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Compost, Manure and Green manure
Atinut Wutichai, Thanapat, Siriwan, Piyarat, Chommanat, Siriphan
Central Laboratory and Greenhouse Complete
Kasetsart University
Nutrient Management:
Content
1. Meaning of organic fertilizer, manure,
green manure compost, and composting
2. Key factors affecting the composting process
3. Appearance Maturity Monitoring of Compost Pile
4. Benefits and limitations of Compost
5. Liquid organic fertilizer
6. Compost formulas
Principles of organic agriculture
sustain and
enhance the
health of soil,
plant, animal,
human and
planet
based on living
ecological systems
and cycles, work
with them, emulate
them and help
sustain them
build on
relationships that
ensure fairness
with regard to the
common
environment and
life opportunities
managed in a
precautionary and
responsible manner to
protect the health and
well-being of current
and future generations
and the environment
Natural emulating: nutrient turnover
Nutrient Management in organic agriculture
Living soil and soil fertility are the key for agricultural productivity
Maintenance of fertility of soil is primary step in agricultural system
Diversity and abundant of microorganism inherent in soil system
ensures that nutrient cycle is in place
Soil health and productivity are maintained by regular inputs of
organic matter
The one practice to enhance and maintain soil fertility is the using of
organic fertilizer : compost, green manure, manure
SolidLiquid
powder pellet
Organic fertilizer
Manure Compost Green manure
Organic fertilizer
Organic fertilizers are fertilizer derived
from decomposed organic materials by
microorganisms.
Organic material
Animal matter : bone meal, fish meal
Animal excreta : chicken/cow/pig/horse dung
Vegetable matter : crop residual
Manure
Manure is derived from animal dung and bedding
material (usually straw or grass) used as organic fertilizer.
Do not use animal feces directly before decomposing
Nutrient content in animal feces
Animal feces% of dry weight
N P2O5 K2O
Duck
Horse
Cow
Buffalo
Bat
Goat, Sheep
Swine
2.15
2.33
1.91
1.23
3.11
2.04
2.69
1.33
0.83
0.56
0.69
12.20
1.66
3.24
1.15
1.31
1.40
1.66
1.84
1.83
1.12
Green manure
Green manure is crop/fresh plant material that is
grown and plowed under surface soil to enrich soil
when they have maximum biomass, usually cut before
flowering.
Sunn hemp(Crotalaria juncea)
Benefits of Green manure
- keeps nutrients from leaching down beyond reach of crops
- provides food for microbial soil
- if legumes plants are used, nitrogen is fixed from air to soil
- helps the soil produce good structure and maintain the air-
pore spaces essential to good crop health
- provide a living mulch that will protect soil from erosion
- green manure crops will till the soil- They suppress weed and protect soil from erosion
The benefits occur over the long term, are not always
visible immediately
Compost
Compost is decomposed organic materials by
microorganism and used as a fertilizer and soil
amendment.
Composting
Composting is a bioprocess occurs in nature
which convert organic material to useful products by
the action of various organisms.
Composting in Open System
Layer 1: layer organic material
15-20 cm Thick on bare ground
Layer 2: add 2-5 cm thick of manure
Layer 3: top 2-5 cm thick of soil
Composting in Close System
Bury Organic Material in The Soil
1st Year
2nd Year
3th Year
Dig 30 cm deep and wide hole
Add compostable material
Cover with soil
1. Organic material starter
1.1 Particle size
Key Factors Affecting The Composting Process
1.2 Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C/N) of The Material
Source of energy and nutrient for microorganisms
High C/N ratio, the composting process slow
Chopping, shredding, mowing, breaking up into small pieces,
increase surface area for microorganisms to digest.
Don’t powder material.
C/N 25/1-30/1 is optimum for rapid decomposition
Organic material % C % N C/N
Sawdust 58.2 0.3 194/1
Coconut coir fiber 66.8 0.4 167/1
Rice husk 42.38 0.27 157/1
Coconut cake 52.6 0.46 114./1
Sugarcane leaves 51.52 0.49 105/1
Banana tree 42.76 0.41 104/1
Rice straw 48.82 0.55 89/1
Corn cob 53.29 0.79 68/1
Slow compostable organic material
Organic material % C % N C/N
Acacia leaves 49.78 6.33 8/1
Tea ground 22.98 2.84 8/1
Asparagus stems 32.27 2.3 14/1
Cow dung 3 - 23 0.5 – 1.1 6/1– 21/1
Chicken dung 21.04 2.39 8/1
Pig dung 28.61 2.44 11/1
Coffee ground 46.76 - 72.85 2.18 - 2.37 21/1 – 31/1
Banana leaves 45.23 1.35 33/1
Water hyacinth 43.56 1.27 34/1
Rice plant 46.80 0.96 36/1
Rapid compostable organic material
3. Moisture contentSuitable moisture content is about 40 – 60%
2. Decomposer Organisms
Key Factors Affecting The Composting Process
2.1 Physical decomposer : Beetles, Ants, Millipedes,
Worms, Earthworms
2.2 Chemical decomposer : Fungi, Bacteria, Actinomycetes
Below 40%: microbial activity slow downExceed 60%: aeration is hindered, nutrients are leached out,
decomposition slows, odor is emitted
Compost pile should have moisture content between 40-60%
Decomposer organisms need water to live
4. Temperature Temp. is related to
aeration and moisture
In compose pile.
High temp. reduce
activity of most
microorganisms.
Temp. 32-60°Cindicate rapid
decomposition.
Key Factors Affecting The Composting Process
5. Aeration
Air pump
Pipe aeration
Pile turn over
Natural
aeration
6. pH value
7. Pile Size/Volume : retain heat and moisture
Too small pile, decomposition take longer
pH value between 5.5 – 8.5 is optimal for microorganisms.
Key Factors Affecting The Composting Process
What happen during composting process ?
1. Color of compost : brown to black
2. Inside temperature of compost pile is close to
outside temperature
3. We can easily crush the compost between two
fingers
4. Plant found on the compost pile
5. Natural smell
The Appearance Maturity Monitoring of Compost Pile
1. Plant nutrient supply
2. Increases the soil’s ability to hold onto and supply over time
essential nutrients
4. Enhances soil microbial biodiversity and activity which can help
in the suppression of diseases and pests.
3. Improves the ability of a soil to resist pH change
Benefits of Compost
Improves physical, chemical, and biological properties
Maintenance/enhancement of soil quality
Benefits of Compost
5. Enhances aggregate stability, improving water infiltration and
soil aeration, reducing runoff.
6. Protect soil erosion
• Require large amount over time
• Slow release of plant nutrient so in the short time they
are not necessarily a source of plant nutrients
• Low N content (≈1.0%), only 15% available in the
first year
Limitation of Compost
Preparation and utilization of
Liquid organic fertilizer
Liquid organic fertilizer
What is Liquid organic fertilizer?
liquid derived from the fermentation of vegetables and
fruits and also animal substance with sugar
contains vitamins, minerals, hormones and enzymes
Advantage
- produces nutrients for all types of plants & vegetation
- helps to develop soil productivity by introducing
organic matters to increase soil fertility
Vegetables (plants) 3 kg
Molasses or sugar 1 kg
Formula (plant):
Formula (animals):
Fish, golden snails, crabs 1 kg
Molasses or sugar 1 kg
How to make Liquid organic fertilizer?
Slice (plant) into small
mixed together and place in container
weigh
Close and seal the container
Chemical characteristics and plant nutrientsLiquid organic fertilizer
Fruit Fish
pH 3.90 4.35
Electrical Conductivity, EC 19.67 12.24
Nitrogen (% total N) 0.34 0.75
Phosphorus (% total P as P2O5) 0.04 0.26
Potassium (% total K as K2O) 0.69 1.1
Calcium (ppm) 1,471.10 7,512.89
Magnesium (ppm) 990.96 2,182.10
Ferrous (ppm) 48.09 176.59
Copper (ppm) 1.11 2.36
Zinc (ppm) 4.00 6.95
Manganese (ppm) 17.59 17.29
Organic carbon (%) 9.32 25.07
Lactic acid bacteria (CFU/ml) 1.00 x 105 1.00 x 104
Gibberellins (mg/L) 42.03 32.34
Auxin (mg/L) 1.39 0.15
Cytokinins (mg/L) ND ND
How to apply liquid organic fertilizer?
Dilute 20 ml. of liquid organic fertilizer to 20 L of water
(1:1000) and spray to plants every day or at least once a week
Plant
SoilDilute 40 ml. of liquid organic fertilizer to 20 L of water
(1:500) and spray soil mixed with manure for 7 days to
improve plant growth.
SeedDilute 10 ml. of liquid organic fertilizer to 20 L of water
(1:2,000) and soak plant seeds for about thirty minutes for
more efficient germination.
Compost
Formula 1 (Total materials 100 kg.)
1. Cow dung (dry) 75 kg.
2. Rice Husk 5 kg.
3. Rice Husk Ash 5 kg.
4. Chopped Sweet Acacia (dry) 5 kg.
5. Rice bran 10 kg.
Compost
Water used to mix the ingredients for each formula:
1. Liquid organic fertilizer 2 L
2. Molasses 10 L
3. Water 200 L
Formula 3 (Total materials 100 kg.)
1. Cow dung (dry) 40 kg.
2. Pig dung (dry) 40 kg.
3. Rice Husk 10 kg.
4. Chopped Sweet Acacia (dry) 10 kg.
Formula 2 (Total materials 100 kg.)
1. Cow dung (dry) 50 kg.
2. Pig dung (dry) 30 kg.
3. Rice Husk 10 kg.
4. Chopped Sweet Acacia (dry) 10 kg.
Compost
Formula 5 (Total materials 100 kg.) (practice)
1. Cow dung (dry) 40 kg.
2. Pig dung (dry) 40 kg.
3. Chicken dung + rice husk (dry) 20 kg.
Formula 4 (Total materials 100 kg.)
1. Pig dung (dry) 40 kg.
2. Chicken dung + rice husk (dry) 50 kg.
3. Chopped Sweet Acacia (dry) 10 kg.
Compost
Formula pH (1:1) OMEC
(1:10)
Nutrients (%)
N P K
1 4.07 45.26 6.00 1.70 0.71 2.81
2 5.93 38.40 4.87 2.28 4.58 0.97
3 5.85 38.48 4.83 2.31 4.37 0.92
4 8.20 47.08 8.29 3.30 2.44 2.08
5 8.18 47.44 6.08 2.69 2.21 1.73
Chemical characteristics and plant nutrients content of
compost 5 formulas
Formula 6 (Total materials 100 kg.) (practice)
1. Sheep and goat dung (dry) 40 kg.
2. Cow dung (dry) 40 kg.
3. rice husk (dry) 20 kg.
Compost
Formula 7 (Total materials 100 %) (practice)
1. dry leaves 60 %
2. coffee shell 20 %
3. fruit 20 %
Compost
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