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LOCOMOTION AND SUPPORT[CHAPTER BIOLOGY FORM 5]
2.1 Support and Locomotion in Humans and Animals
1. Support and locomotion in humans and animals
2. Appreciating a healthy musculoskeletal system
3. Support in plants
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a) Locomotionthe ability of an organism to move from one place to anotherb) Movementa change in position in any part of an organisms body
consists ofHuman Skeletal System
Types of skeleton in animals
Hydrostatic skeleton
Found in soft-bodiedinvertebrates
The skeleton containsfluid within the bodycavity
The fluid is kept under
pressure to maintainthe shape of the body
Earthworm
Exoskeleton
Found in bodies ofarthropods (insects andcrabs)
It is made up of chitin
Supports and protectsinternal organs
Crab
Endoskeleton
Found in all vertebrates
It consists of hard andtough skeleton of bones
It is made up of calciumand phosphate
Important for support,
protection, locomotionand formation oferythrocytes
Necessity oflocomotion
To search the food
To search for shelter
To search for the mate
To run away from predators
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Function of skeletal
system
For muscle attachment
Stores calcium and phosphate
Produces blood cells
Protects internal organs
Provide shape and support
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Axial skeleton
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Vertebrae
Vertebral column
Ribcage
Has a pair of transverseforamen through which bloodvessels and nerve pass
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Appendicular skeleton
Spinous process
For attachment of muscle
and ligament
Facets
To articulate or join with
another vertebra
Vertebral foramen
To contain spinal cord
Vertebral arch
Protects the spinal cord
Transverse process
For attachment of muscle andligament
Centrum
Gives support and bear the
weight of lower back
Lumbar vertebra
Spinous process arelong and directed
downwards
Large centrum to
bear the weight ofthe lower back
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Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle
Forelimb bones Hindlimb bones
Exercises1. Diagram below shows the human skeleton. Label the structure in the diagram.
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2. Diagram 2 shows a human vertebral column. Label the structures and state the number of P, Q, R,S and T.
Tendons and ligaments
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Joint - the place where two or more bones meet
Tendonsconnect muscles to bones
Tendons are tough, strong, flexible but not elastic
Tendons ensure that the pulling force exerted by the muscular contraction is transmitted to the
bone, to pull the bone and cause movement
Ligamentsare flexible, strong and elastic connective tissues that join bone to other bone at a
joint
Ligaments allow bone to move and prevent disclocation of the joints during movement
A typical synovial joint
A joint which has a cavity filled with fluid
Freely movable
Types of joints
Cartilageis a soft tissue that
reduces friction and absorbs
mechanical shock during movement.
Synovial fluidis secreted
by synovial membrane
acts as a lubricant and
reduces friction between
bones durin movement.
Triceps muscles
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Skeletal muscles
Type of joints Function Examples
Ball and socket joints Allows rotational
movement of bones in all
directions
Allow the swinging of
arms and legs in acircular motion
Shoulder joints
(between the humerus
and the pectoral
girdle)
Hip joint(between the femur
and the pelvic girdle)
Hinge joints Allows the movement of
bones in one plane only
Knee
Elbow
Finger bones Toe bones
Immovable joints Not allowed any movement
of the bones
Skull
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Skeletal musclesare tissues which can contract and relax to allow movement of the bones
Produce movements by exerting the pulling force on the tendons that are attached to the bones
Skeletal muscles must work in pairsantagonistic pairs
When one muscle contracts, the other muscle relaxes
Consequences of impaired musculoskeletal system on support and locomotion
When the arm is bent A strai htened arm
When the biceps contracts, thetendons transmits the pullingforce produced by the contractionto the forearm
At the same time, the tricepsrelaxes
The elbow joint bends and theradius and ulna are pulledupwards
The forearm moves upwards
When the triceps contracts and thebiceps relaxes, the radius and ulna
are pulled downwards
The forearm is straightened
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Muscle cramps An involuntary, forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax
When a cramp begins, the spinal cord stimulates the muscle to
keep contracting
Causes: inadequate stretching, muscle fatigue
Muscular dystrophy Caused by the progressive degeneration and weakness of the
skeletal muscles which control movement
Caused by a mutated gene which is found on X chromosome
The mutated gene causes the body unable to produce the
proteins needed to build and maintain healthy muscles
Mainly affected boys
There is no cure for muscular dystrophy
Osteoporosis Common disease among elderly women
The bones become thinner, more brittle and more porous
Can be prevented by taking enough amount of calcium,
phosphorus and vitamin D
Regular exercise can reduce likelihood of bone fractures and
help to reduce bone mineral loss
Arthritis A condition where the joints become swollen, stiff and painful
Osteoarthritis is caused by wear and tear of the cartilage inside
certain joints
The production of synovial fluid in the joints will decrease due
to ageing process
Cartilage between bones becomes thinner and ligaments
shorten and lose some of their elasticity
The mechanism of locomotion in animals
i) Animal with a hydrostatic skeleton : earthworm
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1. When circular musclecontract, thelongitudinal muscles
relax2. The organismbecomes shorter andthinner
3. When circular musclerelax, the longitudinalmuscles contract
4. The organismbecomes shorter andthicker
5. The circular andlongitudinal muscles
contract rhythmicallyto produce wavesalong the body
6. An earthworm hasbristle called chaetae
which anchor parts ofthe body to the groundso that the other partscan be pulled towardsit
ii) Animal with an exoskeleton : grasshopper
1. A grasshopper has antagonistic muscles : flexor and extensor muscles2. Flexor muscles bend a joint while extensor muscles straighten it3. The rear legs are adapted for hopping; the legs are long and muscular4. When the flexor muscles in the upper part of legs contract, the lower legs are
pulled towards the bodythe hind legs are folded in a Z shape and ready forjump
5. When the extensor muscles contract, the legs jerk backwards, propelling thegrasshopper forwards and upwards into the air
iii) Animal with an endoskeleton : fish
Myotomes are W-shaped muscleblocks that make up each side of the
body of a fish
When the muscles on one sidecontract, those on other side relax
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2.2 Appreciating a healthy musculoskeletal system
Dorsal fin: controls
rolling and yawing of fish
Pelvic fin:
Controls the pitchof the fish
Control rolling offish
Pectoral fin:
Controls the pitch ofthe fish, causing it toswim upward anddownward
Helps in slowingdown stopping
Ventral fin: controls
rolling and yawing of
fish
To reduce water resistance:
Has sleek and streamlined bodyshape
Overlapping scales on the bodyface backwards
The body covered by a slimycoating
Many bony fish have swimbladder to maintain buoyancy in
Caudal fin/tail:
Provides thrustand controls the
fishs direction
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2.3 Support in plants
Support in aquatic and terrestrial plants
Aquatic plants Terrestrial plants
Ways to maintain healthy
musculoskeletal system
Good posture
Regular exercise
Proper attire for daily activities
Take a balanced dietconsist of
calcium and phosphorus
Importance of support
in plants
To allow plant to grow towardssunlight in order forphotosynthesis
To allow the plants to stay upright
To ensure the fruits are in strategicposition for effective dispersal of
seeds
To allow leaves in proper positionfor maximum absorption of
sunlight
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i. Submerged plants i. Herbaceous plants
Supported by the turgidity of the parenchymaand collenchymas cells
The thickening of the cell walls with cellulose
and pectin in collenchymas cells provideadditional mechanical strength
ii. Floating plants
Water hyacinth
Have broad leaves that are firm but flexibleto resist tearing by wave action
Have aerenchyma tissuesin the stems andleavesprovide buoyancy so that plant canfloat on the surface of the water
ii. Woody plant
Supported by sclerenchymaand xylemtissues
Plants usually undergoes secondary growth toform large amount of secondary xylem called
wood
Objective questions
1 Figure 1 shows part of human forelimb.
Have thin, narrow and flexible leavesprevent from being damaged by watercurrent
There are air sacsinside the leaves andstems which keep the plant floatingclose to the surface to obtain maximumsunlight
The stems have no woody tissues
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Figure 1
What are P, Q, R and S in Figure 1?
P Q R S
A Ulna Ligament Biceps Humerus
B Scapula Ligament Biceps Radius
C Humerus Tendon Triceps Ulna
D Scapula Tendon Triceps Radius
2 Figure 2 shows a human lumbar vertebra.
What is the function of X and Y in Figure 2?A Protection for spinal cordB Surfaces for muscle attachmentC Surfaces for vertebral jointsD Surfaces for rib articulation
Figure 2
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3 Diagram below shows an elbow joint. Which of the following parts labelled A, B, C or D is toughand elastic?
4 Diagram below shows a human arm.
If tendon X was torn off, what happens to the arm?A The elbow joint loosens upB The fingers cannot gripC The arm cannot be bentD The lower arm cannot twist
5 Diagram below shows a knee joint.
Which of the following tissues joins X to Y?A. LigamentB. TendonC. AdiposeD. Cartilage
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6 Diagram below shows the structure of a human forearm.
What happens to the parts P, Q, R and S which cause the arm to be in the position as shown in the
diagram?
P Q R S
A. Relaxes Contracts Is pushed downwards Is pushed downwards
B. Contracts Relaxes Is pushed downwards Is pushed downwards
C. Relaxes Contracts Is pulled upwards Is pulled upwards
D. Contracts Relaxes Is pulled upwards Is pulled upwards
7 The diagram shows human bones.
Which bones are part of the axial skeleton?
A. P and SB. Q and RC. P, Q and RD. Q, R and S
Q
P
S
R
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8 P, Q, R and S in diagram below are vertebrae found along the spine.
Which of the following shows the correct arrangement of the vertebrae in the spine?A. R, S, P, QB. P, Q, R, SC. Q, R, S, PD. S, P, R, Q
9 Diagram below shows part of the human skeletal system.
What is X?
A. UlnaB. ScapulaC. HumerusD. Clavicle
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10 A man is complaining of frequent back pains due to an injury. Which of the following would helpreduce his problem?
I Eat plenty of proteinII Practice a good postureIII Do vigorous exerciseIV Avoid carrying heavy objects
A. I and IIB. I and IIIC. II and IVD. III and IV
11 Diagram below shows a bending leg.
Which of the following muscle actions will straighten the leg?
Quadriceps femoris Biceps femoris
A. Contracts Contracts
B. Contracts Relaxes
C. Relaxes Relaxes
D. Relaxes Contracts
12 Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?A Ulna and radius
B Humerus and radiusC Clavicle and humerusD Clavicle and scapula
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13 Diagram below shows the changes of posture in a womans skeleton as she grows older due to lackof certain hormones and nutrients.
What are these hormones and nutrient?A Progesterone and ferum
B Progesterone and calciumC Oestrogen and ferumD Oestrogen and calcium
14 The following are characteristics related to locomotion in animals.
Which animal is correctly matched to their characteristics?
15 Diagram below shows a vertebra P in human vertebral column Q.
PHas a hydrostatic skeleton
QHas a streamlined body
RHas long rear legs
SHas antagonistic muscles
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Which part of vertebral column A, B, C or D in Q contains vertebra P?
16 Diagram below shows an artificial joints in a knee.
Which disease relates to the usage of artificial joints?A Gout C OsteoarthritisB Osteoporosis D Muscular dystrophy
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17 Diagram below shows the cross section of the thorax of a bird.
What happen if muscle P is injured?A The bird will not be able to glide
B The bird will not be able to move forwardC The bird will not be able to move its wings upwards and forward
D The bird will not be able to move its wings downwards and backwards
18 Diagram below shows the human skeleton.
Which bone, A, , C or D forms part of the axial skeleton?
Subjective questions
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1 Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 show different positions of a forearm during a movement.
Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2
(a) Complete Diagram 1.1 by drawing the triceps muscle which is involved in the movement of the
forearm.[2 marks]
(b) State oneadaptive characteristics of tissue P shown in Diagram 1.1 which helps in the
movement of the forearm.
. [1 mark]
(c) Explain the action of the muscles which cause the movement of the forearm in Diagram 1.2.
..
..
..
..
[3 marks]
(d) Diagram 1.3 shows a joint at the knee.
Diagram 1.3
Explain the health problem normally faced by an old person when tissue X is impaired.
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.
.
.
.
[3 marks]
(e) An athlete must do a warming up exercise before starting an event. Explain why.
[3 marks]
2 Diagram 2 shows human muscles and bones involved in bending the leg.
Diagram 2
(a)(i) Name X.
X :
[1 mark]
(ii) State one function of X.
[1 mark]
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(b) Describe briefly how the characteristic of X is adapted for its function as stated in 2(a)(ii).
.
[2 marks]
(c)(i) State onefunction of ligament in Diagram 2.
[1 mark]
(ii) Ligament of a gymnast are more flexible compared to ordinary people. Explain the statement.
..
..
. .
..
[2 marks]
(d) Some marathon runners experience muscle cramps at the end of a race.
(i) What is muscle cramps?
...
[1 mark]
(ii) State onecause of muscle cramps among athlete.
.. [1 mark]
(e) Suggest three ways in which a person can maintain a healthy musculoskeletal system.
1.
2.
3. [3 marks]