NS 210: Seminar 8Nutritional Assessment in

Disease Prevention

How was everyone's week?

Overview

• The prominent role of diet and nutritional status ins several leading causes of death for North Americans give nutritional assessment an important role to play in disease prevention

• Risk factors of Coronary Heart Disease– Leading cause of death for North Americans– Are related to diet– Elevated serum total and LDL cholesterol– Hypertension– Diabetes

Ok Jeopardy Time

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is causally associated with several risk factors

What are these Risk Factors?

Coronary Heart Disease

• Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)– Leading cause of death in the US despite

>26% decline in CHD death rates since 1988

– Associated with several risk factors• Elevated blood cholesterol

• High blood pressure

• Cigarette smoking

I will take HDL for 100 Alex

• What number do we want our High Density Lipid (HDL) level to be to help prevent onset on CHD?

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Risk Factors

• Risk factors for CHD– Positive risk factors

• Cigarette smoking

• Hypertension (blood pressure >140/90)

• Low HDL cholesterol <40– Goals

» Women >55

» Men > 45

• Family history of premature CHD

• Age (men >45 yo, women >55 yo)

– Negative Risk Factors• HDL Cholesterol >60

Heart Attack Warning Signs

• Heart attack warning signs– Chest discomfort– Discomfort in other areas of the upper body

• Arm, back, neck, jaw

– Shortens of breath– Other signs

• Cold sweat, nausea, lightheadedness

Alex, I will take Cholesterol Levels for 100

• Having a cholesterol level of >200 is a good or bad thing?

CHD Risk – Elevated Cholesterol

• CHD risk is directly related to serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol

• CHD risk is inversely related to levels of high HDL cholesterol

• National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) desirable levels of total cholesterol in adults– <200mg/dL

Atherosclerosis

How is CHD Diagnosed?

• Dr. will diagnosis CHD based on:– Your medical and family history– Risk factors– Results of a physical exam and diagnostic test

procedures• EKG (Electrocardiogram)• Stress Testing• Echocardiography• Chest X-Ray• Blood tests• Electron-Beam Computed Technology• Coronary Angiography and Cardiac Catheterization

Ways to Help Treat CHD for 600 Hundred

• DAILY DOUBLE!!!

• What are some way to help treat CHD?

How is CHD Treated?

• Lifestyle Changes– Reduce high blood pressure– Reduce high cholesterol

• Follow a Heart Healthy Eating Plan• Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes• DASH Diet• Increased Physical Activity• Maintain a Healthy Weight • Smoking Cessation• Stress Reduction• Medications• Cardiac Rehab

Addressing High Cholesterol

• Two ways of addressing high cholesterol levels– Population based approach– Patient based approach

• Population based approach– Emphasizes dietary and lifestyle changes for

people to lower cholesterol levels in the entire population

• Patient based approach– Identification and treatment of individuals with

elevated cholesterol levels by physicians

Dietary Factors and Cholesterol

• Factors that can influence cholesterol and lipoprotein levels– Saturated fats

• Raise LDL cholesterol

– Unsaturated Fats• Polyunsaturated Fats

– Lower LDL and HDL

• Monounsaturated Fats– Lower LDL

– Maintain HDL cholesterol

CHD and Hypertension

• Hypertension is one of the most common risk factors for cardiovascular disease and renal disease– 1 in 4 Americans has hypertension or is taking

antihypertensive medications

– Systolic >120mm HG and diastolic >80mmg HG increases risk for cardiovascular disease

• Most important risk factors for hypertension– Sodium intake

– Excessive energy consumption

– Physical inactivity

– ETOH consumption

– Inadequate potassium intake

Nutrition Assessment in Disease Prevention: Osteoporosis

• Osteoporosis– Bone mineral content is decrease– Resulting in great susceptibility to fracture– Common fracture sites - pelvis vertebrae, hip, distal

forearm, humorous

• Peak bone mass– Varies considerably among individuals because of

• Heredity

• Sex

• Race

• Environmental factors

Nutritional Assessment in Disease Prevention

• Osteoporosis– Cost

• In 2005– Osteoporosis-related fractures were responsible for an

estimated $19 billion in costs

• By 2025– Experts predict that these costs will rise to

approximately $25.3 billion

http://www.nof.org/osteoporosis/diseasefacts.htm#gender

EER

• Adult males: EER=662 (9.53*AGE)+PA*(15.91*WT+539.6*HT)

• • Adult females: EER=354-(6.91*AGE)+PA*(9.36*WT+726*HT)

CASE STUDY

• Male:

• 6’0

• 198#

• Activity: low activity

• 56

• Weight in Kg

• Height in Meters

• PA= for activity level

Prevention

http://www.girlshealth.gov/bones/

Bone Densitometry

• Bone densitometry– The measurement of bone mineral content– Important in early detection and treatment of

osteoporosis and monitoring progression and response to treatment

– Dual-energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is the most widely used technology for determining bone mineral density

• Quantitative Ultrasongoraphy (QUS)– Identify those persons likely to benefit from DXA testing

Unit 8 Project Section

• Discuss your clients risk of Coronary Heart Disease

• Compare your clients current diet to the Nutrient Composition of the Therapeutic Lifestyle Change diet Use the MEDFICTS dietary assessment questionnaire (appendix E)

Questions