Natural Gas and other Fossil Fuels
Natural Gas
• History of Use
• Formation
• Production
• Reserves
History
• China—first recorded use, piped through bamboo
• Europe-gas lights used in Belgium and England (this gas was distilled from coal, wood, and peat)
• William Murdoch: Scottish Engineer– Put coal gas lights in cotton mills
History cont’d
• 1821, Fredonia New York
• William Hart drilled a well 27’ deep and piped the gas to a local inn—where it lit 66 lights
• Natural gas also found at Titusville in 1859
• 1872: long-distance pipelines made
• 1879: Thomas Edison
Modern Use of Natural Gas
• Seamless pipes available in 1920’s but it wasn’t until after World War II that it became really important for heating
• Why is it a good fuel?– No refining– Burns cleanly– More heat/unit weight than any other fossil
fuel
Natural Gas
• History of Use
• Formation
• Production
• Reserves
Formation
• Formed in the same manor as petroleum– Thermogenic-->4km and >150°C
• Formed during the petrogenesis of coal
Natural Gas
• History of Use
• Formation
• Production
• Reserves
Production
• Similar to oil but easier to release because it is much less viscous—
Composition of Natural Gas
• Mostly methane CH4
• Some ethane C2H6
• Propane C3H8
• Butane C4H10
• Hydrogen H2
• Some Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide
Production
• Impurities removed
• Coal scent added
• Then piped– > 1.8 million km of high pressure pipe in U.S.
• Middle East, Africa, South America– LNG at -162°C
Production-past and projected
Natural Gas Production
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1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Qu
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Report #:DOE/EIA-0484(2006)
Release Date: June 2006
In Billion cubic feet
World dry Natural gas consumption
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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
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Reserves
Natural Gas ReservesOil and Gas Journal 1/1/2007
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Natural Gas
• History of Use
• Formation
• Production
• Reserves
Reserves-countries with > 200 trillion cubic feet
• U.S.A. 204
• Russia 1688
• Iran 974
• Qatar 910
• Saudi Arabia 244
• United Arab Emigrates 214– These countries account for 67% of the
world’s reserves
Reserves—how long will they last?
• At the current rate?– 100 trillion cubic feet per year—about 62
years
• At projected rates?– About 150 trillion cubic feet per year—about
41 years
Heavy Oils and Tar Sands
• Definition
• Formation
• Pilot Plants
Heavy Oils and Tar Sands
• Characterized by being– A. Dark in colour– B. So viscous that they don’t respond to
either primary or secondary recovery techniques
– High in sulphur, Ni, V– Rich in asphaltines
Heavy Oils and Tar Sands
• Example
• Bitumen—black viscous to semisolid HC material found when oil has lost its light weight volatile components
Heavy Oils and Tar Sands
• Definition
• Formation
• Pilot Plants
Formation of Heavy Oil/Tar sand
• 1. oxidation and loss of lightweight fractions
• 2. Thermal maturation
• 3. Biodegration
Heavy Oils and Tar Sands
• Definition
• Formation
• Pilot plants no more
Athabasca Tar (Oil) Sands
• In 2003, Alberta’s reserves estimates of remaining established reserves are 174.5 billion barrels (Gb), comparable with the oil reserves of Saudi Arabia. In 2001, Alberta’s production of raw bitumen and synthetic crude oil (SCO) exceeded that for conventional crude oil, accounting for 53% of Alberta’s oil production. This trend is expected to increase to about 80% of Alberta’s oil production by 2013.
http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/activities/CBM/alberta_oil_sands2.html
Countries with large tar sand deposits
• Canada
• Venezuela
• Middle East
Extracting oil from tar sands
• http://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index.cfm
Oil Shale
• Definition
• Formation
• Fuels of the future
• Mining techniques
Definition
• Fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing waxy insoluble hydrocarbons called kerogen
• Can be converted to oil at temperatures in excess of 500°C
Oil Shale
• Definition
• Formation
• Fuels of the future
• Mining techniques
Formation
• Deposited with fine-grained sediments (mud) that are rich in organic material. Anoxic environment. The lighter fraction is lost with temperatures in excess of 150.
• Organic material is heavy
• 5 to 25% is recoverable organic material
• Rich oil shales burn like coal
Oil shale from AAPG
• http://emd.aapg.org/technical_areas/oil_shale.cfm
Oil Shale
• Definition
• Formation
• Fuels of the future
• Mining techniques
Reserves• http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdf
World Oil Shale Reserve
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Africa NorthAmerica
SouthAmerica
Asia Europe MiddleEast
Oceania
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Oil Shale
Oil Shale
• Definition
• Formation
• Fuels of the future
• Mining techniques
Mining techniques
• Revert to notes
Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel
• 1. Carbon content
• 2. Heat Content
• 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity
• 4. Environmental Concerns
Carbon Content
• Oil contains 17% less C/unit energy than coal
• Natural gas contains 43% less C/unit energy than coal
• Natural gas contains 31% less C/unit energy than oil
• Gas<Oil<Coal
Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel
• 1. Carbon content
• 2. Heat Content
• 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity
• 4. Environmental Concerns
Heat content
Unit Heat (106 Btu)
Coal Short ton 21.266
Anthracite Short ton 22.244
Natural Gas 1000 ft3 1.029
Gasoline gallon 0.125071
Heating Oil Gallon 6.49
Electricity Kwh 0.003412
Wood Cord 21.5
Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel
• 1. Carbon content
• 2. Heat Content
• 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity
• 4. Environmental Concerns
Efficiency in Producing Electricity
• From Coal 28%
• From Oil 35%
• From Natural Gas 40%
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html
• US existing power plants http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html
Electric Power USA 2005
Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel
• 1. Carbon content
• 2. Heat Content
• 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity
• 4. Environmental Concerns
US CO2 emissions
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2000.0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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2005 CO2 Emissions USA
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Residential Commercial Industrial Transportationmill
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World Per Capital Energy
0
1000000020000000
30000000
40000000
5000000060000000
70000000
80000000
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Btu
Annual U. S. Per Capita Energy Use
050000000
100000000150000000200000000250000000300000000350000000400000000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
btu
World Per Capital Energy
0
1000000020000000
30000000
40000000
5000000060000000
70000000
80000000
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Btu