New generations of Marlin drifters.Results of development and testing
Motyzhev S.*, Horton E.**, Lunev E.*, Kirichenko A.*, Tolstosheev A.*,* Marine Hydrophysical Institute NASU/Marlin-Yug Ltd, Kapitanskaya,2, Sebastopol, Ukraine, 99011** Naval Oceanographic Office, 1002 Balch Boulevard, Stennis Space Center, MS 39522-5001,USA
Components of WOCE drifter technology to be taken into account when developing of the smart buoy idea
Userneeds
Manufacturer abilities
Datatransfer
Deploymentsof buoys
Userneeds
Space-timeresolution
Controlled parameters
Hardware Software
Dataformat
DBCP-M2
DBCP-M2+
Other
Buoy'smodes
inoperation
Samples
Analysis
Transfer
Switch-on
Landing
Pick-up
AreaSeason
Buoy
DAR 40
Aut.depl.
Electronics
Sensors
Datalogging &analyzing
PTT
GPS
Standard AP
SST
Wind
Additional Tz
T.profile
Waves
Bio-optical
GTS
Other e.g.ADS
Drifter
Datadistribution
Synoptical10-th day
Mesoscale3-d hour
High 60min
Manufacturer
Matrix of user needs and manufacturer abilities(No downlink capability)
Settingof time
Unified electronics of last generation of the Marlin WOCE drifters
PTT MT105A Certified by CNES France
Main Features Operation range: -30…+60CStorage range: -40…+70 CAny channels S1…S14
Voltage range: +7 …+15 VDC
Transmitting power: 1.25±0.1 W (50 Ohm)
Power supply: transmit mode < 6 VADC; sleep mode < 100 A
Interface: RS-232
Dimension: 100 80 20 mm
Weight: < 100 g
Data processing board MM400
Main Features Operation range: -10…+60C
Storage range: -20…+60C
Voltage range: +6 to +15 VDC
Power supply: measuring mode < 2 mА; sleep mode < 100 A
Air pressure: range - 10 to 1100 hPa
resolution - 0,05 hPa
accuracy - 0,5 hPa
1-Wire® technology (300 sensors)
Interface: RS-232
Dimension : 80 50 20 mm
Weight: < 100 g
Unified electronics of last generation of the Marlin WOCE drifters
Two-processors Marlin electronicswide variety of applications:
WOCE style driftersAutomatic weather stations
Etc.
Data processing board MM400
Argos PTT MT105A (Certified by CNES France)
SVP-B drifter (Storm Buoy)-First generation, 2003
Parameter SVP-BSVP-B
(Storm buoy)AP resolution
(hPa)0.1 0.05
AP dynamic range (hPa)
850.0 to 1054.7 930.00 to 1032.35
APT dynamic range (hPa)
-25.5 to +25.6 -12.75 to +12.80
Interval between
samples (min)60 15
AP measurement
Standard algorithm
40 AP samples (40 s).
Median of the lowest 3 points.
Median within 1 hPa
“Storm” algorithm
10 standard measurements within 15 minutes with 90 sec interval.
Average of 10 medians
Rank for data transfer
1 4 (0, 1, 2, 3)
Goal: Investigation of the tropical waves transformation in AP depression and so on.
SVP-B drifter (Storm Buoy)-First generation, 2003
Registration of the hurricane Fabian in August-September 2003
AdvantagesGood resolution of AP variability
No AP spikes
DisadvantagesLarge enough time interval
between samples
Parameter SVP-BSVP-BT
(Storm buoy)AP resolution
(hPa)0.1 0.1
AP dynamic range (hPa)
850.0 to 1054.7 850.0 to 1054.7
APT dynamic range (hPa)
-25.5 to +25.6 -25.5 to +25.6
Interval between
samples (min)60 30
AP measurement
Standard algorithm
40 AP samples (40 s).
Median of the lowest 3 points.
Median within 1 hPa
“Storm” algorithm
10 standard measurements within 15 minutes with 90 sec interval.
Average of 10 medians
Rank for data transfer
1 5 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
SVP-BT drifter (Storm Buoy)-Second generation, 2004
Tz sensor at the end of tether (12.5 m)
Goal: Investigation of the heat processes in the active layer
SVP-BT drifter (Storm Buoy)-Second generation, 2004
Registration of the hurricane Frances in August-September 2004
AdvantagesBetter resolution of AP variability
DisadvantagesLarge enough time interval between
samplesFast loss of drogue and Tz sensor
SVP-BT drifter (Storm Buoy)-Second generation, 2004
Registration of the hurricanes Katrina and Rita (August-September 2005)
AdvantageHigh reliability of the AP channel in storm
conditions
SVP-BT drifter (Storm Buoy)-Second generation, 2004
AdvantageBetter resolution when multisatellite service
Hurricane Rita
SVP-BTC drifter
Temperature chain up to depth of 60 m Main Features
One-wire communication of chain with buoy
Temperature sensorsRange: 0…40 СType: DS18B20 (Dallas Semiconductor)Accuracy: +/-0,2 СResolution: 0,04 СNumber of sensors: 10Depth: 12,5; 17,0; 22,0; 27,0; 32,0; 37.0; 42,0; 47,0; 52,0; 57,0 mDuration of measurement (10 sensors): 20 s
Time constant: 100 s (in stirred water)
Depth sensorRange: 0…100 mType: D0,6 (Orlex)Accuracy: +/- 1mResolution: 0,1 mDuration of measurement: 3 s
SVP-BTC drifter. First generation, 2004
Experiment in the Black Sea Cooling of upper layer for August-December 2004
Model, fixing the locations of temperature sensors depending on
depth sensor data
Intercalibration of the drifter and Argo profiling
float in the Black Sea
SVP-BTC drifter. Second generation, 2005
50 km
The testing of a chain's temperature sensors in Meteo-France
thermostabilized chamber has shown that accuracy is +/-0.2°C
MGI and NAVOCEANO Experiment in the Black Sea Testing of temperature chain in laboratory and in situ
SVP-BTC drifter. Second generation, 2005
MGI and NAVOCEANO Experiment in the Black Sea Heating in upper layer for April-August 2005
Failure of the Meteo-France drifter. Some technological problem.
SVP-BTC drifter. Second generation, 2005
MGI and NAVOCEANO Experiment in the Black SeaFragment of Tzi variability with 60-min resolution
for two days (16-18 May 2005)
SVP-BTC drifter. Second generation, 2005
Testing of tether and chain automatic deployments after drop into water
Data of depth sensor
SVP-BLT drifter, January-August 2005MGI and NAVOCEANO Experiment in the Black Sea
SVP-BT drifter with smaller hull as a carrier for new generation of drifters
SVP-BLT drifter, January-August 2005MGI and NAVOCEANO Experiment in the Black Sea
AdvantageSmall size and less cost
DisadvantagePossible AP spikes when wind took place
SVP-BLT drifter, January-August 2005MGI and NAVOCEANO Experiment in the Black Sea
No any AP spikes for storm buoy with 40-cm hull
SVP-B Storm Buoy, deployed in July 2003
Userneeds
Space-timeresolution
Controlled parameters
Hardware Software
Dataformat
DBCP-M2
DBCP-M2+
Other
Buoy'smodes
inoperation
Samples
Analysis
Transfer
Switch-on
Landing
Pick-up
Buoy
DAR 40without chain
Aut.depl.
Electronics
Sensors
Datalogging &analyzing
PTT
GPS
Standard AP
SST
Wind
Additional Tz
T.profile
Waves
Bio-optical
GTS
Other e.g.ADS
Drifter
Datadistribution
Manufacturer
New generation of drifters
Synoptical10-th day
High 60min
Mesoscale3-d hour
AreaSeason
Setting of time
Completed
Status
In processing
Conclusions
1. Deployment of the 1250th drifter has marked that technological phase of the drifter technology development is behind.
2. Further investigations could be directed to have more parameters under reliable control as well as longer lifetime when constant hardware budget.
3. One of the possible ways might be a creating of drifter networks, when each drifter could choose resolution of sensors, frequency of samples, number of sensors in operation, variants of data transfer, etc. according variability of the parameters under control.
4. The further efforts of network operators, data users and drifter creators could be directed to develop some requests for those drifters to be realized by manufacturers with smallest financial and material spending.
Thanks