PECO
CHP Symposium
Mid Atlantic CHP
Technical Assistance Partnership
CHP Overview
September 20, 2018
DOE CHP Technical Assistance
Partnerships (CHP TAPs)• End User Engagement
Partner with strategic End Users to advance technical solutions using CHP as a cost effective and resilient way to ensure American competitiveness, utilize local fuels and enhance energy security. CHP TAPs offer fact-based, non-biased engineering support to manufacturing, commercial, institutional and federal facilities and campuses.
• Stakeholder EngagementEngage with strategic Stakeholders, including regulators, utilities, and policy makers, to identify and reduce the barriers to using CHP to advance regional efficiency, promote energy independence and enhance the nation’s resilient grid. CHP TAPs provide fact-based, non-biased education to advance sound CHP programs and policies.
• Technical ServicesAs leading experts in CHP (as well as microgrids, heat to power, and district energy) the CHP TAPs work with sites to screen for CHP opportunities as well as provide advanced services to maximize the economic impact and reduce the risk of CHP from initial CHP screening to installation.
www.energy.gov/chp
DOE CHP Deployment
Program Contactswww.energy.gov/CHPTAP
Tarla T. Toomer, Ph.D.CHP Deployment Manager
Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy
U.S. Department of Energy
Patti GarlandDOE CHP TAP Coordinator [contractor]
Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy
U.S. Department of Energy
Ted BronsonDOE CHP TAP Coordinator [contractor]
Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy
U.S. Department of Energy
DOE CHP Technical Assistance Partnerships (CHP TAPs)
Combined Heat & Power
Overview
CHP: A Key Part of Our Energy Future
▪ Form of Distributed Generation (DG)
▪ An integrated system
▪ Located at or near a building / facility
▪ Provides at least a portion of the electrical load and
▪ Uses thermal energy for:
o Space Heating / Cooling
o Process Heating / Cooling
o Dehumidification
CHP provides efficient, clean, reliable, affordable energy –
today and for the future.
Source: www.energy.gov/chp
Fuel 100 units
CHP75% efficiency
Total Efficiency~ 75%
Fuel
Fuel
30 units
Power Plant32% efficiency(Including T&D)
Onsite Boiler80% efficiency
45 units
Electricity
Heat
Total Efficiency~ 50%
94 units
56 units
30 to 55% less greenhouse gas emissions
CHP Recaptures Heat of Generation, Increasing
Energy Efficiency, and Reducing GHGs
CHP System Schematic
Prime MoverReciprocating Engines
Combustion Turbines
Microturbines
Steam Turbines
Fuel Cells
ORC turbine
ElectricityOn-Site Consumption
Sold to Utility
FuelNatural Gas
Propane
Biogas
Landfill Gas
Coal
Steam
Waste Products
Others
Generator
Heat Exchanger
ThermalSteam
Hot Water
Space Heating
Process Heating
Space Cooling
Process Cooling
Refrigeration
Dehumidification
What Are the Benefits of CHP?
▪ CHP is more efficient than separate generation of electricity and heating/cooling
▪ Higher efficiency translates to lower operating costs (but requires capital investment)
▪ Higher efficiency reduces emissions of pollutants
▪ CHP can also increase energy reliability and enhance power quality
▪ On-site electric generation can reduce grid congestion and avoid distribution costs.
Critical Infrastructure and Resiliency
Benefits of CHP
“Critical infrastructure” refers to those assets, systems, and networks that, if incapacitated, would have a substantial negative impact on national security, national economic security, or national public health and safety.”
Patriot Act of 2001 Section 1016 (e)
Applications:
▪ Hospitals and healthcare centers
▪ Water / wastewater treatment plants
▪ Police, fire, and public safety
▪ Centers of refuge (often schools or universities)
▪ Military/National Security
▪ Food distribution facilities
▪ Telecom and data centers
CHP (if properly configured):
▪ Offers the opportunity to improve Critical Infrastructure (CI) resiliency
▪ Can continue to operate, providing uninterrupted supply of electricity and heating/cooling to the host facility
National Drivers for CHP
▪ Benefits of CHP recognized by policymakerso State Portfolio Standards (RPS, EEPS), Tax Incentives,
Grants, standby rates, etc.
▪ Favorable outlook for natural gas supply and price in North America
▪ Opportunities created by environmental drivers
▪ Utilities finding economic value
▪ Energy resiliency and critical infrastructure
DOE / EPA CHP Report (8/2012)
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/pdfs/chp_clean_energy_solution.pdf
Attractive CHP Markets
IndustrialChemicals
Refining
Food processing
Petrochemicals
Natural gas pipelines
Pharmaceuticals
Rubber and plastics
Pulp and paper
CommercialData centers
Hotels and casinos
Multi-family housing
Laundries
Apartments
Office buildings
Refrigerated warehouses
Restaurants
Supermarkets
Green buildings
InstitutionalHospitals
Schools (K–12)
Universities & colleges
Wastewater treatment
Correctional Facilities
AgriculturalDairies
Wood waste
(biomass)
Concentrated
animal feeding
operations
CHP Today in the United States
• 81.3 GW of installed CHP at more than
4,400 industrial and commercial
facilities
• 8% of U.S. Electric Generating
Capacity; 14% of Manufacturing
• Avoids more than 1.8 quadrillion
Btus of fuel consumption annually
• Avoids 241 million metric tons of
CO2 compared to separate production
Slide prepared on 7-3-18
Existing CHP Capacity
PA CHP Market Update – Recent Installs▪ Rittenhouse Claridge▪ FMC Tower▪ Simpson House▪ Park Towne Place Apartments▪ Cathedral Village Retirement Home▪ Lancaster General Hospital▪ Guthrie Medical Center▪ Montgomery Healthcare▪ Peninsula Regional Medical Center▪ Aria Health – Torresdale▪ Messiah College▪ Aberdeen Proving Grounds▪ MGM National Harbor▪ Columbia Supreme Sports Club▪ Dogfish Head Brewery
Pennsylvania CHP Technical Potential
There is 3,620 MW of industrial on-site CHP technical potential In PA, primarily chemicals, metals, paper, refining and food sectors
There is 3,003 MW of commercial, institutional and multi-family on-site technical potential in PA, primarily in office buildings, higher ed, hospitals, gov’t buildings and retail sectors
Overview of CHP
Technologies
Common CHP Technologies
50 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 20 MW
Fuel Cells
Gas TurbinesMicroturbines
Reciprocating Engines
Steam Turbines
Configurations▪ CHP systems are often categorized based on the type of prime mover
that drives the system. There are five predominant prime mover
technologies used for CHP systems:
◦ Reciprocating engines
◦ Gas turbines
◦ Microturbines
◦ Boiler/steam turbines
◦ Fuel cells
▪ Heat can generally be recovered in the form of hot water, steam or
hot air and converted to cooling or refrigeration using absorption
chillers or steam turbine chillers, or dehumidification using desiccants
Prime Mover: Reciprocating
Engines▪ Size Range: 10 kW to 10 MW▪ Characteristics
◦ Thermal can produce hot water, low pressure steam, and chilled water (through absorption chiller)
◦ High part-load operation efficiency
◦ Fast start-up
◦ Minimal auxiliary power requirements for black start.
▪ Example Applications:
◦ universities, hospitals, water treatment facilities, industrial facilities, commercial buildings, and multi-family dwellings
Prime Mover: Gas Turbines
▪ Size Range: 1 MW to 300 MW▪ Characteristics
◦ Produces high quality, high temperature thermal that can include high pressure steam for industrial processes, and chilled water (with absorption chiller)
◦ Available in a wide range of capacities and configurations
◦ Best efficiency when operated at full load (part-load efficiency is often much lower than full load efficiency)
▪ Example Applications:
◦ hospitals, universities, chemical plants, refineries, food processing, paper, military bases
Prime Mover: Microturbines
▪ Size Range: 30 kW to 330 kW (modular packages exceeding 1 MW)
▪ Characteristics◦ Thermal can produce hot water,
steam, and chilled water (through absorption chiller)
◦ Compact size and light weight
◦ Inverter based generation can improve power quality
▪ Example Applications: ◦ multifamily housing, hotels,
nursing homes, waste water treatment, gas & oil production
Reciprocating Engine or Turbine
with Heat Recovery▪ Gas or liquid fuel is combusted in a prime mover, such as a
reciprocating engine, microturbine, or gas turbine▪ The prime mover is connected to a generator that produces electricity▪ Energy normally lost in the prime mover’s hot exhaust and cooling
system is recovered to provide useful thermal energy for the site
These configurations offer good potential for incorporation into packaged CHP systems
Prime Mover: Steam Turbines
▪ Size Range: 100 kW to over 250 MW▪ Characteristics
◦ Requires a boiler or other steam source
◦ Can be mated to boilers firing a variety of gaseous, liquid or solid fuels (e.g., coal and biomass fuels such wood, waste products, and pellets).
◦ Mature technology with very high durability and reliability
◦ Can operated over a wide range of steam pressures
◦ Backpressure steam turbines can be used to produce power by replacing pressure reducing valves (PRVs) in existing steam systems
▪ Example Applications:
◦ Industrial applications, district heating and cooling systems, forest products, paper mills, chemicals, food processing, PRVs
Boiler / Steam Turbine
▪ Fuel is burned in a boiler to produce high pressure steam that is sent to a backpressure or extraction steam turbine
▪ The steam turbine is connected to an electric generator that produces electricity
▪ Low pressure steam exits the turbine and provides useful thermal energy for the site
Fuel Cell▪ A fuel, such as natural gas, is reformed in a fuel processor to create hydrogen▪ Hydrogen and oxygen are converted to direct current (DC) electricity using an
electrochemical process in a fuel cell stack▪ An inverter is used to convert DC electricity to alternating current (AC) electricity▪ Heat from the fuel processor and fuel cell stack are recovered to provide useful
thermal energy for the site
Heat Recovery▪ Heat Exchangers
◦ Recover exhaust gas from prime mover
◦ Transfers exhaust gas into useful heat (steam, hot water) for downstream applications
◦ Hot water heat exchangers to recover reciprocating engine jacket and oil cooler heat
▪ Heat-Driven Chillers ◦ Absorption Chiller
– Use heat to chill water
– Chemical process (not mechanical)
◦ Steam Turbine Centrifugal Chiller
Image Source: University of Calgary
Image Source: DOE - EERE
Heat Recovery: Absorption
Chillers▪ Absorption chillers are heat operated refrigeration
machines that operate on chemical and physical reactions to transfer heat. The absorption cycle substitutes a physiochemical process for the mechanical compressor used in common refrigeration systems.
▪ Absorption chillers can be driven with hot water, steam, or prime mover exhaust.
▪ Absorption chillers are available in sizes from 5 to 3,000 refrigeration tons. This capacity correlates to a CHP electric output of approximately 50 to 10,000 kW.
▪ For 40°F and higher chilling fluid temperatures (e.g., building air conditioning), a common refrigerant solution mixture is water (refrigerant) and lithium bromide (absorbent). For chilling fluid temperatures below 40°F (e.g., cold storage), a common refrigerant solution mixture is ammonia (refrigerant) and water (absorbent).
A 200-ton single-stage absorption chiller integrated with three 600
kW reciprocating engines that also provide hot water for process and
space heating. The system is located at a metal fabrication facility in
Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Photo courtesy of Northeast CHP
Technical Assistance Partnership (CHP TAP).
Electric Generators
▪ Two types of electric generators are used with reciprocating engines and turbines to produce alternating current (AC) electricity: induction and synchronous.
Induction
• Requires grid power (external
power source)
• When grid goes down,
CHP system goes down
• Contributes to poor power factor
• Less complicated and less costly to
interconnect compared to
synchronous
• Preferred by utilities
Synchronous
• Does not need grid to operate (self
excited)
• CHP system can continue to operate
through grid outage
• Can assist in power factor correction
• More complicated and more costly to
interconnect compared to induction
(safety considerations)
• Preferred by CHP customers
CHP TAP Technical Assistance
CHP TAP Role: Technical Assistance
▪ Do you pay more than $.06/kWh on average for electricity?
▪ Are you concerned about current or future energy costs
▪ Are you concerned about power reliability?
What if the power goes out for 5 minutes… for 1 hour?
▪ Does your facility operate for more than 3,000 hours per year?
▪ Do you have thermal loads throughout the year?
(including steam, hot water, chilled water, hot air, etc.)
Screening Questions
▪ Does your facility have an existing central plant?
▪ Do you expect to replace, upgrade, or retrofit central plant equipment within the next 3-5 years?
▪ Do you anticipate a facility expansion or new construction project within the next 3-5 years?
▪ Have you already implemented energy efficiency measures and still have high energy costs?
▪ Are you interested in reducing your facility's impact on the environment?
▪ Do you have access to on-site or nearby biomass resources? (i.e., landfill gas, farm manure, food processing waste, etc.)
Screening Questions (cont.)
Summary▪ CHP gets the most out of a fuel source, enabling
◦ High overall utilization efficiencies
◦ Reduced environmental footprint
◦ Reduced operating costs
▪ CHP can be used for different strategies, including critical infrastructure resiliency and emergency planning
▪ Proven technologies are commercially available and cover a full range of sizes and applications
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CHP Project Resources
Good Primer Report DOE CHP Technologies
Fact Sheet Series
www.eere.energy.gov/chpwww.energy.gov/chp-technologies
CHP Project Resources
DOE Project Profile Database
energy.gov/chp-projects
EPA dCHPP (CHP Policies and
Incentives Database
www.epa.gov/chpdchpp-chp-
policies-and-incentives-database
CHP Project Resources
DOE CHP Installation Database
(List of all known
CHP systems in U.S.)
Low-Cost CHP Screening and
Other Technical Assistance from the CHP TAP
energy.gov/chp-installs
energy.gov/CHPTAP
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Next Steps
In collaboration with PECO contact the MA CHP TAP for assistance
if:
▪ You are interested in having a Qualification Screening
performed to determine if there is an opportunity for CHP
at your site
▪ You already have an existing CHP plant and interested in
expanding it
▪ You need an unbiased 3rd Party Review of a proposal