Managing PostharvestQuality and Losses inHorticultural Crops
The Editors
Dr. K.L. Chadha is currently the President of The HorticulturalSociety of India as also Adjunct Professor (Hort.) at IARI. He receivedhis B.Sc. (Agri) and M.Sc. (Hort.) degrees from Punjab University, andPh.D. from Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi.
He has served in various capacities at IARI, Punjab AgriculturalUniversity, Ludhiana Central Mango Research Station, Lucknow. Hewas the Director, IIHR, Bangalore, Horticulture Commissioner andExecutive Director, National Horticulture Board, Govt. of India; DeputyDirector General (Hort.), ICAR and National Professor (Hort.) at IARI.
He has authored/edited nearly 4 dozen books and bulletins including the series“Advances in Horticulture” published in 13 volumes covering 9,410 pages. He has beenassociated with several scientific societies as their Chief Patron, President or Vice President.He has served as consultant to several national and international organisations.
Dr. Chadha is the recipient of several awards for his outstanding contributions to R &D in horticulture. He is a Fellow of NAAS, New Delhi and ISHS, Belgium and D.Sc. (h.c.) fromthree State Agricultural Universities. Some important awards won by him include BorlaugAward, Om Prakash Bhasin Award, Dr. H.M. Marigowda Award, S.K. Mitra MemorialAward, S.S. Ranade Memorial Life Time Achievement Award, HSI-Shivashakthi Life-TimeAchievement Award, B.P. Pal Memorial Award, National Agriculture Leadership Awardand Krishi Shiromanni Samman.
Dr K.L. Chadha has steered policy planning, research and development of horticulturein India for almost five decades. For his yeomen’s service Dr Chadha was conferred theprestigious Padma Shri by Her Excellency, the President of India.
Prof. R. K. Pal is currently working as the Director of the ICAR-National Research Center on Pomegranate at Solapur, Maharashtra.After his formal education from West Bengal, he received M.Sc. andPh.D. degrees in Horticulture from IARI and joined AgriculturalResearch Service of ICAR. He served IARI in different capacities forover 25 years as Scientist, Professor and Head of the Division of PHT.He underwent advanced training in USA and attended the InternationalCourse on Food Processing as FAO Fellow in the Netherlands. He haspublished more than 100 research/technical papers in national and
international journals and guided several research scholars at IARI, New Delhi currentlyoccupying prestigious positions in India, USA, Iran, Vietnam and in many other countries.He is a Fellow of Horticultural Society of India, and has won Dr. J.C. Anand Gold Medal forhis contribution in PHT of horticultural crops. He was a national consultant of FAO, memberof the Technical Committee of SAARC and Technical Consultant for FHEL-operated CAstore. He represented IARI as a core committee member for establishment of AdvanceCentre for Agriculture Research and Education in Myanmar.
Managing PostharvestQuality and Losses inHorticultural Crops
Volume 1General Issues
EditorsK.L. Chadha
President, The Horticulture Society of India,F-1 Block, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, Todapur,
New Delhi – 110 012, India
and
R.K. PalDirector, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pomegranate
NH-9, Solapur-Pune Highway, Kegaon,Solapur – 413 255, Maharashtra, India
2015Daya Publishing House®
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Managing Postharvest Quality and Losses in Horticultural Crops(3 Volume Set)
Volume 1: General Issues Page 001-251Volume 2: Fruit Crops Page 253-579Volume 3: Vegetables, Flowers & Plantation Crops Page 581-755
ISBN 978-93-5124-355-7 (Vol.1)ISBN 978-93-5124-358-8 (Set)
Foreword
During 1981 the Government of India had constituted a committee under mychairmanship to suggest a scientific approach to postharvest management ofperishables in the country. Among various recommendations made, the Committeesuggested the establishment of a National Horticulture Board to lay emphasis onprogrammes related to Postharvest Management. The Committee also identified agroup of 12 horticultural crops covering fruits, vegetables and spices for postharvestresearch apart from several other new crops that were gaining commercial importance.Among fruits apple, mango, banana, citrus, grape, guava, papaya, pineapple,pomegranate and sapota were identified. While among vegetables and spice cropscommercial crops like onion, potato, pepper/chilli, turmeric and ginger were included.The National Horticulture Board of the Ministry of Agriculture with its headquartersat Gurgaon is an important outcome of the recommendations.
Even though research on Postharvest Management has been underway in Indiaat the Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore, it was notadequate to cover all major crops and aspects. Thus ICAR as a nodal organizationimplemented a project on Postharvest Management under PL-480 scheme andsubsequently set up the Central Institute for Post Harvest Engineering and Technologyat Ludhiana. In addition, Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL), Indian Instituteof Crop Processing Technologies (IICPT) Thanjavur, Indian Institute of Technology(IIT) Kharagpur and Mumbai, Jhadavpur University, Kolkata, Bhaba Atomic ResearchCentre (BARC), Mumbai and many other private funded Institutions have been givingemphasis on these aspects. Of late, new institutions viz. National Institute of FoodTechnology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM) at Kondili, Haryana andNational Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab have also beenestablished in view of the emergent need for combating the huge postharvest losses of
Prof. M. S. SwaminathanFounder Chairman, M S Swaminathan Research FoundationThird Cross Street, Taramani Institutional AreaChennai – 600 113 (India)Email: [email protected]
perishable commodities taking place in India. As a result several technologies havebeen developed on postharvest management of perishable horticultural crops bythese institutions. However, most of these technologies have not been transferred tothe end users in an appropriate manner due to non-availability of recommendationsin an implementable form. Further, all these recommendations are not available atone place and are mostly concealed in research papers or reports which are neitheravailable nor comprehensive.
I am happy that Dr. K.L. Chadha, former Deputy Director General (Horticulture),ICAR and Dr. R.K. Pal, Director, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pomegranate,Solapur, Maharashtra have made an excellent effort in consolidating the scatteredinformation available from various source, compiled it and edited it in a lucid andunderstandable format in this book titled “Managing Postharvest Quality and Lossesin Horticultural Crops” with conclusive recommendations for the benefit of differentstake holders. I congratulate the editors for this effort at a time when the horticultureproduction has overtaken the food crop production and its post-harvest managementwarrants the use of scientific technologies.
I hope this book will be of useful to all engaged in wholesale, retail and exporttrade of horticultural crops as well as researchers and students. It is also hoped thatresearchers will make further efforts to plug the gaps in technologies wherever theseexist. At the same time, we should continue to make effort to bridge the gap betweenscientific know-how and field level do-how.
M.S. Swaminathan
vi
Preface
India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world but itencounters huge postharvest losses almost equivalent to the total production ofhorticultue crops of the United Kingdom. Reduction in postharvest losses ofhorticultural crops is less expensive than bringing equivalent increase in production.Postharvest research in India was started at CFTRI, Mysore. However, with theincrease in production and productivity of horticultural crops in India, ICAR launcheda PL-480 scheme with the assistance of the United States of America to undertakeresearch on postharvest technology of horticultural crops at IARI, New Delhi as leadcentre. Later on an All India Coordinated Research Project on Postharvest Technologyof Horticultural Crops was launched with a few centres at ICAR institutes and stateagricultural universities. During the last three decades or so, lot of information onseveral aspects of postharvest management of horticultural crops has been generatedin India. The horticulture industry in India has grown leaps and bounds with theincrease in area under cultivation, production and export. However, scienitificpostharvest management and leading adoption of international standards for exportquality of horticultural produce from India with respect to combating various tariffand non-tariff barriers is still in its infancy. This book has compiled informationkeeping in view the needs of horticultural entreprenerus who would like to take-updomestic and export trade of fruits and vegetables on scientific basis and do not haveaccess to this vital information.
The book is divided into three volumes comprising of 1) General Issues,2) Postharvest Management of Fruit Crops and 3) Postharvest Management ofVegetables, Flowers and Plantation Crops. Eminent research workers who have beenengaged in the area of Postharvest Management in the NARS have contributedchapters in this publication. Efforts have been made to incorporate information on
status of cultivation, cultivars, association between pre-harvest crop managementpractices and quality after harvest, pack-house operations, storage and marketing fordomestic and export trade. The book is also suitably illustrated with colourphotographs, wherever necessary. Important references to each subject have beencited for detailed reading. The authors acknowledge the compilation of chaptersusing scattered information that is available in public domain in the form of researchpapers and in relevent websites.
The editors are grateful to all the contributors for their cooperation, support andtimely submission of their manuscripts for bringing out this publication. The editorsalso express thanks to Mrs. Mandira Pal for her active support in correcting proofs ofthe book. The cooperation and support of the staff of the Horticultural Society of Indiaespecially Mr. Santosh Kr. Atre is duly acknowledged. The editors are extremelygrateful to Prof. M.S. Swaminathan for agreeing to write the Foreword of the book.
It is hoped that this publication will be of immense value to all the stakeholdersviz. horticultural entrepreneurs, retailers, wholesalers and exporters engaged in thebusiness of supply chain of perishable horticultural produce, research scholarsengaged in development of postharvest management protocols, and others in view ofthe objectives for which it has been written, i.e., reducing postharvest losses anddelivering quality produce both in domestic and international market.
K.L. Chadha
R.K. Pal
viii
Contents
Foreword v
Preface vii
List of Contributors xiii
Volume 1: General Issues
1. Postharvest Management: An Overview 1K.L. Chadha and R.K. Pal
2. Fruit Bagging 31Ram Asrey
3. Maturity Indices 41R.K. Pal and P. Suresh Kumar
4. Mechanisation in Harvesting 77S.C. Mandhar and R.T. Patil
5. Pre and Postharvest Management 89B.V.C. Mahajan and Alemwati Pongener
6. Postharvest Diseases 111R.D. Rawal and Jyotsana Sharma
x
7. Grading and Packaging 147M.S. Ladaniya
8. Insect Disinfection and Quarantine 211Abraham Verghese and M.A. Rashmi
9. Pesticide Residues 231Ahammed Shabeer T.P. and Kaushik Banerjee
Volume 2: Fruit Crops
10. Almond 253Desh Beer Singh and Nazeer Ahmed
11. Apple 269R.R. Sharma and R.K. Pal
12. Banana 291C.K. Narayana
13. Ber 319Sunil Pareek
14. Citrus Fruits 333D.V. Sudhakar Rao and M.S. Ladaniya
15. Custard Apple 361Sunil Pareek
16. Date Palm 381Sunil Pareek
17. Grape 407Ajay Kumar Sharma and P.G. Adsule
18. Guava 423H. Ravishankar, A.K. Singh and Neelima Garg
19. Litchi 441Vishal Nath and S.K. Purbey
20. Mango 461W.S. Dhillon
21. Papaya 485V. Ponnuswamy and T.L. Preethi
xi
22. Pineapple 497Bidyut C. Deka
23. Pomegranate 517R.K. Pal and K. Dhinesh Babu
24. Sapota 535Dev Raj and Ashok K. Senapati
25. Strawberry 549Ram Asrey
26. Walnut 561Desh Beer Singh and Nazeer Ahmed
Volume 3: Vegetables, Flowers and Plantation Crops
27. Cashew 581D. Balasubramanian and P.L. Saroj
28. Chilli 597Surya Kumari Surepeddi and Giridhar Kalidasu
29. Cut Flowers 617Kushal Singh and Ramesh Kumar
30. Garlic 643K.E. Lawande and P.C. Tripathi
31. Ginger 655Ananta Saikia and Sanjib Sharma
32. Oil Palm 677S. Arulraj
33. Onion 691R.P. Gupta and H.P. Sharma
34. Orchids 709L.C. De and N. Pathak
35. Potato 727R. Ezekiel
List of ContributorsVol. 1
Ahammed Shabeer, T.P. (Dr.)Scientist, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, P.O. No.3, Manjri Farm,Pune – 412 307, Maharashtra, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
Asrey, Ram (Dr.)Principal Scientist, Division of Food Science & Postharvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi – 110 012, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
Banerjee, Kaushik (Dr.)National Fellow, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, P.O. No.3, ManjriFarm, Pune – 412 307, Maharashtra, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
Chadha, K.L. (Dr.)President, The Horticulture Society of India, F-1 Block, NASC Complex, DPSMarg, Todapur, New Delhi – 110 012, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
Ladaniya, M.S. (Dr.)Director, ICAR-National Research Centre for Citrus, Amaravati Road, ShankarNagar Post Office, Kachimet, Nagpur – 440 010, Maharashtra, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
Mahajan, B.V.C. (Dr.)Professor, Punjab Horticultural Postharvest Technology Centre, PunjabAgricultural University, Ludhiana – 141 004, Punjab, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
Mandhar, S.C. (Dr.)Emeritus Scientist, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research,Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru – 560 089, Karnataka, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
Pal, R.K. (Dr.)Director, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pomegranate, NH-9, Solapur-PuneHighway, Kegaon, Solapur – 413 255, Maharashtra, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
Patil, R.T. (Dr.)Former Director, ICAR-Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering andTechnology, P.O. PAU, Ludhiana – 141 004, Punjab, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
Pongener, Alemwati (Dr.)Scientist, ICAR-National Research Centre on Litchi, Mushahari, P O Ramna,Muzaffarpur – 842 002, Bihar, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
Rashmi, M.A. (Dr.)Scientist, C/o Department of Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences,GKVK, Bengaluru – 560 065, Karnataka, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
Rawal, R.D. (Dr.)Former Head, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Institute of HorticulturalResearch, Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru – 560 089, Karnataka, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
Sharma, Jyotsana (Dr.)Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pomegranate, NH-9,Solapur-Pune Highway, Kegaon, Solapur – 413 255, Maharashtra, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
Suresh Kumar, P. (Dr.)Senior Scientist, ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress ManagementMalegaon, Baramati – 413 115, Maharashtra, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
Verghese, Abraham (Dr.)Director, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Post BoxNo. 2491, H.A. Farm, Post Bellary Road, Bengaluru – 560 024, Karnataka, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
xiv
