back to negative on the inside. When the entire cell membrane is negativelyWhen the entire cell membrane is negatively
charged on the inside, it says the cells in acharged on the inside, it says the cells in a
resting state or a state polarisai back and readyresting state or a state po
larisai back and readyto receive the next stimulus.to receive the next stimulus.
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cell communication
Singnaling :
1. LocalSignaling : Paracrine and Synaptic
2. Long Distance Singnaling :
Endocrine(Hormonal)
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1. Paracrine
Paracrine a chemical
compound produced by
the secreting cells,
diffuses into theextracellular fluid and
stimulate the target cell.
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2.Synaptic
Nerve cells will produce
chemical signals as a
neurotransmitter then
diffuses into target cells(nerve cells) through a
narrow space (synapse)
to continue the
stimulation
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3.Hormonal
Special cells release the
hormone mole then
enter the bloodstream
through the bloodvessel system will then
be up to the target cell
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Communications direct contact
Junction
Interaction mole that
stands out from the cell
surface
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Junction
Kind of direct communicationConsist of:
1. Desmosome Adhesion intersel
Binding the other cell
2. Gap Junction Transport through channel
on gap junction
Ion, amino acid, water, etc
transportation
3.Tight Junction As a adhesive
As a barrier for blocking
substance permeation
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The relevences between the damage of
cell and clinical disorder
NORMAL CELLS
CELLS STRUCTURE DISORDERS
CELLS FUNCTION DISORDERS
CLINICAL DISORDERS
COMPLAINT CLINICAL SYMPTOMS
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The changes of cells:
1. ATROFI
2. H
IP
ERTROFI3. HIPERPLASIA
4. METAPLASIA
5. DISPLASIA
6. Cell injury7. Cell death
8. GANGREN
clinical abnormalities:
1.GENETIC
2. INFECTION
3. INFLAMATION
4. INTOKSIKASI
5.NUTRITIONDISORDERS
6. METABOLITDISORDERS
7. IMUN SYSTEMDISORDERS
8. DEGENERATIF
9. MALIGNANSI
10.HORMONALDISORDERS
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