Major depressive disorderSymptoms and Signs
Insomnia (influence 80%) Hypersomnia (influence 15%)
Headaches Fatigue
Diagnosis
Clinical assessment
DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 criteria
Subtypes (1) Melancholic Depression(2) Atypical Depression(3) Catatonic Depression (4) Postpartum Depression(5) Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Prevention
Work Together instead of working on one’s own
Join some activities that you love
Say no to the negative thoughts
Positive thinking
Cure
To control the amount of neurotransmitters
-TCAs, tricyclic antidepressants-MAOIs, monoamine oxidase inhibitor-SSRIs, selective reuptake inhibitors-norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors-noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant
Bipolar disorder 跡象與症狀
concentration problem
Mania
Hypomanic
violent
delusions
•Bipolar disorder 的過程•ManicManic phasephase : high self-esteem , increased energy , over talkativeness•Depressive phaseDepressive phase : comes with lowered ability to feel pleasure, loss of motivation , sleep disturbances , and feeling of worthless
CauseGenetic :genes related to serotonin (SLC6A4 and TPH2),
dopamine (DRD4 and SLC6A3)
Physiological :Abnormalities in the structure and/or function of certain
brain circuits could underlie bipolar. A general reduction of brain volume and anatomically specific differences in areas such as the prefrontal cortex and the globus pallidus are most commonly found
Environmental
DiagnosisCriteria and subtypes
Bipolar I disorder 、 Bipolar II disorder Cyclothymia 、 Bipolar Disorder NOS
Rapid cycling : is a course specifier that may be applied to any of the above subtypes.
Differential diagnosis : Many mental disorders involve similar symptoms to bipolar disorder.
Challenges : Not easy to be understood and recognized
Prognosis
Functioning Recovery and recurrence Mortality
1/3 people with bipolar disorder report past attempts of suicide or complete it,and the annual average suicide rate is 0.4%, which is 10 to 20 times that of the general population