Effect of Artificial Light Supplement in Transcontinental Sea Cargo on the Flowering of Young Spiking Phalaenopsis
Ming-Yih Chang, National Ilan Univ., TaiwanWei Fang, National Taiwan Univ., TaiwanPo-Hung Wu, Ox Orchid Group, TaiwanChi-Chung Chen, Nano Bio light Co., Ltd. ,Taiwan
6th International Symposium of Light in HorticultureNov. 15-19, 2009Tsukuba, Japan
Content
Background of Orchid Export in Taiwan Advantages and the Bottleneck of Exporting
Spiking Orchid Experiment of LED as Light Supplement
Source for Orchid in Transport Container Results and Dicussion
3
Global Market of Phalaenopsis Industry
Global production up to 200 million plants Major market
Europe, North America, Far East
4
Orchid Export from Taiwan
Before 2004, only bare-rooted orchids were allowed to the US market.
Now, orchids with moss are allowed.Over continental transportation shift
from air fleet to sea cargo.Long dark period may cause damage
to the plant.
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1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Ton
US Japan 5
Orchid Export from Taiwan to US Increased Rapidly since 2006
US admitted the import of potted orchid with moss
Japan was the biggest buyer
Bare root by AIR
Pot with mossby SEA
To export which stage of the potted orchid?
Blooming plant Finished product Too vulnerable and occupied too much space to
transport Seedling or Plantlet (the MOST)
Raw material Tolerable for transport
Spiking plant (with flower stalk emerge) Semi-finished product
7
Cost Analysis for Exporting spiking orchid to US
FlowerForcing
4 W
Storage with light3-4 weeks
Successive Growth6-8 weeks
Stalk to 10 cm4 W
Dark Storage3-4 weeks
2WSuccessive Growth
12 WeeksMarket
FlowerForcing
4 W
Market
+ US$ 0.9
US$ 0.6 + US$ 4.5
+ US$ 2US$ 0.6
= US$ 5.1
= US$ 3.5
Matureplant
Spiking plant
Aboard Ashore
8
Analysis of Greenhouse Turnover Rate for Exporting Spiking Orchid
Successive Growth6-8 Weeks
2WSuccessive Growth
12 WeeksMarket
FlowerForcing
4 W
Market
Ashore5-6 months
2.5 – 3 months
2-2.5/year
4-5 /year
Spiking orchid is a better candidate
Why? Running cost is less when grown in Taiwan
US$0.3 /plant/month in Taiwan US$ 1 /plant/month in Eastern US
Final product is difficult to transport As close to ‘final product’ as possible Improve the greenhouse turnover rate
Current situation: Very few exported by Air , due to high cost.
Is it possible to be shipped by SEA without damage?
10
Shipping by Sea is cheaper, butDark stress would be the problem…
It takes time One month from Taiwan to Eastern US
= One month of dark stress on orchid
Dark stress inhibit the bud differentiationThe stalks become useless
RottedWhiten
Objective
To develop a new business model for Taiwan orchid growers.
Product to export: mature young plant => spiking plant maintain the stalk vitality is the key technology
To overcome Dark stress,Add the Light in
Artificial light supplement in Container To maintain the orchid physical activity To maintain the stalk vitality To assure the successive flowering
Light need electricity in container,and generator provide electricity to container,So, every thing is done ?
Power Restriction in container
The power supply for each Reefer container in cargo ship is 440V, 25 Amp max. 16 Amp for refrigerator Only 9 Amp for light
Due to restricted electricity supply, energy-efficient light source should be used, such
as LED, T5 fluorescent light
What is the minimum light integral required ?
Different spectrum of LEDs as Light Source in Experiment
CW LED tube Cool White 5400 K R/G/B = 20:50:30 20 W
RB LED tube Red/Blue (660/450 nm = 80:20) 13 W
Compared with T5 Fluorescent tube 6500 K 28 W
2 – 4 tubes installed under 127 × 55 cm shelves of cart
Light distribution at 25 cm from lightCW LED × 3 RB LED × 4
CW LED × 2 T5 FL × 3
54 µmol/m2/s60 W
48 µmol/m2/s52 W
40 µmol/m2/s40 W
54 µmol/m2/s84 W
energy effic.0.9 µmol/m2/s per Watt
Light intensity
Experiment I:Effect of Light Spectrum on Flowering
Light sourceDurationD/N, hr
Light integralmol/m2/d
Daily Power Consumption
kW-hr / d
CW×3 12/12 2.35 0.72
RB×4 12/12 2.07 0.62
FL×3 12/12 2.35 1.01
Dark 0/24 0 0
Greenhouse 13/11 > 10 0
Focus on different Light sources under same light integral
Experiment II :Effect of Lighting Strategy on Flowering
Light sourceDurationD/N, hr
Light integralmol/m2/d
Daily Power Consumption
kW-hr / d
CW×3 12/12 2.35 0.72
CW×3-8 8/16 1.56 0.48
CW×2 12/12 1.73 0.48
Dark 0/24 0 0
Greenhouse 13/11 > 10 0
Focus on different Lighting strategy under same light source
White and Red orchid in this experiment
Orchids of two commercial cultivars, white flower Phal. Sogo Yukidian 'V3' red flower Dtps. Jiuh Bao Red Rose 'OX1194',
140 mature orchids in each cultivar 6 leaves leaves span 30-35 cm grown in 10.5-cm-diameter pots filled with moss
Experiment divided into 3 Stage
flower-forcing (2 months) Greenhouse 25/18ºC, 15,000 lux
Simulating transport (4 weeks) Environmental control chamber 18ºC Different light supplement treatment
Successive growth move to greenhouse again
Measure the flower quality at the 7th week
Successive growth in greenhouseat Tainan, Taiwan
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
Experiment I:Effect of Light Spectrum on Flowering
Effect of Light Spectrum on Flowering of White Orchid
TreatmentBuds
no./plantFlowers no./plant
Blossom %Flower Diam.
cm
CW×3 5.7 d 1.6 bc 61.5 11.6 a
RB×4 5.7 d 1.0 cde 55.6 11.8 a
FL×3 5.9 bcd 2.1 b 81.3 11.8 a
Dark 6.5 ab 0.5 e 37.5 10.9 a
Greenhouse 6.4 abc 3.6 a 92.0 12.0 a
NS
FL > CW > RB
NS
Effect of Light Spectrum on Flowering of Red Orchid
TreatmentBuds
no./ plantFlowers no./ plant
Blossom%Flower Diam.
cm
CW×3 7.1 a 3.5 b 100.0 9.3 a
RB×4 6.3 c 3.8 b 100.0 9.3 a
FL×3 6.3 c 3.5 b 100.0 9.2 a
Dark 6.2 c 1.4 d 81.8 9.6 a
Greenhouse 6.8 a 5.6 a 100.0 9.7 a
NS
NS NS
Experiment II :Effect of Lighting Strategy on Flowering
Effect of Lighting Strategy on Flowering of White Orchid
TreatmentBuds
no./plantFlowers no./plant
Blossom %Flower Diam.
cm
CW×3 5.7 d 1.6 bc 61.5 11.6 a
CW×2 6.8 a 1.4 cd 71.4 10.8 a
CW×3–8 5.7 cd 0.8 de 44.4 11.7 a
Dark 6.5 ab 0.5 e 37.5 10.9 a
Greenhouse 6.4 abc 3.6 a 92.0 12.0 a
NS
Lighting 12 hr > 8hr
Effect of Lighting Strategy on Flowering of RED Orchid
TreatmentBuds
no./ plantFlowers no./ plant
Blossom%Flower Diam.
cm
CW×3 7.1 a 3.5 b 100.0 9.3 a
CW×2 6.5 bc 1.5 d 81.8 8.9 a
CW×3-8 6.8 ab 2.9 c 100.0 9.6 a
Dark 6.2 c 1.4 d 81.8 9.6 a
Greenhouse 6.8 a 5.6 a 100.0 9.7 a
NS
Power Evaluation of feasibility of light supplyment in Container
Available power in container 9 A @440V Roughly calculation total power should be <3.9 kW 3 CW LED per shelf provide light intensity 54
µmol/m2/s is enough for lighting supplyment,60 W × 3 shelves/cart × 33cart/container × 50% light up = 3 kW < 3.9 kW
Lighting in Container is feasible
SUMMARY All lighting treatment is much better than the dark
treatment It is possible to transport spiking orchids by sea in a
container with light supplement. Further study should be required White orchid
Spectrum did not affect buds number and flower diameter On flower number, Cold white (LED or FL) is better than RB
Red orchid Spectrum did not affect flower number and flower diameter On bud number, Cool white LED is better than others
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Thank you for your kind attention.
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聚寶 3CWLED vs Dark vs Greenhouse