Nondestructive Testing Nondestructive Testing Methods in Civil Methods in Civil ApplicationsApplications
Ariel Soriano, P.E.Ariel Soriano, P.E.
Engineering ManagerEngineering Manager
City of ChattanoogaCity of Chattanooga
Why Nondestructive Testing Why Nondestructive Testing (NDT)?(NDT)?
RISK MANAGEMENT
Why NDT? (ConWhy NDT? (Con’’t.)t.)
Typical ApplicationTypical Application– Circular RC Water ClarifierCircular RC Water Clarifier– 340-ft Circumference x 12-ft 340-ft Circumference x 12-ft
TallTall Critical Flaw Diameter = 2-ftCritical Flaw Diameter = 2-ft Detection ProbabilityDetection Probability
– 1 Core – 17%1 Core – 17%– 5 Cores – 19%5 Cores – 19%– 69 Cores – 49%69 Cores – 49%– 272 IE Tests – 80%272 IE Tests – 80%
Why NDT? (ConWhy NDT? (Con’’t.)t.)
Rail Loadout Structure WallsRail Loadout Structure Walls– 100-ft (L) x 30-ft (H) x 1.2-ft (W)100-ft (L) x 30-ft (H) x 1.2-ft (W)
Critical Flaw Diameter = 3-ftCritical Flaw Diameter = 3-ft Detection ProbabilityDetection Probability
– 1 Core – 12%1 Core – 12%– 5 Cores – 23%5 Cores – 23%– 20 Cores – 63%20 Cores – 63%– 114 IE Tests – 84%114 IE Tests – 84%
NDT TypesNDT Types
Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT Or LPI) Radiographic Testing (RT) (See Also Industrial
Radiography And Radiography)–Digital Radiography (Real-time)–Computed Radiography–SCAR (Small Confined Area Radiography)–Neutron Radiographic Testing (NR)–Computed Tomography (CT)
Impulse Excitation Technique (IET) Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
–Phased Array Ultrasonics–Time Of Flight Diffraction Ultrasonics
(TOFD)–Time Of Flight Ultrasonic Determination Of
3D Elastic–Constants (TOF)– Internal Rotary Inspection System (IRIS)
Ultrasonics For–Tubes–EMAT Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer–Laser Ultrasonics (LUT)
Acoustic Emission Testing (AE) Positive Material Identification (PMI) Hardness Testing (Brinell) (HT) Infrared And Thermal Testing (IR) Magnetic Resonance Imaging And NMR
Spectroscopy
Laser Testing–Profilometry–Holographic Interferometry–Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry–Shearography
Leak Testing Or Leak Detection (LT)–Tracer-gas Method Testing Helium,
Hydrogen And Refrigerant Gases–Bubble Testing–Absolute Pressure Leak Testing (Pressure
Change)–Halogen Diode Leak Testing–Mass Spectrometer Leak Testing
Visual Inspection (VT) Electromagnetic Testing (ET)
–Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM)
–Alternating Current Potential Drop Measurement (ACPD)
–Direct Current Potential Drop Measurement–Eddy-current Testing (ECT)–Remote Field Testing (RFT)–Magnetic-particle Inspection (MT Or MPI)–Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing (MFL) For
Pipelines, Tank Floors, And Wire Rope–Barkhausen Testing
Ellipsometry
NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)
AcousticAcoustic ElectrochemicalElectrochemical ElectromagneticElectromagnetic Deflection (Stress-Strain) TestingDeflection (Stress-Strain) Testing
NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)
AcousticAcoustic– Impulse-ResponseImpulse-Response– Spectral Analysis of Spectral Analysis of
Surface WavesSurface Waves– Impact-EchoImpact-Echo– Pulse VelocityPulse Velocity– Ultrasonic TestingUltrasonic Testing– Crosshole Sonic Crosshole Sonic
LoggingLogging– Etc.Etc.
NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)
Impact-Echo Testing Tile-Lined Vessels
NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)
Pulse Velocity Testing Structural Members
NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)
ElectromagneticElectromagnetic– Ground Penetrating Ground Penetrating
RadarRadar– Magnetic Flux LeakageMagnetic Flux Leakage– Spark TestSpark Test– RadiographyRadiography– Rebar LocatorsRebar Locators
NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)
ElectrochemicalElectrochemical– Half-CellsHalf-Cells– Galvanostatic PulseGalvanostatic Pulse
NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)
Half-Cell Testing Structural Members
NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)
Stress-StrainStress-Strain– Road-RaterRoad-Rater– Falling Weight DeflectometerFalling Weight Deflectometer– Rolling Weight DeflectometerRolling Weight Deflectometer
NDT Types (ConNDT Types (Con’’t.)t.)
FWD Test Schematic
Case Study #1 – Structural Case Study #1 – Structural EvaluationEvaluation
Typical ApplicationTypical Application– Circular RC Water ClarifierCircular RC Water Clarifier– 340-ft Circumference x 12-ft Tall340-ft Circumference x 12-ft Tall
Critical Flaw Diameter = 2-ftCritical Flaw Diameter = 2-ft Detection ProbabilityDetection Probability
– 1 Core – 17%1 Core – 17%– 5 Cores – 19%5 Cores – 19%– 69 Cores – 49%69 Cores – 49%– 272 IE & Half-Cell Tests – 80%272 IE & Half-Cell Tests – 80%
ResultsResults– 94% of IE Tests Showed 94% of IE Tests Showed
DiscontinuityDiscontinuity– Half-Cells (See Following Charts)Half-Cells (See Following Charts)
Case Study #1 – Structural Case Study #1 – Structural EvaluationEvaluation
(Con(Con’’t.)t.)
Case Study #1 – Structural Case Study #1 – Structural EvaluationEvaluation
(Con(Con’’t.)t.)
Case Study #2 – Case Study #2 – Structural Structural EvaluationEvaluation
Rail Loadout Structure Rail Loadout Structure WallsWalls– 30-ft (H) x 100-ft (L) x 30-ft (H) x 100-ft (L) x
1.2-ft (D)1.2-ft (D) Minimum Permissible Flaw Minimum Permissible Flaw
Diameter = 3-ftDiameter = 3-ft
You can't build a You can't build a reputation on what reputation on what you're going to do.you're going to do.Henry
Ford
Any Questions?Any Questions?