Phylum Arthropoda• Kelas Insecta - jumlah spesies sangat bervariasi - jumlah individu sangat melimpah
- penyebaran sangat luas (di
seluruh dunia)
• Kelas Arachnida : - laba-laba - tungau
• Class Crustacea : jenis udang
• Dll. (centipedes, millipedes, etc.)
Insects vs Arachnids (Mites, Spiders)
Siklus hidup serangga• 1. Metamorfosis sederhana /tidak sempurna : telur – nimfa – imago(dewasa)
• 2. Metamorfosais sempurna : telur – larva- pupa – imago(dewasa)
• 3. Some exceptions• #1 and #2 apply to most agricultural pests
Simple MetamorphosisEgg
Nymphs Adult – has full-size wings, functional reproductive system
Simple MetamorphosisNymphs
InstarInstar
Molt Molt
Simple MetamorphosisEgg
Nymphs Adult – has full-size wings, functional reproductive system
Usually 4-6 instars, resemble adults, smaller size
Same food and environment for nymphs and adults
Complete Metamorphosis
Egg Pupa
Larva – several instars, important feeding stage
Adult – very different from larva
Corn Earworm
Complete Metamorphosis• Life stages are important because ecology, food habits, and management of different stages can be different
• Example: butterflies and moths• Larva – feeds as damaging caterpillar
• Adult – beneficial as plant pollinator
Hubungan tanaman dengan serangga
• Hama (Herbivora)• Recyclers of Organic Materials ( pengurai/ dekomposer)
• Predators, parasites• Pollinators (penyerbuk)
Serangga Herbivora• Apabila secara ekonomi menimbulkan kerugian status HAMA
• Dijumpai berbagai jenis kerusakan : akar, batang, daun, bunga, buah bahkan sampai bahan yang disimpan
HAMA
AKAR : Lundi (Exopholis sp)
BATANG : Penggerek batang kakao (Zeuzera sp.)
Daun : Ulat api (Setora nitens)
Bunga : Heliothis armigera
Buah : Lalat buah (Dacus spp.)
Simpanan : Tribolium sp.
Serangga Detritivora• Serangga yang menguraikan zat organik menjadi senyawa karbon yang lebih sederhana.
• Contoh : Rayap Colembola
Kumbang tanah Kumbang bangkai dll.
Serangga Penyerbuk• Hubungan serangga penyerbuk ini dengan tumbuhan SALING MENGUNTUNGKAN
• Hubungan : - mutualisme - komensalisme - parasitisme
Serangga Karnivora• Karnivora
Karnivora
Predator Parasitoid
PREDATOR
- Membunuh & memangsa banyak hewan dalam satu siklus hidupnya
- Ukuran lebih besar daripada mangsanya
PARASITOID• Parasitoid : serangga yang menumpang pada serangga lain yang menyebabkan kerugian pada inangnya
• Biasanya setiap individu serangga parasitoid hanya memerlukan satu ekor inang dalam satu siklus hidupnya.
Survey of insects – Major groups (orders) of ag pests
or beneficials• Dragonflies• Orthoptera and relatives (mantids, roaches)
• Thrips• True bugs (Hemiptera)• Piercing-sucking insects (Homoptera)• Beetles• Nerve-winged insects (Neuroptera)• Butterflies and moths• Bees, wasps, and ants• Flies• Etc.
Survey of Insects• Dragonflies --- beneficial predators of flying insects
• Praying mantids --- beneficial predators
• Roaches --- recycling in some ag systems
• Grasshoppers, Crickets --- can be serious ag pests
Tawny Mole Cricket
Thrips
Thrips palmi
Thrips• Almost microscopic in size, fringed wings
• Beneficial pollination in flowers
• Most are plant pests• Some carry plant viruses
Virus Vectors• Vector = carrier of virus• Viruses in plants• Transmitted by insects, etc.• Vector feeds on infected plant acquires virus feeds and passes virus to other plants
True Bugs
• Squash bug• Note typical appearance
True Bugs• Piercing-sucking mouthparts• Some important pests, e.g., stink bugs
• Some predators
