Market Access MapImproving transparency in international trade and market access
International Trade CentreDar es Salaam, Tanzania11 March 2021
www.macmap.org
ABOUT MARKET ACCESS MAP
Section 1
What is Market Access Map for ?
Information related to
Market
Access
Conditions
Access a Market
Compare Access
Analyse Markets
Download Data
What does “market access” mean?
Market access for goods refers to the
conditions - customs tariffs and non-tariff
measures - applied by countries to goods
imported into their markets.
Market Access Conditions
in Market Access Map
Market Access Map
Customs tariffs
Applied and bound tariffs
Tariff rate quotas
Ad valorem, specific,
compound, mixed and technical
Ad valorem equivalents
Other market access conditions
Trade agreements and Rules of Origin
Trade remedies
Non-tariff measures
Data Sources
Customs tariffs (MFN applied and preferential)
Tariff rate quotas (MFN applied and preferential)
Trade agreements and related documents
(official texts, rules of origin, certificates of origin,
timeline)
Trade remedies (anti-dumping, countervailing
and safeguard measures, as well as other
measures)
Trade data (from Trade Map)
Bound tariffs (from the WTO’s Consolidated
Tariff Schedules (CTS) database)
Import and export requirements (also known as
Non-tariff measures (NTM).
and other organizations*
* Other organizations are World Bank, African Development Bank, ERIA and others.
Market Access Map
takes the guesswork out
What are the customs tariffs applied on my product and does it benefit from tariff preferences?
Is my product eligible for preferential treatment under any trade agreements?
Does the importing country apply any trade remedies on my product?
What are the regulatory requirements, or Non-Tariff Measures (NTM), that I must comply with?
Who can use Market Access Map?
Find tariff information and other market-access requirements quickly, easily and free of charge in our Overview
module.
Compare customs tariffs imposed on your product across multiple markets using our interactive charts and maps.
Compare customs tariffs faced by your competitors in the destination market and see if you have a tariff advantage
relative to them.
Compare customs tariffs and other market-access requirements across markets.
Identify prospective markets for exports diversification.
Print your results or Download them in the form of charts and Excel tables that can be embedded in
reports or policy recommendations.
Bulk download bound and applied tariffs, non-tariff measures and trade data.
Analyze historical customs tariff data and indicators aggregated according to conventional methodologies
(GTAP, World Tariff Profiles).
Conduct tariff simulations and visualize tariff reductions under existing trade agreements.
Access and Download customs tariffs of the past and present years under general (if applicable), the most-
favoured-nation (MFN) and preferential regimes.
Analyze more than 800 trade agreements that are under consultation, signed, concluded, in force, or no
longer active, as well their texts, timelines and parties.
Analyze partners and sectors with a prospect for deeper liberalization under a preferential trade agreement.
Exporters and Importers
Policymakers and Trade and Investment Support Institutions
Researchers and Trade Analysts
Trade Negotiators
Our mission
Improve transparency in international trade and market access
As the costs of acquiring market-access information can be prohibitively
high, especially for MSMEs, we help users navigate through complex
market access requirements spanning the international trading system.
Since 2006, we have been collecting comprehensive market access
information and making it available as a global public good in an
interactive and user-friendly form.
Today we offer a modern market analysis tool that enables businesses
to make informed export and import decisions and enhance their
competitiveness, helps researchers advance the frontiers of economic
sciences and supports policymakers in making optimal trade policy
decisions.
About Market Access Map: Summary
What does Market Access Map offer?
What is Market Access Map?
Who should use Market Access Map?
https://beta.macmap.org/
CUSTOMS TARIFFS
Section 2
What are customs tariffs ?
Customs tariffs are a form of tax or duty levied by
governments on the importation or exportation of goods.
They are generally levied on imported goods.
Customs tariffs are levied at the time of importation.
Customs tariffs are generally paid by the importer of record.
MFN tariffs
MFN tariffs are the customs tariffs imposed by a WTO member state on imports
from any other WTO member states without discrimination.
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), which allows
developed and some developing countries to provide ‘unilateral’
tariff concessions on imports from developing countries.
… but with a few exceptions, including
Every time a WTO member improves tariff benefits that it gives to one trading
partner (whether a member or not), it has to give the same “equally
favoured " treatment to all other WTO members.
Direct Implication
Regional trade agreements (free trade areas and customs unions), in which the Members being parties to such agreements may eliminate duties to imports from each other, while maintaining duties on imports from other countries.
Preferential tariffs
Preferential tariffs are customs tariffs lower than the MFN
and levied on imports from a country that is being given
preferential treatment through
Unilateral arrangements
Reciprocal agreements
Partial Scope Agreement
Free Trade Agreement/Area
Customs Union
Common Market
Economic Union
Generalized System of Preferences to developing
countries
Trade agreements in Market Access Map
Source: https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=834&relation=E&partner=all
Preferential tariffs
In order to take advantage of a preferential tariff, exporting firms must
Demonstrate where the product was produced
Comply with the rules of origin (RoO)
Prove the originating status of the products with the
certificate of origin (CoO) or origin declaration
Watch: https://youtu.be/XQioEBZT8jA
Trade agreements & Rules and Certificates of Origin in
Market Access Map
How do I know which customs tariff
is applicable to my product?
All imported goods are classified according to the importing country’s National
Tariff Line Codes (NTLC), which are based on, but are more detailed than the
Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System or the Harmonized
System (HS).
Every country maintains a tariff schedule with its customs tariff rates for all
imported goods.
Structure of the HS
09 - Coffee, tea, maté and spices
0901 – Coffee 0903 - Mate 0903 –Tea
0902.10- Green tea in immediate packings of
<= 3 kg
0902.20 - Green tea in immediate packings of
> 3 kg
0902.30 - Black fermented tea and
partly fermented tea, whether or not
flavoured, in immediate packings of <= 3 kg
0902.40- Black fermented tea and
partly fermented tea, whether or not
flavoured, in immediate packings of > 3 kg
Importing
country
NTLC – Product description
Pakistan 0902.40.20 – Black fermented tea and partly fermented tea, whether or
not flavoured, in immediate packings of > 3 kg: black tea in a packing
exceeding 3 kg
0902.40.10 – Black fermented tea and partly fermented tea, whether or
not flavoured, in immediate packings of > 3 kg: tea dust
0902.40.90 - Black fermented tea and partly fermented tea, whether or
not flavoured, in immediate packings of > 3 kg: other
Kenya 0902.40.00 – Black fermented tea and partly fermented tea, whether or
not flavoured, in immediate packings of > 3 kg: black tea in a packing
Chapter
Headings
Subheadings
NTLC
0904- Pepper
0905- Vanilla
0906- Cinnamon
0907- Cloves
Others
What are the tariffs on my product?
https://beta.macmap.org/en/query/results?reporter=404&partner=834&product=090111&level=6
Ad Valorem Equivalent (AVE)
https://www.macmap.org/en//query/results?reporter=586&partner=834&product=0
9024020&level=8
Compare Markets
https://www.macmap.org/en/query/compare-
market?reporter=All&partner=834&product=090240
Compare Competitors
https://beta.macmap.org/en/query/compare-
competitor?reporter=586&partner=All&product=090240
EXPORT AND IMPORT
REQUIREMENTS (NTM)
Section 4
Export- and Import-related regulatory requirements
Wide variety : technical and non-technical measures
Businesses are constrained: meet the regulations and remain competitive.
Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs)
Trade Barriers
Procedural Obstacles
What are Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs)?
NTMs are policy measures other than ordinary customs
tariffs, which can potentially have an economic effect on
international trade in goods, changing quantities traded or
prices or both.
Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures
Measures aiming to protect:
Human or animal life from risks arising from additives, contaminants, toxins
or disease-causing organisms in foods, beverages or feedstuffs;
Human life and health from risks arising from diseases carried by animals,
plants or products thereof, or from the entry, establishment or spread of
pests;
Animal and plant life and health from pests, diseases, diseases-carrying
organisms.
When can WTO Members apply SPS?
SPS measures must satisfy the conditions
specified in the SPS Agreement.
SPS must be based on and conform to international standards, guidelines or
recommendations when they exist. (Article 3 and 5.6)
SPS must be adapted to regional conditions. (Article 6)
SPS must be the least trade restrictive measure reasonably available.
(Articles 2.2, 5.6 and note 3)
SPS must not discriminate arbitrarily or unjustifiably between WTO Members
where similar conditions prevail, and they must not constitute a disguised
trade restriction. (Article 2.3 and 5.5)
SPS must abide by transparency requirements. (Annex B)
Example of SPS measures
Tolerance limit of residues of chemical
substance in powdered infant formula
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)
When can WTO Members apply TBT?
TBT measures must satisfy the conditions
specified in the TBT Agreement.
Non-discrimination
Necessity : do not create unnecessary obstacles to international trade
Harmonisation: Are based on international standards when they exist and
when they are effective and appropriate.
TBT must abide by transparency requirements.
Example of TBT measures
Product quality requirements
on oranges imported to France
(Country applying the
regulation = France).
How to find the NTMs applied on my product?
Non-Tariff Measures
QUIZ TIME
Why do some exporting countries apply NTM on their own exports?
Maintain quality and ensure best value for their exports
NTM data collection coverage
Further Research
Because…
• Information is scattered across different national, regional and
international sources,
• Availability depends on the destination country,
• Updates may be notified anytime,
… It is important to investigate further, do desk research, stay up-to-date.
• Business associations
• Chamber of Commerce
• Trade and Investment Support Institutions (TISIs)
• Other exporters ITC NTM Survey Programme
ITC NTM Survey Programme
Documents how companies experience NTMs.
NTM series of 47 publications
www.ntmsurvey.org
Customs Tariffs vs NTMs
Taxes imposed on goods.
Collected at the time of importation
by Customs (at the border).
Published and administered by
national customs authorities,
generally every fiscal year.
Expressed in percentage or value
per quantity.
Include:
General tariffs
Most Favoured Nation (MFN)
tariffs
Preferential tariffs
Customs Tariffs Non-Tariff Measures
Mandatory requirements, rules or regulations imposed by governments on internationally traded goods.
Inhabit the twilight zone between trade policy and national regulation.
Applicable at every step of the value chain: supply, production, transportation and distribution.
Applicable on Imports and Exports.
Published and administered by various national institutions.
Can take the form of a prohibition, MLR, technical requirements, taxes, etc.
Include:
SPS
TBT
Technical and non-technical measures.
Export-related measures
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