1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Low grade thermal recovery based on trilateral flash cycles using recent pure
fluids and mixtures Roberto Cipollonea, Giuseppe Bianchia,b, Marco Di Bartolomeoa,
Davide Di Battistaa, Fabio Fatigatia
aUniversity of L’Aquila, Via Giovanni Gronchi 18, L’Aquila 67100, Italy bBrunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
Windsor, 20/04/2017
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Outline
2 D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
Low thermal grade energy recovery
Carbon dioxide refrigeration plant
Trilateral Flash Cycle
Expander selection
Fluid screening (pure and mixtures)
Mathematical model of TFC recovery plant
Results and discussion on real behavior of volumetric machines
Conclusions
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Low grade thermal sources
3
Renewable energies (solar, geothermal, ocean,…)
Industrial processes (steel, glass, oil, chemical, …)
Compressed air (lubricating oil)
Energy transformation sector
Micro-CHP (domestic applied to the heating boilers)
Transportation sector (ICEs)
D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
CO2 refrigeration plant at UNIVAQ
4 D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
CO2 refrigeration plant at UNIVAQ
5 D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
CO2 refrigeration plant
6
Pcomp=16 kW
Pgas cooler=30 kW
D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
CO2 refrigeration plant recovery
7
Via ORC Via ORC-mixtures Via ORC-mixtures transcritical
Via TFC
D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
HEAT EXCHANGER
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Trilateral Flash Cycle
8
T-s diagram - R1234ze(E) at maximum power configuration
1 kg/s CO2
D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Suitable Expanders
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10 100 1000 10000 100000Electric output [kWe]
0
100
200
300
400
Sou
rce
tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
Fluid stabilitylimit
No. stagesHigh costs
Steam
Small ORCHigh temperatures
Mainstream ORC
Large ORCLow temperatures
Mic
ro-C
ogen
erat
ion
Small ORCLow temperatures
101 102 103 104 105
D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
Volumetric machines
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Mathematical Model
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, ,
3 2
( )hs hs in hs outm h hm
h h−
=−
( )3 4 2 1( )P m h h h h = − − −
D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Parametric Analysis
11
Parametric analysis on R1234ze(E)
( )3 4 2 1( )P m h h h h = − − −
D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Working Fluid Selection: Mixtures
12 D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Working Fluid Selection
13
Specific power output and working fluid flow rate at maximum power conditions
D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Working Fluid Selection
14 D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Working Fluid Selection
15 D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Expander and fluid matching
16
Target expander built-in volume ratio to match the TFC
D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Expander experimental behaviour
17
( ),
1
d id
d
V
V
P p p dV∆ = −∫
loss
Built-in discharge volume
D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Expander experimental behaviour
18
Isochoric discharge
D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Real expander behaviour
19
Mechanical power vs expander built-in volume ratio (mixtures)
Net power output vs expander built-in volume ratio (pure fluids)
D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains
RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
Conclusions
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• TFC suitable for low temperature thermal sources recovery
• Complexity due to the wet expansion volumetric machines
high volumes ratio
• Importance of the fluid selection
• Real behaviour of the volumetric expander
final isochoric discharge
use of mixtures lead to a lower discharge losses
• Thermal source considered: 1 kg/s trans-critical CO2 from 100 °C to 40 °C
(food refrigeration gas cooler)
best fluid: R1234ze 6.5 kW at 21 bar max pressure and BIVR>14
best mixture: Propane/CO2 0.9/0.1 3,5 kW and BIVR<4.5
D. Di Battista - University of L’Aquila