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Universily oundation
ludy
Essay
Writing
Eourse
Eook
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SkillsMeF
Gettingorganised
Learn
some
basic
principles
of academicwriting:
essay
structure;analysing
ssay
questions;
brainstorming
deas
and ssues.
Getting
started
Understand how
to
plan
your
writing. Learn
to
create
effective introductions
and write thesis
statements.
The
body
of the
essay
Practise
arranging
our
arguments
n a logical
sequence. earn
effective
paragraphing.
ractise
upporting
our
arguments.
Summaries
nd
conclusions
Learn how
to close
your
argument
and draw
conclusions.
Academic
style
and register
Practise
using
appropriate
anguage:
ormalvs.
nformal
style
and some
important
aspects
of academic
written anguage.
Guidelinesor the future
Remember
ome mportant
points:
ecturer
expectations;
roducing
a detailed
essayoutline.
Study
a model
essay.
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Eelling
rganised
At the end of
this unit
you
will:
.
understand
more about the requirements
of writ ing an academic
essay;
o
have earnt
how to
produce
a clear outline.
Basic
principles
of
essay
writing
There are severaldifferent
ypes of academicessay.
For example,
you
might have o write:
.
a descriptiveessay
.
an argumentessay
.
an analytical
ssay
.
an evaluative ssay
.
a
personal
experience
essay
.
a reflectiveessay
Some essays
may be a mixture
of differentapproaches
and types, but
you
need o be clear
what sort of
essay
you
are
writ ing.
Using
Ta,J(
pe(
al expeclenc,e, desc(iba
a
chafacteri ion and give examPles.
The
mo.=t elticierrr
form of transport
is the train.
Disctlss
numbar of Dritish
households.
-fne
Eocopean Union
is alreadq far
too big. Discrtss.
Learning a
ta age B
one
of
tlne besf
forms of
8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik
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=l
Analysing
he essay
question
Discuss
he
problems ssociated
ith traffic ongestion. uggest
ossible olutions
nd evaluate
heir
effectiveness.
problemsassociated
ith traf f iccongest ion.
a)
What
exactly
s traffic congestion?
b)
Wherewould
you
find trafficcongestion?
c)
What are he maincausesof
trafficcongestion?
d)
: i
. t . l l , i , : - .
:
t , ' , i ' : .
, : ' : t ' . . - l i . - ,
Discuss
. . f r ' r i r . ' . r .
the
i ' : 1 r ' :
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Suggestossible
olutions
ndevaluate
their
effectiveness
Brainstormingnvolves ree association,r rapidlygeneratingdeason a topic.Try hese wo differentways
of brainstorming .
Free writing
This s where
you quickly
write
down every dea
you
have
hat
could be relevant
o the topic.
You
can write
a list or draw
a spidergram. he
aim s to
produce
ots of ideas,
o the
form is not imporlant.
You
do not
need o worry
about
correctspell ing
r
grammar
it is the ideas
hat
are mportant.
Group brainstorming
This s where
all
he
members
of a
group
contribute
heirown ideas
on
the topic,
bouncing'
their deas
of f
each other.
Transporting
oodsby road.
Start
ndividually.
hink
about he
topic
Banningorries
rom
owns
and cities.Accept
any deas
that
come nto
your
head.
b) Work n
groups.
Appoint
a chairperson
o write
down ideas.
Then
brainstormhe
toprc.
a)
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Organising
our
ideas
Now
that
you
have a set
of
ideas,
hey need
putting
ogether
n
an
organised
way. One
method
is to use
a
mind
map to try
to represent
our
deas
n a
visual orm.
This
can
be
very useful
when
you
want o
quickly
see the relationship etweenyour maintopic, main deasand supporling deas(seeessay itle, ask2'2)'
Youwrite
he main
opic
in the
middleof
the
page
and
place
he
main
deasaround
t, connected
with lines
or arrows.
Similarly,
ou
write
he supporting
deasaround
he main deas,
onnected
with linesor
arrows'
4.
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t',BF]
f
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h*
r::il'l*:
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***s s*
fr:i''
Solufions
Thesis
sfatement
-lne
essaj r,oill
discrlgs
fhe
main
Problems
as5ociated dith
conSestion
and
afremP-r
fo
find a range
of
aocV-able
solul-iong.
Probtems
a==,ocid+ed
r.pifh
trafflc
conge
on
Definition
of
traffic
conqestion
an area
is
fillt
oc
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Using
your
mind
maps, work in
groups
to discuss the
possible
content of
your
essay,
he
introduction and
main
points.
Sludenlnoles for Unil
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Eelling
larled
At
the
end
of
this
unit
you
will:
.
be better
equipped to start
writing an essay;
.
understand
how to write a thesis statement;
.
have
ideas on how to make the
introduction interesting for the
reader.
Task I what o
inctude
Once
you
have begun o organise
your
ideas n a logical
way,
you
need to decide:
o
how to structure
your
essay;
o
how
(and
where)to
nclude hese deas.
For
example,
ou
need o
makedecisions bout he
mainsections
of
your
essay.
1.1
You might want
to include he following
points
in
your
essay on traffic
congestion.
Think about
the i mportance of each
item in the
list.
Label
hem I,
U or
Nl
(important,
useful,not
important).
Add
any other
items or
topics
you
can think of.
a)
A
definition
f trafficcongestion.
b)
An
explanation
of the causes of
traffic congestion.
c) Yourviews on
traffic congestion.
e)
A list of solutions
o the
problem.
f) Examplesof traffic
problems
n
your
hometown.
g)
Arguments n favour
of or against
possible
olutions.
1"2
Decide
n which order he
ideas
should
appear n the essay.
Which ones wil lyou
need o
spend most
time on? Compare
your
ideas
with
another student.
TaSlf A Information
athering
In academicwriting t
is not enough o use
your
own
ideaswithoutany supporting
vidence.
t is essential
to include elevantnformation
rom academic ources
o
give
hem
academic
weight'.Youshould
obtain
this
information
y
thoroughly
esearchinghe topic, usinga
variety
of sources.
It
is important o makeclear
notes
of
any nformation
ou
find. You
can
then use his
nformation,
it h
references,o supporl
your
argument.
See
TASK,Module
10: Research
&
Referencing.)
eep a record of
al l
your
sourceswhen
you
collect
he information,
as
it is easier
o
do this at
the time, rather
han later.
h)
i)
i)
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*"1 *iscuss
possible
sources with
another
student"
Write
what
you
think will
be
your
four
main
ssurces
*f infcrm=ti*n.
Sources of information
2.2 Number the fall*wing
points
in the
order of diff iculty
or
you.
Finding
appropriate eferences
Paraphrasing
n
your
own
words
Understanding ow much use to makeof external
sources
Referencing
n an
appropriate
way
2.3
Discuss
your
answers
as
a class.
TaSk il Arousing
nterest:
he introduction
The introductionacts as a window to the rest of your writing.A good introductionshould makeyour reader
want to read
your
work. You
can encourage
nterest
by
using a variety
of
different echniques.
For example,
you
can
use one or more
of the following:
a) a surprisingor interesting
act
b) a
question
c) a
quotation
d) a definit ion
e) some important
background
nformation
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= l
tr
ara
= E
3.1
Which
of the
above,
a)
-
e),
has the author
used
in the introduction
o
an essay
entitled:
Theeducation
ystem
n yourcountry?
Accordingo
a recent
urvey,
significant
roportion
f
the
population
n my country
has
serious
literacv roblems.
g.2
Look at
the four
essay
itles
below.
Think
of a
sentence
o use as
an
introduction
o
each
one,
using
any of
the
above,
a)
-
e).
Try
o interest
he
readerso
as
to encourage
him/her
o
read
the
rest of the
essay'
a)
Family
tructure
n
Your
ountry
b)
Thecriminal
ustice
ystem
n
your
country
c)
lmports
nd
exports
o and rom
your
country
d)
Transportation
n
Your
ountry
TaSk
4
writing
a
thesis
statement
An
introduction
hould
also
contain
nformation n
how
you
will develop
he
topic
in the essay
itle'
Youwrite
this
in the thesis
statement,
a statement
of
your
standpoint
or
the view
aken
n the essay.
t should
be
concise
and
convincing.
Your
hesis
s the controlling
dea
of
your
essay
hat
you
will develop
n the
main
body
Younormally ollow he thesisstatementwith a clear ndicationof how you will structure he main body of
your
essay
n support
of
your
thesis
statement'
4.1 The
controlling
deas
can be
stated
in
many different
ways.
ldentify
he controlling
deas
of the
followin
g
thesis
statements.
a)
Thecriminal
ustice
ystem
n my country
unctions
n a
variety
f
ways.
b)
Although
he Big
Bang
Theory
s widely
accepted,
t will
probably
never be
proved,
and
it
therefore
eavesa
number
of difficult
and
unanswered
questions.
c)
The
key to coping
with
the rise
n
sea
levels
s education
on
its effects
and
the accurate
forecasting
of
its hazards.
4.2 How
do
you
think
the
rest of
the essay
will be developed
n each
case?
What
areas
will be
covered?
Continue
each
statement
with a sentence
outlining
the
structure
of the
essay'
beginning:'This
essaq
Ditl
... ' .
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4.3
Look
back at the ideas
you
brainstormed
n
Unit
1
on traffic
congestion.What s
your
own
view about
possible
solutions o the
problems?
dentifu
your
main
dea and write it
as
the
controlling dea n a single
sentence.This will
be
your
thesis
statement.
l
Whatwill
you
focus
on?
How will
you
develop
your
thesis n the
main body of
your
essay?
Write
a follow-on sentence
beginning:'Thisessaq
trlitl
..',
4.4
An introduction
hould
generally
ove rom
he
general
o the
specific. he ollowing
xamples
an
introductiono an essayabout he
problems
ssociated ith
urbanovercrowding.
5.1
Arrange he five sentences n the correctorder.
Tagk 5
An
effectiventroduction
d)
e)
5.2
a)
b)
c)
As a resultof this migration,
odern-day
ities
ace
a number
f serious
roblems
relatedo
overcrowding.
People
were herefore
rawn owards
iving n owns
and
cities
or
simpleeconomic
reasons.
The
purpose
f this essay
s to identify
olutionso these
problems
f urban
overcrowdingnd
attempt o
evaluateheir easibility.
Themost
critical
roblems
nclude omelessness,
nadequate
ealthcare
nd education,
unemployment,
nd knock-on
ffects
uchas rising
rimeand drugabuse.
The wentieth
entury aw
a major ncreasen
the world's
population
nd,at
the
same
time, he
emergencef
a society
rivenby the orces
of economics
nd
ndustry.
Discuss he following
hree
questions
with
another tudent.
a)
Mark he
general
tatements
. How
do theyattempt
o interest
he reader?
b)
Mark he
hesis tatement
ith a tick.
Howdo
you
expect he rest
of the essay o
be organised?
c) Whatare he minimum umber
f
paragraphs
ou
wouldexpect
n his essay?What
can
you
predict
bout heir
content?
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=?
Is it likely
to interest
he reader?
Why?
Does t startwith a generalstatementelated o the topic andgraduallybecomemorespecific?
Is there
a thesis
statementhat
tells the
readerwhat
the essaywill
be about?
Can
you
easily
identify
it?
Does he ntroduction
give
an overview
of the
essay tructure?
Are ideasclearly
inked betweensentences
r
is it sometimes
onfusing?
Does
t include
a definition?
Do
you
think a definition
s necessary
r would
be
helpful?
Stcen s
Weav-Y\esses
The advantaqes and
disadvantaoes
of
qenet ical lv
modif ied
crops
New
devefopments
in the
field of
genetically
modified
(GM)
agriculture
ar e
reported almost
daily as excj-ting
new discoveries
are
made.
These
new
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s=*F=::il*=G**
r'.:rit*
=GSSa*a*
r:tr*ductiam. iscuss th*
content
*r:*
str*e:ti.:r*
*siti:
=*ti:*r =tl:***i **f*r*
g*r:
=€**
rariti*9.
Food additivesshould be banned. Discuss.
What
are
the main benefitsof investingmoney n
space
research?
Euthanasiahouldbe made egal.Discuss.
Outline he different
ypes
of alternative nergysources.
What would
you
do to improve he lives of the elderly n
your
country?
Essaywriting:
points
o remember
o
Planning nd organisationrekeyskills.
.
Keepa closeeye on
your
itle: always
answer
he
question.
.
Word
processing
s very useful.For
example,
ou
can change ext or movesectionsaboutvery
easily.SeeModule7: lntroduction o lT SkrT/s.)
.
Keepa note as
you go
alongof all
references
r sources hat
you
use.
.
Redrafting
s
an essential kill.
ffi*rudmre*fiGG€€
sr
€$sx**
a
a
a
a
a
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The
body
of lhe
essay
At the
end
of
this
unit
you
will:
o
have a clear
idea
of
how to structure
the main
part
of an academic
essay;
.
know
how to
plan
and
write effective
paragraphs.
Remember,
f
you
want to
write a successfulacademic
essay,
you
need o
have he following:
.
an outline
plan
.
a c lear structure
.
a strong
ntroduction
.
logical
and
meaningful
aragraphs
.
a development
f an argument
r discussion
.
a conclusion
The organisation
f
your
essay
will depend o some
extenton what sort of
essay
you
are
writing.
The body
of
your
essay can
be arranged
n various ogical
ways, for example:
.
Reasons or and reasons
against
.
Causes
ollowed by effects
o
Problems ollowedby
solutions
Eachmain
dea shouldbe
presented
eparatelyn a
new
paragraph.
Each
paragraph
n the
body
of
your
essay
will
usually
egin
with a topic sentence
iatin
the main deaof the paragraph.
The topic sentence
should be
followed by severalsentences
which support
he main
dea
To add support
or evidence,
ou
shoulduse examples,
iguresor statistics.
Youshould
alwaysuse
quotations
o suppotl
your
deas.
You
should
have
a strong
concluding entence
n each
paragraph
o
link he reader
back
to the
topic sentence r
provide
a link
o the next
paragraph
r section.
Paragraph rganisation
c)
d)
e)
f)
a)
b)
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The irst
episoden
the Coca-Cola tory
s an important
art
of the rise
of capitalismn the
UnitedStates
of America. owards
he end
of the nineteenth
entury, merica
radually
egan
o transformtself rom
a nationof farmers
o a city-basedndustrialised
ociety.Thendustrial
evolution
as
epitomised y
new
communicat ions
nd hearr ival
ndspread
f the rai lways.his
produced
newkind
of
capitalism, distinctive merican
ariety
where
he ethos entred
irmly
on the image
f
individual
immigrant truggle. heworldof US business ason itsway.One of the most mportant hanges hich
helped
usinessuccess as
populat ion
rowth. he
American opulat ion
lmost oubledn
size
between 880and 1910,
and a largeproportion
f the ncrease
as
created y the new
mmigrants
from Europe
nd he rest
of the world.
Success
ame rom ambition
and hard
work,and
anybody ould
make arge
amounts f moneyprovided
hey riedhard
enough.Helped
by
the success f some,
immigrantslocked
o the USA.By 1890,
herewere
already ver4,000
Americanmil l ionaires
nd
Andrew
Carnegie, ho
had made
a
fortune
rom
railways
nd ron and
steel,wasspreading
he "Cospel
of Wealth". herewere,
however,
omedisadvantages
o the new business
nvironment.
n manyparts
of the USA, herewas
more hanan
element
f the Wild West.
Conmen,
hieves nd
swindlers ame
o
the new ownswhich wereappearing,ooking or suitable ictims. secondmajordisadvantageas
thatCokewas
originally patentmedicine,
ndonly
about wo
percent
f the medicines
hichwere
produced
verbecamewell-known
most
nventors
nd salesmen
ailed
miserably.hirdly,
lthough
largeprofits
ould be made rom
all kinds
of medicines,
any
of which
oftencostalmostnothing
o
produce,
y the late1880s
he market or
medicines
asalready
aturated. atent
medicines,
herefore,
werenot
an easy ommercial
rea o break
nto.Another
mportant
spect
f the story s
hat he world
of medicine as
notadvanced
tthis ime.
Nineteenth-centuryAmerican
octors erenornumerous,
nor were heyvery
good
anaesthetics
ere
stil l o
be
invented
nd
someof
the
primitive
methods
sed
by the
medical
profession ere
errifying,
il l ing
morepatients
han hey
saved). hiswas
he
reason
why manypeople urned o alternativeemedies,he so-called atentmedicines,o solve heirhealth
problems. y he
end of the century,
herewere
housands
f cures
n offer or every maginable
ailment,rom he
common old
o
malaria,
l l of which equired
xtensive
dvert isingn
newspapers
andpubl icplaces
o
promote
heir
uperior alues
ver heir
competitors.
oconclude,t is
not
surprisinghat manywould-be
ycoonswere
attracted
y the risingnumbers
f consumers nd hat
he
field
of
patent
medicines as
an attractive
tarting oint
or some.
n 1869,
Dr
John
Pemberron,
Ceorgia harmacist,
ad moved
o Atlanta
earching
o
make
his ortune
by
the discovery f
the
perfect
patent
ure. n 1886,
f ter ong ears
f research,
e inal ly aunched
isnew nvent ion.
t was nto
his
very
crowded nd overcompetit ive
arket
hat
Coca-Cola as
o emerge
sa highlysuccessfulroduct.
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=3
YASI(
A
Linking
words and
phrases
It is important
o develop
and
link
your
ideas
n each
paragraph
so
the
readercan
follow
your
line of
argumentclearly.
The Coca-Cola
essay
uses
words and
phrases
o help
the reader
ollow
the sequence
of
events.
g.J
&4atel':
"i*ursrds
and
phrase-=
=
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:=
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==
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w*t*t
Firstly
Secondly
Thirdly
Fourthly
Finally
L**k
=t
t** f=i *sr-g
i ::* ='"'*r*= ** :==E=1-:
**:==
* €3:*ir
?l:**ti*?='
Showing
imilarity
Comparing
or contrasting
Addingsomething
Giving
easons
Showing
cause
and
effect
Giving
an example
l**t*:
There
s a
large
varietyof link
words and
there are
complex
rules
regarding
heir
use. You
shouldconsultyour tutor on a good sourceof reference
o learn
more about
how to use
them
effectively.
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The
topic sentenceand supporting
sentences
The opic sentence
s
usually t
the
beginning f a
paragraph,
ut it does not have o be. When
you
write
a
paragraph,
ou
should ry to develop his
nit ial
dea
and
not change
or add
too manynew ideas.
The benefits
of
immigration
to
industr ial isedountr ies.
a)
lmmigration s a
very
difficult subject o discu ss ecause here are many possible ifferent iewpoints.
b)
One of themajorproblems f immigrations hatpeople n the host ountrymaydisagree ith such
a
policy.
lmmigration an offerseveral learadvantagesor industrialised
ountries.
Example A
There
are
obviousadvantageso learning
English n Britain.Everyday thereare
opportunit ies
o
practise
isteningo
and speakingwith Brit ish
people.
n the first
place,
students an experiencehe
culture
irst-hand,which s a
great
help when rying o
understandhe language. his s especially
true f
they
choose
o live
with a
British
amily
as exchange tudents, or example. n addit ion, f
students
attenda language chool ull-t ime,
he teacherswill be nativespeakers. n this case,not
only
will students'speaking
nd
listening
kills mprove, ut attention
an be
given
o developing
reading
nd
writ ing
skillsas
well.
ExampleB
lmmigrationo industrialisedountries
oses
a
number
of diff icult hallengesor incoming amilies.
Theymay need o learn
a
new anguage,
hey may ace racism
and discrimination nd
they
frequently ave
problems
adjusting o the new
culture.
n France,
or example, t is il legal or Muslim
schoolgirls
o wear headscarveso
school.Already,ive Muslim
schoolgirls
ave
beenexpelled rom
school or wearingheadscarves. he
ban
s
perceived
y
many
as intolerant, ndermininghe
integration f France'sMuslims.Feminists
ay
he lslamic
carf s a repressive ymbol,but many
FrenchMuslims ay he
ban
s racist
and against heir human ights.
Everyone
as he right o
freedomof thought,conscience
nd
religion;
his right ncludes reedom o manifest heir religion
r
belief
n teaching,
ractice,
worship
and observance"
Article
8, The
Universal
Declaration
f
Human
Rights) . '
c)
8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik
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E3
Paragraph
Topic
entence
Supporting
entence(s)
B) Thesis statement
What s the ocus
here?
Paragraph
1
Topic sentence
Supporting entence(s)
C)
Thesis statement
What s the ocus
here?
Paragraph
1
Topic sentence
Supporting
entence(s)
3.3
There are three
thesis statements below.
Write a topic sentence
for each of
them. Then
write
a suppoding
sentence
or two for the
paragraph.
Remember to
focus on the main
idea. The
first has been done
for
you.
A) Thesis
statement
Y-€
peopte
ulho
live af horne rrrhite
studging
at
univer5itS
Y]6ve
*vecat
advantages.
First
of all, tkreq can
focr:g on theic sludies
rr#hout
dorrbing
abouf
domestic matters.
SJudents
tiving
arrn3
fronr
knme have to
learn hor..l
'fo
do
-their
oun
laundrS and ma3
uoell
have to
shop and cooV-
la fnemselves.
Those
ulho
live af
horne do naf have such
ccllc.e(ns.
Tkre
catres and effec+s
of
globat
darming trrilt
be
brief
ouHined in thig essatj.
Pgcsonal
cornpute(s kravg
revolufionised
c,ommunicafion
and
brr.sirress
P(dcftc'es
in
the
pa5f
J J
8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik
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Organising
n
essay
a)
How
would
you
structure
our
essay?
e.g.,Feasons
or
and
reasons
against,
causes followed
by effects,
problems
followed
by
solutions
b) What
are he main
points
hat
you
would nclude
n the
essay?
c) Whatsort of researchwillyou have o do on this opic?
1) There s
too much
advertising
n television.
2l Discuss
he
advantages
nd
disadvantages
f English
s
a
world anguage.
3) How has
education
mproved
ver
he
last
one
hundred
years?
4l Marketing
s the
most mporlant
aspect
of
a business's
activit ies.Discuss.
5) Every ndividual
as
a responsibility
o
prevent
lobal
warming.
Paragraph
begins
s-fofla ts
ot
advanced
at thi.=
time.
-fttece
r,aece, hot^:eve(,
s,ofi\e
disadva
qes
to
the neD
business
environment.
fiela
of
pafenf medicines
Das
an
One
of the
most impo
nf
changes
r.,"rhich
hetped
business
so)Cess
(,as
populafion
capitalisrn in fhe
United
States
of America
8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik
21/73
=3
4.3
4.4
Choose
one
title
and
make a
plan
for it,
listing
the
topics
you
would
cover
in
each
paragraph'
practise
writing
the
first
paragraph
for
your
essay.
Make
sure
you
staft
with
a
clear topic
sentence
8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik
22/73
taries
and
rsions
At the end of this
unit
you
will:
.
have
a clear
idea
of how to finish
an academic
essay
with
a successful
conclusion.
The mainaim of the conclusion s to
show the reader hat
you
have
successfully
nswered he
question
hat was
set. t
does
not include
any
new nformation, ut it
summarises
he
main
points
made n the
body
of
the essay. t should
draw
your
argument o a
closeand
it
also needs o
link
back
o the thesis
statement
n
vour
ntroduction.
Restating
he thesis
You need o rep eat he main deas n the
conclusion,
ut
you
do not want to
simply
write
he same
sentences
gain.One way
of
linking
back o the thesis
statement s to rewrite t
(that
s, o
paraphrase
he
ideas
and
the language). ou
can use synonyms
o do this, or
you
can
rearrange
he orderand
also change
some of
the
grammar.
Lack f
investment
n publ ic ransport
the
maior
ooint
hat
wi l l
be discussed
is
having er ious
onsequencesor
ravel lers
n Bri tain
oday;h is s
in
thisessay.
Original
55non
lacV-
o{
coneq{ence5
t(avelle(s
major
Poinf
di5,uJ55,e-d
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=4
Rewrite the sentence,
using
synonyms and different
word order
to make a
good
concluding
statement.Think
about the
grammar
that needs
to
change
{e.9.,
willbe
is not appropriate
or
a
conclusion).
TaSk
?
Organising
he concluding
aragraph
Rearrange he
following sentences
o f orm an effective conclusion
or an
essay
on
the topic
of
Urban overcrowding.
a)
Government
pol ic ies
aimed
at solving these
problems
are too
o f ten
verv s imp ]e measures
tha t o f fe r on ly
shor t - t e rm
so lu t ions .
b)
In conclusion,
urban overcrowding
causes
problems
on al l
levels.
c)
It
is a model
which
aims
for
improved
social
condit ions
and
offers
a
high
qual i ty
of l i fe
for c i ty dwel lers,
whatever their
number.
d)
This essay
has
argued
for the
implementat ion of
a
long-term
pol icy
which
needs
to
provide
an economical ly
sustainable,
resource -e f f i c ien t
mode l o f c i t y des ign .
e)
The creat ion
of such a
model
wi l l
help to
resolve
many of the
current
and
future
problems
of
urban l i fe.
TaSk 3 rinishwith a clearstatement
Remember hat
your
conclusion
needs
o
be clear
and
relevant o the
questionyou
are answering.
A strong
conclusionshould
referback
to the int roduction. deally,
t needs o leavea strong
mpression
on
the reader.
Read he
following thesis statement
and
the concluding sentences
of the same
essay.
Discuss
the following
questions.
a)
What is the subject
of the essay?Think of
a title
for
it .
b)
How is he conclusion
imilar o and different
rom he introduction?
1 . 2
2.',|
3 .1
Wriling Unit
4
-
Summaries
nd conclusions
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Thesis
statement: The
growth
of a
'fast
food'
culture n this
countryhas
generated
unexpected
roblems,
ncluding
ising
obesity
levels
and, more mportantly,
he loss
of our
gastronomic
eritage. his
essay
will
examine
the role
of fast ood in the
development
f an
increasinglynhealthy ritain.
Conclusion:
Fast ood
outlets
annot
entirerv
be blamed or
our
ncreasingly
nhealthy
dietaryhabits.Fast
ood
evidently esponds
o
a need n
our modern
society,
and
reflects
changes n
our modern ifestyle.
t is,
rather,
our ifestyle hich
needs
changing f
we hope
to
becomea healthier ation.
Advanfages
Disadvantages
8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik
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T
Lecturer
expectations
4.1
Tutors and
lecturers
have clear
ideas of what
they
want to see
in the
conclusion
to an
academic
essay.
Look
at the
list below
and check
that
you
understand
the
expectations.
ldentify
whether
you
think
you
are
strong
or
weak
in these areas.
;r:ti:
,i:r,l
xx
I am
good,
OK,
uoeaL
at
.. .
' r * ' * r ' "
- * "
J
a retevarrt
concluding
statemenf
8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik
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Hcademic
lyle
and
regisler
At the
end
of this unit
you
will:
.
be
more familiar
with the languageof essays and able to
identify some of
the
features of academic style;
.
have
practised
using
formal, objective
anguage.
Formal
or
informal egister?
Academicessaysusually
equire formalstyle.You
need o rememberwhat o avoid
n an academicessay
fnformal/spoken: Geography?
Well, think it's basically
just
some sort of
mix of
physical
and social
sciences and
how they interact together.
You know, like, for example, how
global
warming
has an
effect on the economy,
um, of a region
...
but
you
can also ook at these things
individually
oo ... er
... so
you
could
just
study
things ike sea-level
isewhich'd be
physical,
oryou
could
look
at
... say
... how
people,
human
beings,adapt themselves
o the environment, hat's
human.
Formal/written:
Geography
s the study of the surface of
the Earih, the location and
distribution of
its
physical
and cultural
eatures,and
the interrelationof these eaturesas
they affect
humans. n the study
of
geography,
wo main branches
may be distinguished,
physical
geography
and
human
geography.
?ea+oce
Informat/spoV-en
examples
Format/uor
n
exarnpleg
Use ol contra
ons,
isnt, dont,
.
Use ol fillerg,
Vr)ell,
c, elc.
Use of pds3lve
volce
Impersonal
and ob1ective
Pergonal and
subiective
Punctu on
8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik
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a) | don't believe his is trueat all. t sounds ike nonsense.
b) New regulations
will
come into effect next
year.
c)
The study was conductedwith
a
group
of school-age hildren.
d) We'redefinitely
oing
o have o follow hose
stupid new rulesnext
year.
e) Further nalysis
s required
efore
conclusions an be drawn.
D
lt really
puzzles
me why
some studentsdon't
get
better
grades.
g)
Our experiments
ere
OK
-
they
ust
proved
hat his
argument idn't stand up.
h) He'll have o havea better ook at the findings
beforemakinghis mind up.
i) lt has beenproved hat he claimsare unfounded.
j)
We went down
to
a schooland chattedwith some
of
the kids.
k) lt isn't
clear
why
quite
a
lot
of studentsdon't
get
really
good grades.
l) A major
aspect
of the investigation
nvolved esearchnto
social
housing rends.
Gautious
anguage
Another ypical eatureof academicwriting s the need o be carefulor
cautious.Unless
ou
are
quoting
a
fact
or a statistic,
r
there s
evidence
which shows
100%
certainty, tatements nd
conclusions re often
qualified
n some way to
make hem
essassedive
r
positive.
he reason s
partly
English cademic tyle,but it is
also
o
avoid
making
any alse
claims.
This
use of ca utious
anguages
sometimes alled
hedging'.
l , . r : : , - l
I
;l i
Some colleges nd universitiesn this countryhave arge
numbersof
international
tudents.
Some colleges nd universitiesn this country
appear
o
have argenumbersof international
students.
Insteadof cominghere, nternational
tudents houldstudy n theirown country.
It
could be
argued hat, ns tead
of cominghere, nternational
tudents houldstudy n their
own counrry.
This s a
misapplication
f
government olicy.
This would
seem
o
be a misapplicat ion
f
government olicy.
A } D
i i
B ) i )
iD
c ) D
iD
8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik
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=5
D)
i)
This
s true.
ii) To a certain
extent,
his may
be true.
E)
i) Erlichman's
indings
prove
hat he amount
of
independent
tudy
s directly
elated
o
highe
oerformance
evels.
ii) Erlichman's
indings
uggest
hat
he amount
of independent
tudy
might
be
directly
elated
to higherperformanceevels.
F)
i) Inflation
will not
rise
next
year.
ii) Evidence
ndicates
hat nflation
will
probably
not rise
next
year.
G)
i)
The
survey
demonstrates
hat
English
choolchildren
on't
l ike earning
more
oreign
languages.
ii) The
survey
ends
o
indicate
hat
English
choolchildren
re
apparently
ot
in
favourof
learning
more
oreign
anguages.
H) i)
There
are situations
where
his is
the only
solution.
ii)
Thereare
undoubtedly
ituations
where
his would
seem
o be
the
only
possible
olution.
Hedging
fea+oce
Exampte
hedging
vecbs
Some colleges
appeaf
to
have
Use
of modal
vecbs
Qualif3ing
exP(
e3
3lon3
hc^ec+lves
and
adverbg
Se-l
exp(es3lons
""ltrw,
W
fi
Register
n
use
Informal
English
uses
everyday
spoken
orms
(colloquialisms)
hat
are
inappropriate
or
formal
written
English.
t is
important
not
to
mix styles
n academic
writing.
. l ] i t . i ' i . i f . : : : i 1 , | . i : . - i l ; j i , . . i i : . . ] { l , , : i . i t l ' ' j i . ; . . .
l , . - : i . : : i . : : : l i , n : {1 ' : . ; i : i l { : i . ; : l l j i l ; . : : i i f ' - : i l i r . . i , i ; l . :F i : i j : g i . l : ; . : t : : l q l ; : : l t
q';r'i.l.o,l:.r-',:,;-'i,: :l i i l iY''f ::itl i l[ '+g'=icii] +F]i:t': Ii if+';{jt{lf{*
8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik
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A
massive
hange onewhich eally elped
usinesswasmorepeople
rr iving
n
the USA. here ere
two timesas manypeoplewho got here
between 880and 1910,
and otsof themcame rom all sorts
f
different laces ike Europe.
f you
wanted
o be successfulou had o work reallyhard;however, ou
could
get rich quickly f you
did this.Lotsof immigrants ade t
and because f this, otsmorewannabe
mil l ionairesurned p n theUS.By 1890,Americamaybe adaround ,000mil l ionaires.neof the
bestwasAndrew
Carnegie,
ho got rich
hrough rainsand ron
and steel.His message as
called he
'Cospel
of
Wealth'.
appropriate
ocabulary
nd
grammatical
tructures;
cautious
anguage
Unit
,
Task
,
page
29).
Another ind
of useful lternativeuel s electricity.his sn't
eallya veryefficientuel right
now,because
the
echnologys
somewhat
imited;
however,t 's air
o say hat recent dvancesn the production
f
electric arscould maybe
make
hisa reality n
the
uture.
But t is possibleor
cars
powered
with
electricityo
releaseittle
or
no
emissions,
o
f we want
hisalternativeuel
o become reality,
e'l l
need t in lots
of cars.
Maybe
hen t ' l l make
some ortof a difference.f we want
his o
happen,.e.,
o
knock big chunkoutof thepollut ion roblem
l l around heworld,
t ' l l akea
whi le.
a
a
8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik
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THsK
is a flexible
earning
resource
hat has
been carefully
designed
o
develop
he
key
transferable skills that promote students' success in university and college study.
Whether
you
are
a
student
or a
teacher,
the
TASK
series
provides
a tried
and
tested
teaching
and
learning
ool suitable
or a
broad
range of
academic
disciplines.
The
Eomplele
HSK
eries
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:
.
i ' : : : t
, i t : : ,
' l '
.:
FesearEh
EourseBook
8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik
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SkXXXspp
Why research?
Understand
the need to
use other sources of information to
strengthen
your
essays.
The researCIh
roeess
Familiarise
yourself
with the range
of sources of information and consider
their
strengths and
weaknesses.
lf$ritinga bib*isgnaphy
Understand the use and importance
of a bibliography and learn the basics of
writing one in the APA system.
Keferring
o otlren
ss&*rses
m
ycun
esself
Understand the uses of
quotations
and
citations and
familiarise
yourself
with
the APA system of referencing.
Plagiarism
Understand
what
plagiarism
is and how to recognise
it
in
a
piece
of
writing
so
that
you
can use other sources in
your
writing in
an acceptable way.
UsinEsuppsr{ingargumsnts
ldentify relevant information
in
your
research notes
and understand
how to use
it in
your
essay to support
arguments
in
an acceptable way.
8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik
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Whyresearch?
At the
end of
this
unit
you
will:
o
understand the need
to refer to
other sources;
.
be aware of different
conventions
and attitudes
to
research
in different cultures.
Ywwk
X
why research?
9 {
j - :
i*:*gi**
yr:*
&r*
g*{*g
t*:*vit*
*r} *ss*y
*s: h*ix*i*s$r:**s.
ln
gr*xpx
*f
3*S,
*g:*nd'i* rxi**t*s
*1s**xxi:r.g
r**:* *s*****.
a) What s homelessness?
b) How big
a
problem
do
you
think t is?
c) What causeshomelessness?
d)
What
mpactdoes t have
on individuals
nd society?
e)
What
can be done o
address he
problem?
&i*iv
*is*u;*
*h*
f*it'**;i*g
qu*sti**s
rv ?l:
**r'wir*f*
*|nss.
a) How much
did
you
know
about homelessness
efore
your
discussion?
b) What have
you
learnt rom
the
discussion?
c)
What
extra nformation
r
ideas
would
you
need o know
o write an
essayon
homelessness?
d)
What
sourcesof information
ould help
you
write his
essay?
YmXk
tr
Supporting
vidence
nd
arguments
f f9;a t l€
*SSS';
: i .
3e
i:*. t t
?e *
: i i
' , : i :eri ire
t i r*
3*s1u*{'S
* th*S*
qX*Sli**:X.
a) How big is the
problem
of
homelessness?
b) What are its main
causes?
c) What are its
effects?
d)
Can
homelessness
e alleviated?
8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik
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W h a t a r e t h e c a u s e s
a n d
i m p a c t s
o f h o m e l e s s n e s s ?
l r r z A n d r c r * S f r r d p n t
l
One o f t he
wor fd 's mos t
p ress ing
prob lems
is
tha t
o f
h ^ * ^ l T h r ^ ^ ^ h f r L ^ . r ^ L - ^ L ^ ^ ' ^
I I L I L L U r u : i : i r r e s : i
.
r r r f
e C e n t
y e a f
S
,
L r r e r e
r r d - s
l ) e e r r
c t
dramat ic
r ise in
the number
of
peopfe
who
have found
themse lves ] i v i nq on the s t ree ts .
D a n n l a h a n n m a 1 . a m o l o s s
f n r m ^ n \ z
r F a q 1 . . 1 n q i n c l r r d i n c
n n r r e r f v - a 1 a g k
O f
v
l r r u r r j
a r Y
I , v
v
s
L _ t "
,
e m p fo y m e n t , a s h o r t a g e o f a f f o r d a b fe h o u s i n g ,
d o m e s t i c v i o l e n c e , m e n ta l
i l l n e s s a n d d r u g a d d i c t i o n .
H o m e l e s s n e s s
h a s
a
p r o fo u n d
e f f e c t
o n t h o s e w h o e x p e r i e n c e i t . I t i s
l i k e l y t o
h a v e
a
n e g a t i v e
i m p a c t
o n
p h y s i c a l -
a n d m e n ta f h e a l t h ,
s e n s e o f
i d e n t i t y a n d s o c i a l i n t e g r a t i o n . f n
t h e c a s e
o f
h o m e l e s s
c h i l d r e n ,
academic
per formance
may be impai red
as wel1 .
Homelessness
i s
c fear l y becoming
an u rgen t
p rob lem,
g i ven
the
inc reas ing
number of
people
who
are
af fected
and the
sever i ty of i ts impact on
ind i v idua l s
and
soc ie t y . To
address the
prob lem,
i t s r oo t ca uses need
to
be ta rge ted ,
ra ther
than
jus t
i t s symptoms.
Otherw ise , t he
prob lem
of
homelessness w i l l s imp ly be
perpe tua ted .
*"*
**
y*ur gr${;p$}
d $*eis*
tfu* f*ii*rruing
:;u*s{ti*t}s
:}nd
wri.it* :***s.
a)
What new nformation ave
you
learnt
about homelessness?
b)
Has he writershown
a
good
knowledge
f the topic?
c)
Do
you
agree
with the
definition f homelessness?
d)
How
convincing
s the
argument n this essay?
H o m e l e s s n e s s c a n b e d e f i n e d
a s
n a n n l a r ^ 7 h n l : c l z r a c r r ' 1 : r : a n o c c
' l ' ] r i
e n r n l r l c m c : n
a f f
e C t a
w i d e
r r r u y v v
i n a l r r r l i n n n h i T d r o n f l ' r a a 1 r l a r l r z
w h o l e f a m i l i e s .
the condi t ion
of
F n : d a n r r a 1 - a l - r n r r c
* -
- , - * - 1 n 9 .
- : n d a n F n a n n l a
e n d i n
q ^ m a
- ^ a o c
th* e;:ey
yrhere
ycl;
c*', : i* *air i
sl t$3prl i ' f i*g
g:ei i*gx
n*
e*iil::a:'+
sJlih
a
ilar:?ter.
W*rlq i*i*ivi*3xxlfy.
Jstel*rlim*
he
part*
*9
*vid****
t*
x*r**gth*n th* *s$*?.
T*r**
x"s
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-
-
tr
3 I
TaSk ffi Academic
ultures
3.1 Yhm m*l*wrirnlg
*rnry:**ts
w*r* m*cis
by f*ur intr1*rnxt[it*m;:]*
tu"j**t* *?
*ritixh
uxi-v*rslti*s.
ffi*xd
*h**t th*ir *rps'r1tr'1rr,rr*
5nrj
-{Isc#ss
ih*
qu**t}*n*
f:*l*w
wlth
y*r:r p****r-
Have
you
had similarexperiences?
What
are
he maindifferences
etweenuniversity rit ing n the
UK and
in thesestudents'
countries?
How
do
the international
tudents eel about hesedifferences?
What
advice
would
you give
hem?
Kris:
In my
countfy,we
don't
do much
writ ingat undergraduate
evel.We
go
to
lectures,ake
notesand
learn
he information. t the end of the
year
we
havean exam,but it's spoken. n England, ou have o do so manyessay
At first
found t
strange,
ut now
I like t as the essays
make me think
about he topics we
are
studying
and I can use he essays
o help me
revise or
exams.
Bo :
I
am a science
student,
and the
way we write our reports
s
so different
o
how
people
do it here n
the
UK.
One
hing s the length. n the UK, writers
add
a
lot
of stuffwhich s
totally
rrelevant
nd boring.
The beginnings nd
the
ends of the repo rtsare ull
of
quotations
rom
other
people's
esearch
In my
countrv,we talk about he
problem,
he
methodology
nd
the
solution. here s no
point
alking
about other
people's
work. t 's n the
library
nd a
good
student
knows
t already.t is boring o mention
t
again
Edward:
I
didn't
write
a bibliography
a
ist
of sources) ntil
was writ inga long
essay n my final
year.
Before hat,
my tutorsdidn't require ne.
After had
finishedwrit ing he
essay,
just
put
all he
books
I had used n a big
pile
on
my desk
and
wrote
out
their
details n a list.My
only
problem
when I 'm
writ ing n
English s that I have o keep
stopping
o
add a
reference nd
makesure he book s in my bibliographyoo. Sometimes,t makesme
forget my ideas.
Phan:
In my
country,we are aughtnot to
stealother
people's
deasor writ ing.So
when
we do university rit ing,
we write a listof all
he
books
we have
use
in
a bibliography. e
don't
give
a referencen thb text of our essay. t 's
enough o mention he
books n our bibliographies. lso, f the idea s well
known
or
if it
comes rom a
lecture,
we
don't
mention t in
a bibliography
because
he tutorsand studentsknow where he idea s from.At first,
kept orgetting
his ype of thing
n
my
bibliographies,ut now I am
beginningo change.
a)
b)
c)
d)
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KXwdwm&
w&mmfwr
&$mX&
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The
esearch
roEess
At
the end of
this unit
you
will:
.
be aw'are
of
a range of sources of
information;
.
be aHe
to
identify the
strengths
and
weaknesses of different
sourcesl
.
be able
to note down bibliographical
details for books
and
websites.
1 " X
b)
c)
d)
e)
0
g)
TmWkX
Researchptions
14{eirkc'l
}r*at$}s
*{ 3*{r.
L**k;:rt th* *i*t
of **ur*es
sf l*:f*rrnatiEl*'t *l*w
atlrde*is*ul*s
xh}*h
*t"**)s
{pl*
have alr*xdy
usec3.&dd t* thq}
*ixt
*ny
*t*ler
$s{.rr6e$
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8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik
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a-
-
tr
=
TXWM
fi
Preparing esearch
uestions
Now
you
are
going
o write
a
list of sources
a
bibliography)
hat
could be
used o strenothen ndrewStudent's ssavon homelessness.
ll*mk
ha*k e?
y**r
m*t*s
{n
?b*k
*"ff in
L}*tit
r. *d*ntify whx*
*r:f*c'*ilatl*nw*u*e* :* {"*s*fli&,
For example:
Definitions
of
homelessness,
r2eof the
problem
Txn*t
*:**e
:';*t' *s *rt* tfur** n*s*nr*h
qxesti*:ns
xnd wrlt*
*h*ffi i:efq:,w. -*xxv* plill{$*xft*r *a*h
qu*sti*rir
t*
aa:lle
'r*t*s *xrd
**a;*r**s $mtsr ls"*"
For
example:
How has homelessness
een defined bv
other
writers? What
nformation ndicates fhe size of
the
problem?
?e*aech
4uestion
l:
Nofeg:
Selerence s,o$(cesi
Research
q$esllon
Ll
Notesr
?efetenc,e =,cro(ces:
?e*-accVt
cl:ros'illcrl
5:
Ncrte-=,
?etereruz =oJ(czs:
* .1
k.*
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TaSIC
n lnformationor
a bibliography
thr are
going
to find
some sources o answer
your
research
questions
and write a bibliography. his s
a
unplete
list of sourceswhich have been used
to
prepare
an essay,
and it usuallyappearsat the end
of an
css.ty. t is important o keep a note of the bibliographicalnformation.Without his information, ou cannot
use
the
source
n
your
essay.
et To find the necessary bibliographical
inforrnation for
a book,'look on the title
page
and the
printing
history
page
{usually
on the first few
page$
of a book}"
Below
are examples of these.
TheHomelessrob lem
James
Smythe
The U
u
niversi ty f Lonbr jdge
Firs t
published
2004
by lJniversity f Lonbridge Press
University f
Lonbridge Press
PublishingHouse
Queens
Road
London
N 7
5R R
Second
edition 2006
tsBN 337 48372 4
Copyright OJames Smythe
2003
The right ofJames Smythe o be ide ntif ied as the
author
of this
work has
been assertedby him in
accordance with the
Copyright, Designsand PatentsAct 1988.
Find he following bibliographicalnformationand then compareyour answerswith a parher.
a) Author's ull
name
b) Dateof
publication
c)
Title
d) Edition
e) Placeof
publication
fl
Publisher
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-
-
tr
3
3.2
A bihli*gr*g:hgrm[x* in*lud*s any websites
yor;
useci
o researeh
y{:}ur
ssi3y.
Homelessness:
perpetual
roblem
FrancesMartin
Social orrespondent
Article
astupdated 9/9/05
4:58
PM
Friday 19th September
2005
Homelessness
ontinueso
bea
major
roblern
n Western
ocieties,
espitehenumber
f
aqenfii€serjicateeJa
hslplflg
eopl*
n
neecl,
rr e{:snt
ear$-
here
"ra$
rren
}een
..
Find he followingbibliographicalnformation
nd
then
compare
our
answers
with
a
partner.
a) Author's ull name
b) Date he information as lastupdated
c)
Title
d)
Web
address:
http://
You rvliEht
need
to Xqlok
anef&illyel $ne;*rhem
a
wvehsite
qras ast
updeted"
"fype
the f*llcwing
intq:l s*;ans*'r
x"lgine
nei sec *'r*w"u
ash
qlyle
$ organis*c*:h*n*slsss*last
upc$at*d.
&s*r
ycur
{L}t$r'sr;n *hrariam*r
l're$g:lth th*
bib]i*graphlcnld*tails
yoLl
nc*el s fi*w*
f,or
ther
tgrex t:lf
mf*r'm*tieln
*urce. Alternativ*ly,
th*
*mt*rnet
s
a
good
soure* sf
ir"lf*rrnat iern n
writing hfr li*gn*xphi*x"
e e
&.4
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TaSk 4 Researching
Use a
library
to
find
two books and two websites
which help answer the research
questions
you
wrote
in Task 2.2. During his task, think abou t
the
reliability
and authority bf
your
sources.
Look
back at
the research
questions
you
wrote in 2.2
and add brief
notes
after each one. Keep a record of the
bibliographical
etailsof
your
sourceon the same
page
as
your
notes.
Frorn
your
notes, write down the bibliographical
details
for
your
sources
in the table
on the
next
page.
Tips
4 . 1
4.2
i , *
lt@l
'==- iE#
5@d@.
:3r.:-: .-a:
: 4 . s r*6b& tu-
Ldls h( Nfr:lr
r=,e'd ri.F ..'b
:**.8ffi5;**
q & r
a.Gl
,:,we&rb
$ emdth6h@l$
Esgtts.ffi?
It6 b cRr b
J6r
ix
a) Most librariesnow make use of electronicsearchengines. f you are not familiarwith them, ask
librarianor help.
b)
You can use a searchenginesuch
as Google or
Yahoo
o find relevant
sites.
http://google.co.uk
http://yahoo.co.uk
c)
You can also use web directories.
http://www.
ycos.co. k/d /
http://d .yahoo. om/
d) Subject
gateways
are also a
good
source of
information.
The sources
are
divided up according
to academic ubjects.
htto //www. ntute.ac. k/
e)
You can also make use of the links
provided
by Society Guardian
at:
http://society.guardian.co.uk/homelessness/page/0,8149,527295,00.htm1
Or by
the
UK
government
t:
http://www.odpm.gov.uk/stellenVgroups/opdmhomelessness/documents/sectionhomepage/
odpm
homelessness
age.hcsp
http
//www.
om
mun ties.
ov.
u
k/i
ndex.asp?d=1149659
66slts
Auttrols
famil3
name and iniJlal
Date
of
p0blication
TrHe Edihbn
%'cx. ot
pubticafion
Publisher
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\4ebsrtes
Arrhorg
familj
name and initial
\,0hen
la5t
*ti*-e
)a-re
qr:tr
. ^ - - o < < p . f
*t^.?
S"Je
bJeb addras.*
\ofrP:l
I
a'ro,l I
$$&ax$wsxg
fiw&ryffisxr
&*;ry*&
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B3
Wriling
a bibliography
At
the end of this unit
you
will:
o
understand he
purpose
of a bibliography;
.
be able to
produce
a bibliographyusing the APA
System.
TWWffigWhy
nclude
a bibliography?
',.1
?*
gr*xg**
*f **$, *p*xrd * rn xx*e*
*iu*u**ixg *i8: i*gnxphi**.
a)
How much experience ave
you
had
of writingbibliographiesn the past?
b) Why
is
a bibliography seful
or
the
reader?
c)
Why is writing
a bibliography seful
for vou.
he writer?
t.* N*w fhi*rk *&:*uf rvh*n
y**
f*a*nd
$**y**s t* x*r*ngth*x
&*l*r*rrySt****t's *ssi3y *xl
il:*rx*6*ss$r**s" ii}is*xss
lh*
f*i**rv*n6
qur**ti*n*
wit$:
3r*xr
*1***.
a)
How
did
you
use
he
bibliographies
ou
found n the
sources or the homelessness
ssay?
b) Why s it important or a bibliographyo be completeand accurate?
-}i$-WWM
ffiffiiOliographies
nd
he APA
System
3"1 Th*r* ffit"* fi{}ny di*?*r"*n{ yxf*rxs
*f *}ttllli*m,*n*li h*y *ft**
diff*r {r*n* *r:* m*;x*im*li* ***trj*
*n*t*'e*r.
*: his *x*r*ls*
y*$
if;riil
pr**tix*
***
*f
*h* ffi*st avi*i*{y
l**d *ct*x
-
th* &F,&
System,
Yh*
*xxrx6* *
h*ll*w
sh*ws
t8:i*
*vst**x:.
Bibliography
Morris,
.
&
Winn, M.
(1990).
Housing
nd social nequality. ondon:
ongman.
O'Dwyer,C.
(1994).
Homelessness:what's
he
problem?2nd
d. London:
Shelter.
Ratcliffe,P.
(1997a).
Housing n Bradford,
BradfordHousingForum.
Oxford: Oxford Unir,,ersih
re:s.
Ratcliffe,P.
(1997b).
Race, thnicityand housing
differentialsn Britain.
London:
Blackrrell.
Scottish omes.
(1997).
Home
owners n
Scotland.
Edinburgh:
niversity f Edinburgh.
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c)
2.2
2.3
0*:f'a Uiui'ography
o
answer
he following
questions:
a)
:What
is the name of the book which was
written by
CarolineO'Dwyer
b)
When was Housrngand
social nequality
published?
d) What does
2nd ed. mean in the entry
'tor
Homelessness.' hat's the
problem?
e)
Where was Home owners
n
Scotland
published?
f) What did Jenny Morris and MaftinWinn write?
g)
What do the lettersa and b
mean n the
entries
orthe
books
written by
Peter'Ratcliffe?
h) lf
a book
has wo authors, ow s the entry
written?
i) lf
the
book
s writtenby a corporate uthor
e.g.,
n organisation,
government
epartment),
what nformation
omes irst n he
entry?
D
Inwhich
order
hould ntries e
placed?
Look at the examples
n
the bibliography n
page
15.
What are he
rulee or writing a
bibliographical
ntry
or a book?Consider he order
of
inforrnation nd
punctuation.
Take
he book sources
you
found n
Unit
2, Task4.2.
Using
he rules
you
havediscovered,
write bibliographical
ntries
or
your
sources.
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: t " * € g , * r r . J g . *
YreWM
fi Bibliographies
nd
electronic
ources
There s an increasing
mount
of
information
vailable
n the Internet.
his kind
of
information
an be
a
valuable ource,
but it is important
o use t
correctly.
Before
ou
use an
electronic ource n
your
essay,
ou
need
o
decide f it is
reliable. he
publishing
f
a
book
is
a much more
careful
process
han
he
publishing
f a website.
You
should
use
rellable
ites, or
example he
official itesof
universities r well-known
ompanies.
As the three
examples elowshow,
he bibliographical
ules or
electronic
ources
differslightly rom
books.
It is i mportant o
give
he address
of the
page,
not
ust
the
address
of the website.You
can
copy this rom
the browserwindow.
Grassian, E.
(2000).
Thinking
critically
about World Wide
Web
resources.
Retrieved
October 24,
2006, rom http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/college/help/critical/index.ht
Department
or communities
and local
government
n.d.).
Overview
of homelessness
afa.
Retrieved
24
October,2006, rom http://www.communities.gov.utdindex.asp?id=1
56292
Society Guardian.
(2005).
The most
usefuluzebsifes
n homeles,sness.
Retrieved24
OcIober,2006, rom
http://society.guardian.co.uk/homelessness/page/O,8149,527295,00.htm1
*,1 *s* th* bi*i *grxpi:;
* i :* .;* i . . : =l::=qi
i-= i: : : i ' : : ing
qi:esiiets.
When
was Thinking
critically about
World
Wide Web resources
written?
When did the writer
of the
bibliography isit
the
sile Thinking
critically
about World Wide
Web
resources?
Why
does Overviewof homelessness
afa not have
a
family
name
and initial
as an author?
When was the
site The most
usefuluzebsifes
n homeles.sness
ast
updated?
What information
uggests hat
Thinking
ritically
about World
Wide Web resources
s
a reliable
source?
What does
(n.d.)
mean n lhe
Overview
of homelessness
ata enlw?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
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3:2
. l ' l
. . , ;
t :
l ' , '
tock at
th* examples
of
Ini*rnet $ource
entni*s
in
tNre
bib*iography
:n
pag*
17"
What
are the
rules
{or writlng a
biblicgraphieal
entry
for a
w*bsite
page?
Take the
lnternet sources
you
found
in
UnI*
*,
Tesk 4.2, and
put
th*rn
int* the
fonxat
shelrarn
*hove"
Work in groups of 3-5. Discuss the follovr'singuestions and wrii€ notes.
a)
Why do
you
include
he date
you
accessed
a
website n a bibliography?
b)
How
reliableare
the
websites
you
chose
to use
for the homelessness
ssay?
3.4
5&wdsm*
s*es
mr &fmX&
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Feferrinq
o
olher
sourEes
your
essay
i;:iffi'ilffi ',"T,::tjl:yruHil"."ffi'Jifiressay
cit ing and
quotlng
are wo methods
of referring
o other
sources
n
your
essays.
KwwMX
Gitins
According
to ShaLs
&Yrc,sr.
(200a),
peopte
are
homelessness.
E4
Shaks hosh
Tuesday
uly
8,2005
The
Cuardian
Homelessness
e-ski l ls
nd solates
eople.
he
obvious esponses o givehomelesseople omes ..
Cit ing s reporting
deas
or
information
rom
another
source
using
your
own words.
This
differs rom
copying
verbatim
(exactly
word for
word)
and without
acknowledgement,
or
two reasons.
irst,
ou
can
select
and
summarisemportant
points
rom
he
source.
Secondly,
ou
make
t
clear rom whom
and where
you
got your
deas.
To avoid
copyinganother
writer's
words
direcfly
nt o
youressayby mistake, ood note-takingechniques
important.
Usingkeywords,
ymbols
and
paraphrasing
at the note-taking
tageall make
t less ikely
o
copy by
mistake. t
is also vitalto
write
down the
bibliographical
details
of the
source accuratelv.
Look
at this
example.
Bibliographical
entry
for the
source:
Grassian,
E.
(2000).
Thinking
critically
about
wortd wide
web
resources.
Retrieved
October 24,
2006,
rom
http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/college/help/critical/index.h
igolated
and de-skitled
bq
J
, 'w. .
t,
a H .
-
- \ r -
" ' -
t -
' { < ' -
L
t \ , ,
* q
/ .
L ' 4h
/
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g4
{ {
, " t
Exact
sentence
from the source:
'The
WorldWide Web
has
a
lot to
offer,but
not
all
sources
are equally
aluable r reliable.'
Citing the source
in
an essay
According
o
Grassian
2000),
nternet ources ary
n
accuracyand usefulness.
Or
ln her evaluation f
websites,Grassian
2000)
rgues hat Internet ources
ary n
accuracy
and
usefulness.
Sisaus* the*e
questions
with
your partner.
a) How original
s
Grassian's
dea?
b) Why
has the
essay
writer used Grassian's dea n the
essay?
c) How
has he essaywritershownwhose dea s
given?
d) Why doesn't
he essaywriter nclude
Grassian's
nit ial
E.)?
e)
How has the essay
writer
shown
the readerwhere o find
Grassian's
dea?
0
What changesdid
the
essay
writer
make
n
order
o
avoid copying Grassian's
ext word
for word
l*'l
gnoups
*f 3*S, discuss
tl**
fo$owing;
quexti*res."
a)
Why s the APAstyle
widely
used?
b)
Have
you
useda similar ystembefore?
c)
Why is it better o add
the
author and date
information
o
your
essay at
the
same
time as
you
write
your
essay,
ather han after
you
have inishedwriting t?
| , &
Ymmke
Quotins
Quoting
s
another
methodof reporting he ideas rom
another ource.Unlikeciting,
ou
may
use
he
exact
words of the sou rce'swriter.Similar
o
citing,however,
you
make
sure
your
readerunderstands ho the
words
belong
o
and
in which source hey appear.
As
a
rule,
quotations
are used
less often than
citations.One reason
or
quoting
s when
you
feel the
authorexpresses n
idea
or
opinion n
such away
that it
is
particularly
uccinct,
memorable
r
interesting. or
example:
Quoting
the source in an essay
A numberof studies
Anderson
Thompson, 005; Fitzpatrick, 000)have ound hat
young
homeless
eople's
efinitions f
homelessness
iffer
rom
he definit ion sed by
the
government,
which s discussed bove.One
nterviewee
ays,
l
think
I was
homeless, ot because was
living
the street, basicallybecause
we, me
and
my
sister,
were
livingat a different
house every
week
and
basically ivingout of a bag in that house' Anderson Thompson2005,p.21).
f-lowb:srerr
ilg'stii\
su
iJc{atr
P'efE
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:=
tr
=
4
2"4
a)
How
are
the layout
and
punctuation
of a long
quotation
different
rom hose of a short
quotation?
b)
What s the maximum ength
of a
quotation?
c) lt is usual or a
quotation
o be followed
by a
page
number n the in-text eference, ut
in this
example here sn'tone.When s it
possible
not to
give
a
page
number?
$r:
gr"*upx
*f $*S, d}**Lxss ,x* fot{a*wifig
**stie*ns"
a) What is the differencebetween he following
uses of the same
source?
Accordingo Weller
1949, .87), 'East,
west,home s
best... '
Weller
1949)
elieves
hat it
doesn'tmatterwhere
one
ravels
o, i n the end
most
peopleprefer
theirhomes.
b)
Why s
citingusually
preferable
o
quoting?
c) What s
your
utor's
view ikely
o be if
you
link ogether
ong but
accurately
cknowledged
quotations
with a few words of
your
own
in
your
essay?
d) What s
your
utor ikely o think f
you
don't represent sourcewriter's deasor opinions
accuratelyn
your
writing?
e)
What may happen f
you
don't acknowledgehat an idea
or a
quotation
elongs
o
another
writer?
WWWkW
Citing
and
quotingpractice
{ } .
W*rk individaafly"L*sk
*t
y*r.*r
s*r*r"*** x}:c:}ut"x*me}**:xn**s.
Underline twr:
in*p,*rtant
:*ints
;l*':dempy hsrv:
v*r*r*xtin'*
w*rc*
*r
w*rc*} }c'}**h*
*r*x below. Make notes
in
t "re*eix q}*" eise
kc*yw*r*{w nd *ynr*:**ts x*'t**}'l*nge t&'** *ngx;,lgc
*f the source text
a*
rcueh as
g:l*ssihtc,
t-Sxiing
**r
**t*s, vrrite tsv*
,*itsti*l'ts.
Yry t*
use both book and *r:t*rn*t
*l*ur**::*"
Citation,
The
r,oords in
the =,oc(cel
Your
note.s:
-
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Citafion'
The
uoords
in
fhe soac@;
Y^f
lqt"r:
Citation
:
3"9
Wark w*th
ysnlr
psrtner"
*ie*uss
tl"l* tx>llowing
$sst,sn$.
a)
Do
your partner's
itations hange
he meaning f the source?
b)
Has
your padner
clearly hanged
he language f the source?
c)
Has
your
partnergiven
an
accurate
n-text reference?
Work indivldually.
Find two *xan'lples
in
ycur
$curces that
you
could
quote
in
an essay
on
honrelessness.
Write tlrern in the bsxes belCIw
a* t t*y would *Bpsar
in
your
es$ay.
?ry to use
botlr bcok and
Internst
$surc€$"
.....
_-:..
:Quafafion,
Citation:
The r.oords
in
fhe s,oo(cel
Your nafes:
3.3
Qtlotation:
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=4
S.d& \rVsrkwlth
y*ur
par&ren
*i**u::s
t*"1*mf]owrix'lg
a;**ti*ns.
a)
Why has
your parlner
decided
o
quote,
rather
han
paraphrase,
hese
parts
of
the
source ext?
b)
Has
your partner
acknowledged
he
sourceaccurately?
4"1
KWWK
&
Referencing
ractice
Wclrklng
n
gro*ps
cf 3-5, read
the
p*ssag*
b*l*:;wa*c*
unde*r ff*
th*
sectians which have not
been
properly
r*ferenceeJ.
h*n
e$rnpare
your
work.
In a recent
articleon homelessnessn
London,
an expert
analysed
the reasons
ehind he
growing
numbers
of homeless
eople
n
the
city and
concluded
hat
drug
abusewas the
primary
ause
of homelessness
mongst
young
people.
This
claim
s,
however,
uestioned
y another
academic
on
the website
www.homeless.co.uk.
ccording o
the
secondauthor, he
first
author's tatement
hat drug abuse
s common
amongsthomeless
people
under he
age of 20 is not
supporrted
y
the
statistical
evidence
rovided
by the National
Statistics
Bureau.
Sludexx&firc&wwfwrWm&&&
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-
I
tr
=
Plagiarism
At the end of this
unit
you
will:
r
understand what
plagiarism
is;
.
understand how to use
sources
in
your
writing;
.
be
able to recognise
plagiarism
in
a
piece
of
writing.
TaXK Xwhat
s
ptagiarism?
1 4
, t
*r:
gr*a:ps
*f i3*5,dis**ss
y$l,r
enswers
te
the follcwing
questions.
a)
Why is it necessary o refer o other
sources
when
writing an
essay
or report?
b)
What
do
you
understand
y
the term
plagiarism'?
The
originof
the word
plagiarism'
is
a Latinword meaning
a
thief'. Plagiarisms
a
type
of
academic
heft, n which deas
and/or anguage re stolen rom
someoneelse.
n its most
obvious
form,
plagiarism
nvolves he word-for-word
opyingof large
sectionsof another
person's
material
with no indication f
the
original ource.Because
f
the lack
of in-text ef erence,he
plagiarist
s
claiming
he ideasand language s his
or her own.
In a less extreme orm,
the
plagiarist
copies
shorter
phrases
rom
a sourceand
links hese ogetherwith
his or
her
own words.This s
also
plagiarism f there s no in-text reference o show that the ideascome
from
another
source or if there are no
quotation
marks
around
shofter
quotations
o show hat he words belong o
someoneelse. n
scientific
subjects,
plagiarism
ould also be copying
another
person's