Development of the Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev – “Father of the Periodic
Table”
• Russian Chemist who
developed the 1st
periodic table in the
late 1800’s
Mendeleev’s First Table (1872)
• Elements were arranged according to increasing atomic mass
• Knew other elements existed and left spaces for them
An Improved Periodic Table
Henry Moseley - British scientist who improved
Mendeleev’s table (1911)
• Arranged the elements by
increasing atomic number
• Killed in WWI at age 28
Modern Periodic Table
Glenn Seaborg (1912-1999)- American scientist
Who arranged modern table in 1941• Placed the lanthanide/actinide
series at the bottom of the table • Discovered elements 94 to 102• In 1951 was awarded the
Nobel Prize in chemistry • Element 106 named in his honor
Periodic Trends• Elements are arranged into horizontal rows called
PERIODS• Elements within a period have the same number of energy
levelsThe Periodic Table of Elements
1 18
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He2 Li Be B C N O F Ne3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe6 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn7 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm YbAc Th Pa U Np Pu AmCm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
1 energy level
2 energy levels
3 energy levels
7 energy levels
6 energy levels
5 energy levels4 energy levels
• Elements are arranged in vertical columns called a GROUP or FAMILY
• Elements in the same family have the same number of valence electrons and share similar CHEMICAL properties
4 va
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6 va
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The Periodic Table of Elements1 18
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He2 Li Be B C N O F Ne3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe6 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn7 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm YbAc Th Pa U Np Pu AmCm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
2 va
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ectr
ons
1 va
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3 va
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5 va
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7 va
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8 va
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(exc
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Electrons
• VALENCE ELECTRONS - found
in the outermost energy level– Determine an element’s chemical properties
• If the atom has a full outer shell, it is NON-REACTIVE!!– Which group of elements is non-reactive?
• Noble gases
Periodic Trends
The Periodic Table of Elements1 18
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He2 Li Be B C N O F Ne3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe6 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn7 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm YbAc Th Pa U Np Pu AmCm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
NONREACTIVE
Metals and Non-Metals
The Periodic Table of Elements1 18
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He2 Li Be B C N O F Ne3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe6 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn7 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm YbAc Th Pa U Np Pu AmCm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Metal Properties
• Shiny solids
• Ductile (able to be stretched)
• Malleable (able to be shaped)
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
Nonmetal Properties
• May be solids, liquids or gases
• Dull, brittle solids
• Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Metalloid Properties
• Nonmetals with properties of both metals and non-metals• Weak conductors of heat and electricity• Solids that can be shiny or dull• Ductile and malleable
Families of ElementsFamilies of Elements
Alkali Metals
• Group 1, highly reactive, 1 valence electron
• Explosive with water
The Periodic Table of Elements
1 18
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He2 Li Be B C N O F Ne3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe6 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn7 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm YbAc Th Pa U Np Pu AmCm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families of ElementsFamilies of Elements
Alkaline Earth Metals
• Group 2, reactive, 2 valence electrons
• Hard and shiny, high melting points
The Periodic Table of Elements1 18
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He2 Li Be B C N O F Ne3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe6 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn7 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm YbAc Th Pa U Np Pu AmCm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families of ElementsFamilies of Elements
Transition Metals
• Group 3-12
• Complex electron arrangements
The Periodic Table of Elements
1 18
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He2 Li Be B C N O F Ne3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe6 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn7 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm YbAc Th Pa U Np Pu AmCm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families of ElementsFamilies of Elements
Halogens
• Group 17, highly reactive, 7 valence electrons
The Periodic Table of Elements1 18
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He2 Li Be B C N O F Ne3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe6 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn7 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm YbAc Th Pa U Np Pu AmCm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families of ElementsFamilies of Elements
Noble Gases
• Group 18, full outer shells (2 in He and 8 in others)
• NON-REACTIVE
The Periodic Table of Elements1 18
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He2 Li Be B C N O F Ne3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe6 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn7 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm YbAc Th Pa U Np Pu AmCm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families of ElementsFamilies of Elements
Rare Earth Elements
• Group 3, Period 6 and 7
• Special group of transition metals
The Periodic Table of Elements1 18
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He2 Li Be B C N O F Ne3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe6 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn7 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm YbAc Th Pa U Np Pu AmCm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families of ElementsFamilies of Elements
Metalloids
• Non-metal elements that are conductors of heat and electricity
The Periodic Table of Elements
1 18
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He2 Li Be B C N O F Ne3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe6 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn7 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm YbAc Th Pa U Np Pu AmCm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No