Genome ContentGenome Content
Human Genome3200 Mb
Genes and gene-related sequences 1200Mb
Intergenic DNA2000 Mb
Genes48 Mb
Related seq.1152 Mb
PseudogenesGene fragmentsIntrons, UTRs
Interspersed repeats1400 Mb
Other intergenic
regions600 Mb
Microsatellites90 Mb
Various510 Mb
LINES640 Mb
SINES420 Mb
LTR elements250 Mb
DNA transposons90 Mb
SINE: Alu, 281 bp, 300.000 p, 9%
LINE: L1, 6500 bp, 50.000 p, 7%, retrotransposon
Nucleus of a eukariotic cells (electronmicrograph)Function: protection, transport,gene expression
nuclear lamina
HETEROCHROMATIN
euchromatin
heterochromatin
nucleolus
Types of the chromatin: eu- and
heterochromatin
Structure of the chromatin ;
histons, nucleosomes, solenoid and loops
30 nm chromatin fiber:interactions and modifications of site chains of histones and H1 histon are necessary
The sructure of the 30 nmchromatin fiber is variable(heterogen)
• Chromatin structure and gene expresson in that area are hang on the chemical modification of histones (acetylations, metylation, phosphorylation)
Condensins organise the loop-structure
SMC = Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes family protein (part of the condensin complex)
XIST = X inactivaton specific transcript
XIC = X inactivation center
Histones also play role in the inactivation
Special chromosomes
Politen chromosome – in salivary
glands of Drosophila
melanogaster
Lampbrush chromosomes –
amphybian
oocytes