PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE
CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE WITH NEEM BIODIESEL
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
MOHIDEEN BASHA.NMOHAMED AZARUDEEN.N.S
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi)
SETHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KARIAPATTANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
APRIL 2009
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ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE
CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE WITH NEEM BIODIESEL”
is the bonafide work of
Mohideen Basha.N 91705114046
Mohamed Azarudeen.N.S 91705114042
Who carried out the project work under my supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
K.ARUN BALASUBRAMANIAN, M.E., (Ph.D) Dr.P.SEENI KANNAN, M.E.,Ph.D.Sr.LECTURER PROF, DEAN & HOD
DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG., DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG., SETHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SETHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYPULLOOR, KARIAPATTI. PULLOOR, KARIAPATTI. .
Project Viva-Voce held on ………...................................
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INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our earnest great fullness to our Honorable Chairman Mr. S. Mohamed Jaleel, B.Sc., B.L., for his encouragement extended to us undertakes this project work.
We thank our Honorable CEO Mr.S.M.Seeni Mohaideen, MBA., our Director-Administration Mrs.S.M.Nilofer Fathima, B.E., and our Director-Research Ms.S.M.Nazia Fathima, B.E., for their moral support to undertake this project work.
We thank our Principal Dr. A.Senthil Kumar, M.E., Ph.D., and our Vice Principal Dr.G.D.Siva Kumar, M.E., Ph.D., for providing all facilities for the completion of the project.
We wish to extend our gratitude and grateful ness to our Head of the Department Dr.P.Seeni Kannan, M.E., Ph.D., for his excellent guidance to complete our project proficiently.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to our guide Mr.K.ARUN BALASUBRAMANIAN, M.E., (Ph.D.) for his admirable guidance and suggestions throughout this project work.
Finally, we thank and feel a deep sense of gratitude to our Parents, Staff, Technical Employees and Friends of SIT for their help, and support to do this project work.
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ABSTRACT
Energy demand for developing countries is a major concern for governments
due to drastic increase in per capatia energy consumption. Scientists and
technologists are working hard on different energy sources such as wind,
tidal, solar, and bio-energy etc to meet our present and future energy needs.
Among the renewable energy sources available, bio-energy gains a lot of
importance due its several advantages over others. Vegetable oils are
produced from numerous oil seeds crops. Though all vegetable oils have
sufficient energy content, they require chemical processing to assure safe use
in internal combustion engines. Some of these vegetable oils have already
been used as substitutes for diesel fuels however; some problems are
identified on its long term usage. These vegetable oils can be converted into
fatty acids alkyl esters or biodiesel and they are used safely in internal
combustion(IC) diesel engines. This project deals with preparation of
biodiesel from Neem by transesterification process and also the performance
characteristics of the biodiesel blend diesel on a direct injection into four
stroke single cylinder diesel engine are evaluated. The results show that
thermal efficiency of these blended biodiesel is similar to that of diesel.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER No. TITLE PAGE No.
I ABSTRACT IV
II LIST OF FIGURES VII
III LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VIII
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 CURRENT SCENARIO 1
2. INTRODUCTION TO IC ENGINES
2.1 INTRODUCTION 3
2.2 CLASSIFICATION 4
2.3 CONSTRUCTION 6
2.4 OPERATING CYCLES 9
2.5 ALTERNATE AVAILABLE 10
2.6 THE BEST ALTERNATE 12
3. BIODIESEL
3.1 INTRODUCTION 13
3.2 TYPES OF BIO DIESEL 14
3.3 NEEM OIL 15
4. METHODOLOGY
4.1 EXTRACTION 24
4.2 FILTRATION 24
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4.3 OIL TEST 24
4.4 PRE HEATING 24
4.5 TRANSESTERIFICATION 25
4.6 SETTLING 27
4.7 WATER WASHING 27
4.8 BIODIESEL EXTRACTION 28
4.9 BLENDING 29
5. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
5.1 ENGINE SPECIFICATION 30
5.2 PERFOMANCE OR LOAD TEST 31
6. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 39
7. CONCLUSION 41
8. REFERENCES 42
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE No. TITLE PAGE No.
2.1 CONSTRUCTION OF I.C.ENGINE 6
2.2 OTTO CYCLE 9
2.3 DIESEL CYCLE 9
3.1 NEEM PLANT 15
3.2 NEEM SEEDS 16
4.1 FLOW CHART FOR BIO DIESEL
PREPARATION
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4.2 WATER WASHING 28
5.1 FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE 30
5.2 COMPARISON GRAPH FOR T.F.C 33
5.3 COMPARISON GRAPH FOR F.P 34
5.4 COMPARISON GRAPH FOR I.P 35
5.5 COMPARISON GRAPH FOR B.E 36
5.6 COMPARISON GRAPH FOR I.E 37
5.7 COMPARISON GRAPH FOR M.E 38
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
T.F.C - Total Fuel Consumption
S.F.C - Specific Fuel Consumption
I.P - Indicated Power
F.P - Fuel Power
B.P - Brake Power
B.E - Brake Thermal Efficiency
I.E - Indicated Thermal Efficiency
M.E - Mechanical Efficiency
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CHAPTER 1
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INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Dr. Rudolf diesel actually invented the diesel engine to run on a myriad of
fuels including coal dust suspended in water, heavy mineral oil and
vegetable oil. Dr. Diesel’s first engine experiments were catastrophic
failures. But by the time he showed his engine at the world exhibition in
Paris in 1900, his engine was running on 100% Peanut oil. In 1911 he stated
“The Diesel Engine can be fed with vegetable oils and would help
considerably in the development of the countries which uses it.” In 1912,
Diesel said “The Use of Vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem
insignificant today. But such oils may become in course of time as important
as the petroleum and the coal tar product of the present time.” Since
Dr.Diesel’s untimely death 1913, his engine has been modified to run on the
polluting petroleum fuel, we now know it as Diesel.
1.1 CURRENT SCENARIO:
Today, millions of people depend on automobiles as their main source
of transportation. Automobiles are the most efficient and convenient way to
travel when compared to other modes of transportation. Unfortunately, most
of the automobiles use fossil fuel. The internal combustion engines consume
the gasoline which releases carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons
and carbon dioxide. These chemicals cause air pollution, acid rain and the
build up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This results in the
destruction of our precious ozone layer. In addition to these disastrous
effects to the environment, gasoline is a finite energy source. Therefore,
another efficient and cheap energy source needs to be found quickly.Idealy
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this energy source should be unlimited in its supply and also environment
friendly.
1. Fossil fuels provide about 85% of the world’s energy. Although reserves
are adequate for the next 50 to 100 years, there are two reasons to seek
alternative energy sources now.
2. The largest reserves of one of the most important fossil fuels, viz.
Petroleum, in politically unstable regions of the world.
3. The production and release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere pose the
risk of global warming.
4. All of the alternatives to fossil fuels, even when summed together, today
make at best marginal contributions to energy production. At present
roughly two thirds of the oil imported in India is devoted to transportation.
By supplementing oil, India can reduce dependence on foreign oil and foster
development of local, more environmentally, friendly energy sources.
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CHAPTER 2
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INTRODUCTION TO IC ENGININE
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION TO IC ENGINES
2.1 INTRODUCTION:
In Internal Combustion engines, the combustion of fuel in the
presence of air takes place inside the cylinder and the products of
combustion directly act on the piston to develop power. Internal combustion
engines are further classified as petrol engines, diesel engines and gas
engines according to the type of fuel used. These are commonly used for
road vehicles, locomotives and for several industrial applications. In case of
External combustion engines, the combustion of fuel takes place outside the
cylinder as in the case of steam engines. The other examples of external
combustion engines are hot air engines, steam turbines and closed gas
turbines. In external combustion engines, first the heat of combustion is
transferred to the working fluid outside the cylinder and then the fluid is
expanded to develop power. Internal combustion engines offer some special
advantages over external combustion engines in the smaller power range.
1. Thermal efficiency is high.
2. The power developed per unit weight of engine is high.
3. Starting is easy and quick.
4. It offers greater mechanical simplicity.
5. It requires less space.
6. The capital cost is low.
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2.2 CLASSIFICATION:
The internal combustion engines are classified according to:
1. CYCLE OF OPERATION:
The Cycle of Operations are again subdivided into the following groups:
Otto Cycle
Diesel Cycle
Dual Cycle
2. STROKE:
The strokes are divided into the following groups:
Two Stroke engine: In two stroke cycle engines, there is one power
stroke for every two strokes or one rotation of the crankshaft.
Four Stroke engine: In four stroke cycle engines, there is one power
stroke for every four strokes or two rotations of the crankshaft.
3. FUEL USED:
On the basis of fuel used, the engines are classified as:
Petrol Engines
Diesel Engines
Gas Engines
4. METHOD OF IGNITION:
On this basis, the engines are divided into the following classes:
Spark Ignition Engines
Compression Ignition Engines
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5. METHOD OF COOLING:
On this basis these are classified into two main groups:
Air cooled engines
Water cooled Engines
6. METHOD OF GOVERNING:
Based on method of governing the engines are divided into the following:
Quantity Governing
Quality Governing
Hit and Miss Governing
7. USE OF ENGINE:
The engines are further classified as:
Stationary Engines
Automobile Engines or engines for road vehicles
Marine Engines
Aero Engines
Locomotive Engines.
8. ARRANGEMENTS OF CYLINDERS:
Based on Arrangements of cylinders an engine may be classified as given
below:
Incline Engines
V type
Opposed Piston Engines
Radial Engines
Rotary Engines.
2.3 CONSTRUCTION:
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The Arrangements of different parts for 4 stroke engine are illustrated
in the sketch.
.
FIGURE 2.1 CONSTRUCTION OF IC ENGINE
(a) CYLINDER HEAD:
The cylinder head closes one end of the cylinder. It houses the inlet
and exhaust valves through which the charge is taken inside the cylinder and
burned gases are exhausted to the atmosphere from the cylinder. Cylinder
head is usually cast as one piece and bolted to the top of the cylinder.
Asbestos gaskets are provided between the cylinder and cylinder head to
obtain a gas tight joint. The material used for the cylinder head is cast iron.
(b) CYLINDER:
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The cylinder of an I.C. Engine is considered as the main body of the
engine in which piston reciprocates to develop power. It has to withstand
very high pressures and temperatures because there is direct combustion
inside the cylinder. Therefore, the material used should be such that it can
retain strength at high temperatures, should be good conductor of heat and
should resist rapid wear and tear due to reciprocating parts. Generally
ordinary cast iron is used, but sleeves or liners are inserted into the cylinders
which can be replaced when worn out. Liners are generally made up of
Nickel chrome iron.
(c) PISTON AND PISTON RINGS:
The functions of the piston are to compress the charge during
compression stroke and to transmit the gas force to the connecting rod and
then to the crank during power stroke. The pistons of IC engines are usually
made of aluminum alloy. In few cases, cast iron pistons are used. Aluminum
alloy has the advantage of higher thermal conductivity and lower specific
gravity.
The piston rings are housed in the circumferential grooves provided
on the outer surface of the piston. It gives gas tight fitting between the piston
and the cylinder and prevents leakage of high pressure gases. These are
made up of special grade cast iron. This material retains its elastic property
even at very high temperature. The upper piston rings are called
compression rings and the lower piston rings are called the oiling or oil
control rings.
(d) CONNECTING ROD:
It is usually a steel forging of circular, rectangular, I, T, H section and
is highly polished for increases endurance strength. Its small end forms a
hinge and pin joint with the piston and its big end is connected to the crank
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pin. In large engines, it has a passage for the transfer of lubricating oil from
the big end bearing to small end bearing (gudgeon pin).
(e) CRANK AND CRANKSHAFT:
Both crank and crankshaft are steel forgings machined to a smooth
finish. Crankshaft is supported in main bearings and has a heavy wheel
called flywheel fixed at one end, to even out the fluctuations of torque. The
power required for any useful purpose is taken from crankshaft only. The
crankshaft is the backbone of the engine.
(f) PISTON PIN OR WRIST PIN:
The piston pin provides the bearing for the oscillating small end of the
connecting rod.
(g) INLET VALVE:
This valve controls the admission of the charge into the petrol engine
or air into the diesel engine during suction stroke of the engine.
(h) EXHAUST VALVE:
The removal of the exhaust gases after doing work on the piston is
done by this valve.
(i) PUSH ROD AND ROCKER ARM:
The motion of the cam is transmitted to the valve through the push rod
and rocker arm. These links together are also known as valve gear.
2.2 OPERATING CYCLES:
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FIGURE 2.2 OTTO CYCLE
1-2 – Isentropic Compression
2-3 – Heat Addition at constant Volume
3-4 – Isentropic Expansion
4-1 – Heat Removal at Constant Volume Process
FIGURE 2.3 DIESEL CYCLE
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1-2 – Isentropic Compression
2-3 – Heat Addition at constant Volume
3-4 – Isentropic Expansion
4-1 – Heat Removal at Constant Volume Process
2.5 ALTERNATE AVAILABLE:
Many alternates have been considered. For example, researchers have
attempted to power cars by the use of batteries and solar power. However,
since batteries operate on a stored amount of energy, it has a limited range
typically around 100 miles. The batteries are also very large since it
consumes over 17 times as much weight as gasoline tanks. Solar powered
cars are limited to its use on sunny days. On cloudy days and at night, the
cars operate on batteries. Therefore, solar powered cars have a driving range
of approximate 135 miles. As a result, the best alternate to gasoline is the
fuel cell. Fuel cell systems produce emissions and they contain no moving
parts. Fuel cells are also 3 times more efficient than the internal combustion
engines; most fuel cells utilize hydrogen, a renewable resource. The use of
fuel cells will decrease our dependence on the finite amount of fossil fuels. It
will also spur economic growth in the world. The various alternatives that
are available in the present environment are being categorized and discussed
below.
Solar Powered Automobiles,
Biodiesel Powered Automobiles,
Fuel Cell Powered Automobiles,
Electrical(Battery) Powered Automobiles
SOLAR POWERED AUTOMOBILES:
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Solar cars are now been widely developed in various countries. But
those cars are now only in research and development stage and it will take
more time to get into roads. Moreover the solar cars are limited to day time
and it needs some external arrangement to be done on that in order to drive
the vehicles in the night. So it is highly difficult to overcome those
drawbacks at the present economy.
FUEL CELL POWERED AUTOMOBILES:
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines hydrogen fuel
and oxygen from the air to produce electricity, heat and water. Fuel cells
operate without combustion and so they are virtually pollution free. Since
the fuel is converted directly to electricity, fuel cells can operate at much
higher efficiencies than internal combustion engines, extracting more
electricity from the same amount of fuel. The fuel cell itself has no moving
parts making it a quiet and reliable source of power. A fuel cell is similar to
battery, both of which convert chemical energy directly into electricity.
However, a fuel cell never needs to be recharged as does the battery. The
fundamental difference between fuel cells and batteries is that a fuel cell is
only an energy conversion device, whereas batteries are both energy storage
and conversion devices. Rather the disadvantage of fuel cell is its economy.
The cost of a fuel cell car is very high when compared to that of the
conventional cars. So it is not suitable for a developing country like India to
invest a huge amount of money in manufacturing those cars.
ELECTRICAL POWERED AUTOMOBILES:
An electrical powered automobile is a car which is powered by means
of a battery. This battery must then be recharged frequently in order to avoid
the stoppage of automobile at intermittent Position. Moreover the battery
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cars are limited to distance and it is not suitable for long distances and
overrun travels.
2.6 THE BEST ALTERNATE:
After analyzing the draw backs of the best alternate may lies in the
throat of biodiesel powered automobiles. The Biodiesel powered
automobiles are the vehicle which does not require any modifications in the
conventional IC engines. These engines are powered by Biodiesel in the
form of blended diesel instead of diesel. By injecting these biodiesel into the
IC engine, the pollutants that cause environmental degradation are reduced.
Moreover the cost of biodiesel is also reduced when compared to the
conventional diesel. These biodiesel also have friendly relation with the
environment. Biodiesel productions at various parts of the country also
encourage the rural development and provide employment to rural peoples.
So owing to the above said advantages, biodiesel will be the best alternate
which suits for India. India being a tropical country and an agricultural
dependant country, biodiesel will play a vital role in alternate fuels.
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CHAPTER 3
BIODIESEL
CHAPTER3
23
BIODIESEL
3.1 INTRODUCTION:
Biodiesel refers to a diesel equivalent, processed fuel derived from
biological sources. Though derived from biological sources, it is a processed
fuel that can be readily used in diesel engine vehicles, which distinguishes
biodiesel from the straight vegetable oils (SVO) or waste vegetable oils
(WVO) used as fuels in some modified diesel vehicles. Biodiesel refers to
alkyl esters made from the transesterification of both vegetable oils and
animal fats. Biodiesel is biodegradable and non toxic, and has significantly
fewer emissions than petroleum based diesel when burned. Biodiesel
functions in current diesel engines, and can supplement fossil fuels as the
world's primary transport energy source. Biodiesel can be distributed using
today's infrastructure, and its use and production are increasing rapidly. Fuel
stations are beginning to make biodiesel available to consumers, and a
growing number of transport fleets use it as an additive in their fuel.
Biodiesel is generally more expensive to purchase than petroleum diesel, but
can be made at home for much cheaper than either. This differential may
diminish due to economies of scale, the rising cost of petroleum and
government tax subsidies. Biodiesel is a light to dark yellow liquid. It is
practically immiscible with water, has a high boiling point and low vapour
pressure.
Typical methyl ester biodiesel has a flash point of 260 °C (534 °F),
making it rather non-flammable. Biodiesel has a density of 0.91 g/cm³, less
than that of water. Biodiesel uncontaminated with starting material can be
regarded as non toxic. Biodiesel has a viscosity similar to petrodiesel, the
industrial term for diesel produced from petroleum. It can be used as an
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additive informulations of diesel to increase the lubricity of pure Ultra Low
Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) fuel. Much of the world uses a system known as the
"B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix, in contrast to the
"BA" or "E" system used for ethanol mixes. For example, fuel containing
20% biodiesel is labeled B20 rather the remaining 80% diesel. Pure
biodiesel is referred to as B100.
3.2 TYPES OF BIODIESEL:
There are various types of oils that can be transesterified into a
biodiesel. Some of them are listed below.
Edible oils
Coconut Oil
Corn Oil
Cotton seed Oil
Palm Oil
Soybean Oil
Sunflower Oil
Rapeseed Oil
Inedible Oils
Neem Oil or VanErand or Ratanjyot
Pongamia Oil
Polanga Oil
Algae Oil
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THE BEST ONE:
Biodiesel is being manufactured in a number of Developed countries,
who depend on Developing countries for supply of raw oil. Due to this,
Neem oil is suddenly in Limelight.
3.3 NEEM OIL:
The plantation and down stream processing is going to provide large
scale opportunities for poorer sections of society. In arid desert places in
Rajasthan in India, there are large plantations of these, which prove that it
can grow well in desert lands. References are found in Ayurved (Indian
Medicinal Practice) about Neem. Plenty of information is available in it,
especially about its medicinal value. Now it is gaining popularity as a sturdy
bush which can grow in scanty rain fall areas, and providing rich dividends
as raw material for Bio Fuels. Hence it is found that the best one that suits
Indian subcontinent might be the NEEM both in case of plantation and
implementation in Diesel engines.
NEEM PLANT:
FIGURE 3.1 NEEM PLANT
In jungle its trunk can be 150 mm in thickness, but in plantation it can
be only 50 to 60 mm. On fully grown trunk and branches, there are layers of
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darker color. These peel out if we rub on it. If trunk, branches or leaves are
cut off white latex flows down the tree.
SEEDS:
FIGURE 3.2 NEEM SEEDS
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS:
Most parts of tropical and sub-tropical areas are ideal for Neem
Plantation. These can grow in areas where rainfall is at least 500 mm.
However these can grow in desert areas around towns, which can be watered
by domestic waste water from towns around these plantations. It can also
grow in drought prone areas and where rainfall is scanty. In such areas, the
seed production is less. The plant germinates in hot and humid atmosphere.
As temperature starts dropping it blooms with flowers and fruits grow in
winter. It can not tolerate very harsh winter or fog. At the time of start of
flowering, atmosphere should be dry with bright sunshine.
LIFE OF PLANT:
Neem can bear fruits for 75 years. It can withstand drought for 3
consecutive years. If the soil is bad and if rainfall is unreliable, these plants
need to be watered for first 2 to 3 years. Later on it can survive.
SOIL:
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Neem tree can grow in soft, rocky, sloping soils along a mountain as
well as medium fertile lands. These can be grown along canals, water
streams, boundaries of crop fields, along the roads, along railway lines. In
short, the least fertile lands are best for this plant. However, fertile lands in
which water does not accumulate can also be used for Neem Plantations.
Highly fertile black cotton soils, which can hold water and alkaline soils are
not good for Neem Plantations. Once the roots penetrate deeper, Neem can
tolerate acidic or salty soils. The soil productivity and fertility is low in the
initial stage. It needs to be improved by compost fertilizer, cow dung and
other fertilizers. Some micro nutrients are also helpful in improving
productivity.
SOILS THAT SHOULD BE AVOIDED:
Soils that should be avoided are those containing 10 to 40% sand, 60
to 90% normal soil. These are black in color, hold water and cracks are
found in these soils in summer.
MOUNTAIN SLOPES:
The roots of Neem plants are shallow in the beginning, hence these
can grow in cracks of rocky mountain slopes.
pH OF SOIL:
The pH of soil is an important consideration for the survival of the
plant. Some soils are highly acidic due to accumulation of salts. Some soils
are alkaline due to calcium and aluminum deposits in the soil. It should be
ideally 5.5 to 6.5.
PRE PLANTATION ACTIVITIES:
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The entire land should be fenced before plantation. Stones lying
around can be used to create a wall around the plot. Considering the slope of
land, flow of water streams, small walls should be erected along to the
contours. On top of this dead fencing, a live fence is created by growing
plants of cactus varieties. Though plantation can be done without any
cleaning activities, but it is advisable to partly clean up the area. Tall trees
can be left as it is. All small shrubs and bushes on the soil should be cut
above the roots. It stops soil erosion. The left over roots eventually die and
provide green manure or composting fertilizer.
INTER CROPS:
The soil should be tilled and it should be porous. Inter crops are
planted in these lands for first 3 to 4 years. All weeds and fungus should be
completely rooted out.
PERIOD FOR PLANTATION:
Days in June and July, at the onset of monsoon rains in India, are the
ideal period for Neem Plantation. Land should be tilled in the months of
April and May, and all dry vegetation should be burnt and destroyed before
plantation.
QUALITY OF SEED:
Good quality seeds of attractive color should be selected for
germination. For this purpose, good quality fruits should be collected in the
months of September or October and these should be dried in shade for 3 to
4 days, after de pulping. It should then be soaked in water for 4 days.
QUANTITY OF SEEDS:
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A good seed is one which gives out oil if pressed by nail. Cracked,
scratched or infected seed should not be used for germination. 5 to 6 kgs of
seeds are enough for plantation in one hectare of land.
PLANTS FROM BRANCHES:
1. Plantation from Branches: 500 to 1000 mm long branches can be used
for plantation. These are planted on the onset of monsoon rains.
2. Plants grown from such branches can yield 50 fruits in 8 months time.
Method for Plantation in Plastic Bags:
Good quality seeds are planted in poly-ethylene bags having size of
70 mm x 100 mm. A good soil mix is prepared by mixing 1 Kg of filtered
sand and 2 kgs of compost. Some insecticide and Weedicide is then sprayed
on it.
SOIL FOR FILLING BAGS:
While filling the bags, top 20 to 30 mm is not filled. That portion is
folded, which gives a good strength to the bag. Each bag should be filled
with soil enriched by 500 Gms of cow dung, 100 Gms of 7:10:5 NPK and
400 Gms compost fertilizer. 2 seeds should be planted 50 to 60 mm deep in
each bag. After a month, the weaker plant of the two is eliminated.
Pits of standard sizes are dug initially, based on the slope of land,
availability of water, quality of soil. Pits of 300 x 300 mm and 300 deep are
dug in square formation. The distance between the two pits is 2 meters. It
can be less in poor soils. A layer of dry leaves is spread at the bottom up to
about 50 mm and insecticide is sprayed on it. Along with the compost
fertilizer and cow dung, 20 Gms of urea, 120 Gms of single super phosphate
and 16 Gms of potassium nitrate is added in each pit.
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NUTRIENTS FOR PITS:
In the initial phase of growth, roots grow very rapidly and try to
penetrate in soil to suck nutrients from the soil. For this the pits should be
filled with good, fertile soil. Initial growth is very important, and hence
nutrients should be provided from time to time in initial years.
FERTILIZER:
If soil is poor in nutrients, the pit should be filled with excess compost
fertilizer and cow dung. The requirement of chemical fertilizers per hectare
per year is 50 kgs of urea + 300 kgs of single super phosphate + 40 kgs of
potassium nitrate.
MAINTANANCE OF SOIL:
All the weeds should be removed around the plant. Initially for 3 to 4
months, land should be tilled 2 or 3 times for every 20 days, to remove
weeds. 10 Gms of urea should be mixed in the soil, for each plant, one
month after plantation. Later, it should be repeated after 1 and half month.
The soil between two plants, should be tilled lightly, and should not be tilled
deep. Branches of neem, that have dried up should be cut and disposed off.
Branches that have grown improperly or those leaning down should also be
removed.
COVERING THE SOIL:
Some natural materials can be used to cover the land between the two
plants. This can be husk, small branches, stocks of rice and wheat etc. This
reduces evaporation of water from the soil.
MAINTANANCE OF PLANTS:
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The rising top of the tree should be cut once the tree is 1 meter tall.
This will lead to branching of the tree. More the branches, more the
production of fruits and seeds. Every year branches grow near the base, and
these should be removed and replanted elsewhere. It is very important to cut
the tree in time and keep it in proper shape. The plants should be cut in
proper way, so that these will grow like umbrella. Care should be taken from
the beginning. Normally Neem can naturally flower only once a year, but
with modern techniques it can be forced to flower Twice or Thrice a year.
To do this watering of the plants is stopped for a period. During this period
half the leaves are shed by the tree. Water supply is restarted at this point
and tree starts flowering again. When watering is started again, the quantity
of water is increased slowly day by day and NPK fertilizers are provided.
Normally, flowering takes place after 21 days.
FERTILZERS:
In case of regular plantation, organic and chemical fertilizers should
be provided in proper quantity as per the age of the tree. NPK ratio should
be 46:48:24 kgs per hectare. As the roots grow longer, fertilizers are applied
away from the base of the tree.
WATER MANAGEMENT:
Plants get the nutrients from soil as water solution. Hence its
successful growth depends on water content of soil, or timely watering of the
plants. In the initial stages it is sensitive and hence, water should be
provided as per the requirement. Timetable for poorer soils is every 5 to 6
days, medium soils 7 to 10 days, and good soils every 10 to 12 days.
DRIP IRRIGATION:
32
For plantations, it is necessary to erect small boulder check dams, to
create small and big water bodies. This water can be used after the monsoon.
Drip irrigation is more important to enhance the yield. Through this
controlled amount of water and fertilizer can be provided all the time. With
drip irrigation, 3 crops can be obtained in a year. In monsoon the trees
bloom and flowering and bearing of fruits can be achieved with rain water.
Water should wet only the area under the tree and rest should be dry. Hence
initially requirement of water is very small. If monsoon rain is at regular
interval of few days, rain water is sufficient for it.
PLUCKING OF FRUITS:
Fruits should be plucked at appropriate time and in appropriate
manner. Plucking time is generally at the end of December or beginning of
January. All the fruits on tree are not ready for plucking and only ripe one
should be plucked. Latex drops down from the point of plucking of fruit and
care should be taken that it should not fall on body.
33
CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
The Biodiesel can be extracted by the following process:
34
FIGURE 4.1 FLOW CHART FOR BIODIESEL PREPARATION
4.1 EXTRACTION:
The seeds are dried and oil is extracted in mills. During extraction
care should be taken so that no water or jaggery is added to the seeds which
35
are usually done to increase ease of extraction. Adding the water will
decrease the quality of the biodiesel and jaggery will increase the carbon
content.
4.2 FILTRATION:
To remove the visible impurities the primary filtration is done using
mesh and then the secondary filtration is done using filter paper for removal
of micro impurities.
4.3 OIL TEST:
• Before the oil is esterified it is to be tested for fat content.
• All bio oils are tri glyceric esters of higher long chains fatty acids.
• Fat is to be removed if it is present in greater amount.
• Titration is done with 0.2 g of oil+ 2.5 ml from (10ml methanol+10ml
Di-ethyl-ether) mixture in conical flask and NaOH in Burette.
• Phenolphthalein is used as indicator.
• Fat > 5 – two stage esterification
• Fat < 5 – single stage esterification.
• Fat = Mol.Wt. of the titrant x molarity of the titrant x titration value
Wt. of oil used
Fat = 40x0.1x0.2 = 4
0.2
Fat < 5 - single stage esterification
4.4 PRE HEATING:
Moisture is removed by heating the oil to 110 °C.
Oil is taken in glass beaker preferably conical flask.
It is then heated in electric heater along with slow speed stirring.
4.5 TRANSESTERIFICATION:
36
In organic chemistry, transesterification is the process of exchanging
the alkoxy group of an ester by another alcohol. These reactions are often
catalyzed by the addition of an acid or base.
Conversion of vegetable oil into fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) H H │ │H ─ C ─ C=O + ROH →H ─ C ─ C=O + CH3OH
│ │ │ │ H O ─ CH3 H O ─ R
Methyl Acetate + Alcohol → Alkyl Ester + Methanol
Transesterification is the process of using a methanol in the presence
of catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide [NAOH], to chemically break the
molecule of raw vegetable oil into methyl ester of renewable oil with
glycerol as byproduct. The methyl esterification of vegetable oil or biodiesel
is very similar to diesel oil. Chemical transesterification means taking a
triglyceride molecule, or complex fatty acid, neutralizing the free fatty acid,
removing glycerin and creating an alcohol ester. This is accomplished by
adding methanol, the entire mixture then settles. Glycerin is left at the
bottom and methyl ester is bounded in the top, the resulting biodiesel when
used directly as diesel fuel will bear up to 75% cleaner than diesel fuel.
EQUIPMENTS:
Conical flask.
Thermometer.
Electrical weighing machine measure out NaOH, or in a pinch use a
metric teaspoon measure.
One Litre volume measure and something to measure out 250ml of
methanol.
37
Funnel.
Electrical heater cum Stirrer to heat and there by stir the oil.
CAUTION:
Methanol is a flammable liquid that can be absorbed through skin, by
inhalation, or consumption. It can cause blindness and death if care is
not taken. The vapors are very harmful to human beings, so care
should be taken while doing transesterification. Cartridge based
respirators will not filter out methanol.
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can cause severe burns and death. Long
sleeve shirt, full shoes and trousers are recommended, no shorts or
sandals.
Wear chemical proof gloves, apron, and eye protection.
Always have running water available to wash off any splashes but be
careful not to allow any water into any steps of this procedure.
The boiling point of Methanol is 65 °C. So the process should be
carried within 60 °C.
INGREDIENTS:
One litre oil.
250 ml methanol.
Container of NaOH which is our catalyst. Typically used to clean out
sinks and drains.
MAKING THE BIODIESEL:
Initially say for example 100 ml of oil is heated to 110 °C in order to
remove the moisture content that is present in the oil.
Then it is allowed to cool to 50-60 °C
0.4 g of NaOH is dissolved in 10 ml of CH3OH which forms the
solution.
38
Take the mixture of methanol/NaOH (commonly called methoxide)
and pour into the oil using the funnel.
Remove funnel.
Temperature is maintained
Observe the oil change colour from a "Light Chocolate milk to a rich,
darker brown." Then, as if by magic, within 10 minutes the by
product (commonly referred to as glycerin) starts to settle out and
form an increasing layer on the bottom of the bottle.
Within an hour, most of the glycerol will be settled out. This is
referred to as separation.
The biodiesel will be very cloudy, and it will take a day or two more
for it to clear. Typically the bottom glycerin layer is about the same
or a bit more than the amount of methanol used.
4.6 SETTLING:
The esterified oil is then transferred to Dr.Peppers apparatus and left
for settling for at least 8 hrs. The setup is not to be disturbed during
settling
4.7 WATER WASHING: The glycerol formed is removed and distilled water is added to the
apparatus and this water settles at the bottom carrying all the impurities.
Water with impurities is then removed and this process is repeated
for 3 to 4 times ensuring pure biodiesel.
Now the residue that is present in the Dr.Pepper apparatus is called
Biodiesel.
39
It is then further heated to 110 °C to remove water poured during
washing.
FIGURE 4.2 WATER WASHING
4.8 BIODIESEL EXTRACTION:
Thus after finishing the transesterification and the water washing
methods, pure biodiesel as well as the byproduct glycerin will be extracted
from the Dr.Pepper bottle. Thus the biodiesel that is extracted out is
separately stored in an air tight bottle so that it would not have any adverse
effects.
4.9 BLENDING:
40
Blending is the process of mixing the biodiesel and diesel at a proper
ratio. This blending can be ordinarily done with the help of a flask and
volume measures. The exact proportion of oil and the diesel are separately
mixed in a flask and are followed by a constant stirring. This stirring ensures
proper mixing of bio oil and the diesel. Various combination of oil i.e. B20,
B25, B30 are prepared.
41
CHAPTER 5
PERFORMANCE ANAL CHAPTER 5
PERFPRMANCE ANALYSIS
42
5.1ENGINE SPECIFICATION:
The picture below shows the engine where the entire analysis was
carried out is the Kirloskar Four Stroke Diesel engine. The Specifications of
this engine is
MAKE: KIRLOSKAR OIL ENGNIES LTD.
MODEL: AV 1
OUTPUT: 3.7 KW
POWER: 5 BHP
SPEED: 1500 RPM
FIGURE 5.1 FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
43
5.2PERFORMANCE TEST:
The readings are taken from the above engine by performing
load test.
TESTING WITH DIESEL:
For comparison purpose we need to perform the performance test with
diesel.
With no change the test is performed using the diesel as usual.
The engine is run at constant speed and the time taken for 10 cc of oil
consumption is determined using stop watch for various load conditions
at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the readings are tabulated as follows.
PREPARATION OF B20:
B20 states that the mixture consists of 20% biodiesel and the
remaining 80% diesel.
This mixture is stirred properly in order to ensure that the oil is mixed
properly with the diesel.
This mixture is injected into the engine cylinder and performance test
is conducted for the various loading conditions.
The engine is run at constant speed and the time taken for 10 cc of oil
consumption is determined using stop watch for various load conditions
at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the readings are tabulated as follows.
PREPARATION OF B25:
44
B25 states that the mixture consists of 25% biodiesel and the
remaining 75% diesel.
This mixture is stirred properly in order to ensure that the oil is mixed
properly with the diesel.
This mixture is injected into the engine cylinder and performance test
is conducted for the various loading conditions.
The engine is run at constant speed and the time taken for 10 cc of oil
consumption is determined using stop watch for various load conditions
at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the readings are tabulated as follows.
PREPARATION OF B30:
B30 states that the mixture consists of 30% biodiesel and the
remaining 70% diesel.
This mixture is stirred properly in order to ensure that the oil is mixed
properly with the diesel.
This mixture is injected into the engine cylinder and performance test
is conducted for the various loading conditions.
The engine is run at constant speed and the time taken for 10 cc of oil
consumption is determined using stop watch for various load conditions at
constant speed of 1500 rpm and the readings are tabulated as follows.
45
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 2 4 6 8Load in Kg
To
tal C
on
sum
pti
on
of
oil
in s
ec Diesel
B20
B25
B30
FIGURE 5.2 COMPARISON OF TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTIONWITH LOAD
From the graph it is clear that the time taken for oil consumption increases
with increase in percentage of bio diesel blended with diesel. This is due to
increase in viscosity of the blended oil. As the viscosity increases the flow
gets slower. But it can be seen that the time for diesel and B20 are more or
less equal than when compared to B25 and B30.
46
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6 8Load in Kg
Fu
el P
ow
er
in K
g/K
w h
r Diesel
B20
B25
B30
FIGURE 5.3 EFFECT OF FUEL POWER FOR VARYING LOADS
The fuel power comparison graph shows that the fuel power for blended
mixtures is less than diesel as the calorific value is less for bio diesel than
diesel but as the percentage of bio diesel is minimum in B20 its fuel power
is equivalent to that of diesel.
47
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 2 4 6 8Load in Kg
Ind
ica
ted
Po
we
r in
KW
Diesel
B20
B25
B30
FIGURE 5.4 EFFECT OF INDICATED POWER FOR VARYING LOADS
The indicated power is the power actually developed by the engine cylinder.
From the graph in figure 5.5 it is clear that the indicated power developed by
B20, B25 and B30 are certainly less than diesel, but when compare for
example at 4 Kg load the value for diesel is 4.232 KW and 3.482 KW,
3.232 KW and 2.732 KW for B20, B25 and B30 respectively. It is clear that
though the values are less, B20 is appreciably nearer to diesel when compare
to B25 and B30.
48
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8
Load in Kg
Bra
ke T
her
mal
Eff
icie
ncy
in %
Diesel
B20
B25
B30
FIGURE 5.5 EFFECT OF BRAKE THERMAL EFFECIENCY ON VARYING LOAD
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of heat equivalent to one kilowatt hour
to the heat in fuel per Brake power hour. It is also known as Overall Thermal
Efficiency of the engine. it is clear that there is appreciably no much
difference in Brake thermal efficiency among diesel and blended diesel oil.
49
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2 4 6 8
Load in Kg
Ind
icat
ed T
her
mal
Eff
icie
ncy
Diesel
B20
B25
B30
FIGURE 5.6 EFFECT OF INDICATED THERMAL EFFECIENCY ON VARYING LOAD
Indicated Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of heat equivalent to one kilowatt
hour to the heat in fuel per Indicated power hour. Numerically Indicated
power is the summation of Brake power and Friction power.
Friction Power is obtained from plotting the graph between Brake
power and Total Fuel Consumption. The Friction Power gets decreased with
increase in percentage of biodiesel which causes fall in Indicated Thermal
Efficiency .
50
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8
Load in Kg
Mec
han
ical
Eff
icie
ncy
in %
Diesel
B20
B25
B30
FIGURE 5.7 EFFECT OF MECHANICAL EFFECIENCY ON VARYING LOAD
Mechanical Efficiency is less than Indicated Thermal Efficiency as
some Mechanical Power is lost as Frictional Power. It is already known that
the Friction Power gets decreased with increase in percentage of bio diesel
which causes rise in Mechanical Efficiency .
51
CHAPTER 6
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
52
CHAPTER 6
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
Many researchers had concentrated highly on emission when dealing
with biodiesel and confirmed that biodiesel are always better in terms of
pollution control rather than fossil fuels. Here it has been concentrated in
terms of oils ability i.e. performance as a blend with diesel and comparisons
are made for various proportions of biodiesel (B20, B25 and B30). India
being an agricultural country, the energy from bio sectors will be highly
beneficial for both plantation as well as transportation. Thus Neem oil
blended biodiesel will be a highly beneficial fuel in terms of both economy
as well as fuel independence because this Neem oil will be easily available
as long as air and water are available in the earth.
The results clearly portray that the B20 Neem oil blended biodiesel
generates power similar to that of diesel when compared with B25 and B30.
And hence it may be confirmed that B20 proportion is safer and advisable
than B25 and B30. These analysis ware carried out in a four stroke single
cylinder diesel engine. Even when performing the test it was found that the
engine was not in its usual way when running at B30 fuel. Moreover this
Neem oil will cost lesser compared to that of the diesel and also the
plantation and generation of oil is much cheaper and simple, when compared
53
to that of the diesel extraction. This plantation and generation of oil from
seeds will provide ample opportunities for the rural people.
Another solution may be given as maintaining the engine in its usual
way and with the biodiesel separately stored in a reservoir may be injected in
intervals i.e. starting the engine with diesel as usual and in between injecting
the blend fuel by maintaining a specific, separate mixing vessel. The
percentage may be gradually increased but which again results in additional
cost.
The results show that, Neem oil blended biodiesel will be a good
substitute and it could replace diesel in future.
54
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
55
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
Requirement of energy is increasing in all contexts. Starting from
industrial revolution till now because of the globalized economy, new
invention of machines, with a great leap in technology the necessity of
energy is only increasing. The increase in technology and new
industrialization and modernization not only increase the production rate but
also it effects environment. Its greatly rely on fossil fuels such as petrol and
diesel. This a major concern for not only environmentalists but also to each
and every individual.
Experts say that the availability of these depleting will last only for
some decades and so it is necessary to find other means of power sources
which could last longer, economical and environmentally viable.
Though it is possible to use biodiesel with alteration in engine due to
variation in flash point, fire point and viscosity, there are lakhs and lakhs of
engines are present in current world as locomotives and are mainly used by
the farmers. Altering them may take long time but this blended product
could save money and provides employment also.
56
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
57
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
1. Biodiesel Basics and Beyond: A Comprehensive Guide to
Production and Use for the Home and Farm by William H
Kemp
2. Thermal engineering by R.K.Rajput
3. Thermal engineering by R.S.Khurmi, J.K.Guptha
58