MALARIA
Done by: Maryam AL-Qhatany.Case3.2
Learning Objectives
1\Definition of malaria.2\Types of parasite causes malaria.
3\Life cycle of different malaria parasite+ Pathogenesis
4\Symptoms and sign of malaria.5\Investigation of malaria.
6 \Differential diagnosis 7 \treatment and prevention of malaria.
diagnosis
Malaria
Introduction
Approximately 300 million people worldwide are affected by malaria and between 1 and 1.5 million people die from it
every year. Previously extremely widespread, the malaria is now mainly confined to Africa, Asia
and Latin America
Malaria
is an infectious disease caused by a parasite, (called Plasmodium), which is transmitted via the bites of infected mosquitoes , that infect red
blood cells in the human body .
Causes
Malaria is caused by a type of microscopic parasite that's
transmitted most commonly by mosquito bites(female Anopheles mosquito).
Types of parasite causes malaria
Types Four
types
Plasmodium vivax (P.v.).
Plasmodium ovale (P.o) .
Plasmodium malariae (P.m).
Plasmodium falciparum (P.f) .
incubation period:10 to
17 days.
Symptoms:
Plasmodium ovale (P.o) :
This is the rarest of all the malaria types and is mostly found in Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and the
tropical West African region
fatigue, diarrhoea, bouts of fever and chills
incubation period:18 to
40 days
Symptoms:
Plasmodium malariae (P.m):This type of malaria is not as wide spread as the
other types and is known to have less than 1 percent infections in the Indian subcontinent.
high fever and chills.
incubation period:10 to
17 days.
Symptoms:
Plasmodium vivax (P.v.).It has the widest distribution around the globe.
Approximately 60% of infections in India are caused by P.v. Although it seldom causes death or other serious
problems, it can still cause major illness
fatigue, diarrhoea, bouts of fever and chills. Flu-like symptoms.
incubation period:
7 to 10 days Symptoms:
Plasmodium falciparum (P.f) .
The plasmodium parasite is recognised as the most lethal parasite that causes most infections
and deaths related to malaria
fatigue, dizziness, abdominal pain, aching muscles, enlarged spleen, sore back, joint pain,
vomiting, nausea, fever, headache.
malignant
malaria
Pathogenesis
+
Pathogenesis
numerous known and unknown waste substances, such as red cell membrane products, hemozoin pigment, and other
toxic factorsactivate macrophages and endothelial cells to secrete
cytokines and inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis
factor, interferon-γ and other factor.
headache, fever, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, tiredness, aching joints and muscles, thrombocytopenia,
immunosuppression, and central nervous system manifestations.
destruction of red blood cell
hemolytic anemia
adhesion of red blood cell on wall of blood vessel
Clot (blood in stools)
symptoms
FeverChills
Headache Sweats
NauseaFatigue vomiting
early stages
Other common symptoms:
Dry cough
Muscle and/or back pain.
Signs
Jaundice
Hepatomegaly
Fever
Hemolytic Anaemia
Diagnosis
Dr. ask the patient number of questions concerning:
•Current symptoms. •Medical conditions.
•Family medical history .
•Current medications .•Recent travel history.
clinical diagnosis:
Laboratory diagnosis
Goal
identification of malaria parasite or
its antigens/products in the blood of the
patient.
Microscopy blood
smear
stains
1000-fold
Malaria parasites are recognizable by their physical features and by the appearance of the red blood cells.
Most
Other tests:
Polymerase chain reaction( PCR.)
parasite
DNA
Serology Antibodies
Rare
Immunologic tests Antigens
•The flu (influenza). •Common cold.
•Meningitis .•Typhoid fever .•Dengue fever .
•Bacteremia/septicemia (infection in blood) •Hepatitis .
•Viral gastroenteritis. •Yellow fever (disease typically transmitted by
mosquitoes).
Differential Diagnoses:
Treatment And prevention
treatment:
IF
Early cureserious effects of
malaria can be prevented
Delay severefatal
disease
The specific malaria treatment recommended will depend on :
•The type (species) of the infecting parasite. •The severity of malaria symptoms.
•The patient's age. •Any other illnesses or conditions.
•Pregnancy. •Drug allergies.
•Other medications taken by the patient .
Medications
•Chloroquine •Mefloquine.
•Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. • Quinine sulfate .
•Doxycycline .• Hydroxychloroquine.
primaquine
Splenomegaly (Enlarged spleen).
Complications
Cerebral malaria
Prevention :
Protecting yourself
against mosquito
bites
Taking antimalarial medicines
young children and pregnant women avoid traveling to areas where
malaria is common
Conclusion
you should see the doctor if you experience a high fever while living in or
after traveling to high-risk malaria region .
summary
References
*http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/malaria-symptoms*http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/221134-differential
*http://www.parn.org.pk/index_files/Laboratory%20Diagnosis%20of%20Malaria.html
*http://malaria.emedtv.com/malaria/malaria-diagnosis.html*http://www.onlymyhealth.com/what-types-malaria-
1302068689*http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/malaria/pages/lifecycle.aspx
*http://www.vitalhealthzone.com/health/conditions/m/malaria/06_complications_of_malaria.html#1
*Microorganism book
Thank you