Operating System Structure
• A key concept of operating systems is multiprogramming.
– Goal of multiprogramming is to efficiently utilize all of the computing resources.
– When a job issues an I/O request (e.g., open a file, read data from a file), it cannot continue until the request is fulfilled.
– The CPU then becomes idle (the job is blocked on the request).
Operating System Structure
• Basic idea of multiprogramming: – Keep multiple jobs in memory.– When one job blocks on I/O (or other events), the
operating system:• Starts the I/O operation.• Switches to another job that is ready to execute.• Now the CPU and I/O device are executing in parallel.
– When the I/O device has completed request, it generates an interrupt to inform the CPU.
– Virtually all general purpose computers support multiprogramming.
• First developed for batch systems in the 60s. – Go to the computer center and give them your program
(stored on punch cards).– The computer operator “batched” several jobs together and
loaded them into the computer. – Come back at 5:00 to get the results of your program.
• Batch systems are non-interactive.
Time-Sharing Systems (Multitasking)
Logical extension of multiprogramming termed multitasking.
Quite often sitting at terminal using a “command line” interface to interact with computer.
Types in commands from keyboard. A system program called a shell reads
command from the command line and makes OS system calls to carry out commands.
OS switches between user’s programs very quickly, generally in round-robin fashion.
SharedComputer
User1User 3
User 4
User 2
SharedComputer User1User 3
User 4
User 2
SharedComputer User1User 3
User 4
User 2
SharedComputer User1User 3
User 4
User 2
SharedComputer User1User 3
User 4
User 2
Time-Sharing Systems (Multitasking)
Switching between users is very fast. Goal is to give the illusion that each user has own
machine. Think about using a text editor, or getting a
directory listing. Response time is a priority.
Protection of System Resources
• I/O Devices • Memory • CPU• Files• Operating System
Protection of System Resources
• Based on dual-mode execution:– kernel mode and user mode.– Privileged instructions can be issued only in kernel mode.– Mode bit in Process Status Word (PSW), checked on every
instruction.
User process executing System Call
Trap, mode bit = 0 Execute System Call
Return. Mode bit = 1
Continue Execution
Mode
Bit=1
Protection of I/O Devices
• All I/O instructions are privileged instructions.• Only accessed through system calls.
Memory Protection
• Must provide memory protection for the interrupt vector, interrupt service routines, and other applications address space.
• Two registers that determine the range of legal addresses a program may access:– Base register – holds the smallest legal physical
memory address.– Limit register – contains the size of the range
• Memory outside the defined range is protected.
Use of A Base and Limit Register
Hardware Address Protection
limit
CPU (and OS) Protection
• Keep user from monopolizing CPU.• Ensure OS regains control of CPU.
CPU Protection
• Timer – interrupts computer after specified period to ensure operating system maintains control.– Timer is decremented every clock tick.– When timer reaches the value 0, an interrupt occurs.
• Timer commonly used to implement time sharing.
Privileged Instructions
• Load base and limit registers?
Privileged Instructions
• Load base and limit registers?• Set the system timer?
Privileged Instructions
• Load base and limit registers?• Set the system timer?• Read the system clock?
Privileged Instructions
• Set the system timer?• Read the system clock?• Load base and limit registers?• Open a file?
Privileged Instructions
• Load base and limit registers?• Set the system timer?• Read the system clock?• Open a file?• Compile a program and create executable?
Privileged Instructions
• Load base and limit registers?• Set the system timer?• Read the system clock?• Open a file?• Compile a program and create executable?• Enable/disable interrupts?
