Lipids Fats/Oils/Steroids
4 Categories of Organic Molecules
Molecules of LIFE
Biochemicals
(CHONPS)
ProteinsEnzymes/Structure/
Movement/Antibodies
Nucleic Acids(DNA/RNA)
CarbohydratesGlucose/Fructose
Starch/Cellulose
2.
3. 4.
1.
H
H
N
H
C
R
C
O
OH
Aminogroup
Carboxyl (acid)group
Sugar
OH
O P O
O
CH2
H
O
H H
OH H
H
N
N
HN
N H
HHN
Phosphategroup
Nitrogenousbase (A)
What is an example of a monomer and polymer?
Answer: starch is a polymer made from the monomer glucose.
What is peak enzyme reaction temp? What is peak reaction pH for pepsin and trypsin?
Factors Affecting Enzymatic Speed
• Temperature and pH• Substrate concentration • Enzyme concentration
The Water Molecule
Polarity – water is polar because of an uneven distribution of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen.
Covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen.
Electrons hang out more often near around the oxygen atom.
Slightly Negative (-)
Slightly Positive (+)
Hydrogen Bonds• Because of their partial charges water molecules become attracted to each other by weak hydrogen bonds•Hydrogen bonds are not as strong as ionic or covalent bonds
•Cohesion – attraction between molecules of the same substance
•Adhesion - attraction between molecules of different substances.
Other Unique Properties of Water
• High specific heat
• Expansion on freezing
• High surface tension
Cells and Cell Transport
Two categories of cellsProkaryotic Eukaryotic
-No Nucleus -Nucleus
-Smaller Ribosomes less complex
-Less complex
-DNA is linear
- Ribosomes larger and complex
-Membrane bound organelles
-Complex
-Cell wall (plants and bacteria)
-DNA is circular
-Cell membrane
-DNA
-Cytoplasm
-Ribosomes
Vesicles• Structure: membrane bounded sac• Function: transports and/or stores cellular products
Ribosomes• Structure: Small and grain-like, made of
large and small subunits• Function: produce proteins from
directions given by DNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum• Structure: a maze of membranes• Rough ER: (ribosomes imbedded in
membrane) produces and transports proteins.
Golgi Apparatus• Structure: A stack of membranes• Function: to modify, sort and package
materials (often proteins) from the ER for storage or to be transported outside the cell.
Diffusion
Osmosis
Energy
You can’t go to the beach
and feel energized
by the sun – you need a
hot dog! Why?
Mitochondria “Powerhouse of the Cell”
Found: In the cytoplasmStructure: Rod-shaped with a folded
double membraneFunction: Provide the cell with energy.
ChloroplastFound: In plant cellsStructure: Stack of membranes that contain
photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll)Function: Use energy from the sun to make
carbs (photosynthesis)
Energy
Lightenergy
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6 CO2 6+ H2O
Carbon dioxide Water
C6H12O6 6+ O2
Glucose Oxygen gas
C6H12O6 CO26 H2O ATPs
Glucose Oxygen gas Carbon dioxide
6
Water Energy
O26+ + +
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
RESPIRATION:
Energy
– The DNA of the gene is transcribed into RNA• Which is translated into protein• The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to
Protein is called the CENTRAL DOGMA
DNA
Transcription
RNA
Protein
Translation
Protein Synthesis - Overview
Central Dogma - FLOW IS FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN
Protein Synthesis (Overview)
FLOW IS FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN
• Genes on DNA are expressed through proteins, which provide the molecular basis for inherited traits
• A particular gene, is a linear sequence of many nucleotides– Specifies a polypeptide (long protein made of amino
acids)
Protein Synthesis (Overview)
Genes - discrete units of hereditary information comprised of a nucleotide sequence found in a DNA molecule.
Protein Synthesis (Overview)
DNA to DNA
DNA to RNA
T A C T T C A A A A T C
A T G A A G T T T T A G
A U G A A G U U U U A G
Transcription
Translation
RNA
DNA
Met Lys PhePolypeptide
Startcondon
Stopcondon
Strand to be transcribed
RNA to protein– The subunits of a ribosome
• Hold the tRNA and mRNA close together during translation
Largesubunit
mRNA-binding site
Smallsubunit
tRNA-binding sites
Growing polypeptide
mRNA
tRNA
Codons
Genetics
• Alleles – different forms of a gene– Ex. From pea plants:
alleles T or t = tall (T) and short (t)• Homozygous – organisms that have 2
identical alleles for a particular trait• True-breeding for a particular trait
– Ex: TT or tt
Genetics• Heterozygous – organisms that have 2
different alleles for the same trait– Hybrid for that trait– Ex: Tt
Phenotype – physical characteristics
Ex: tall, short, yellow, greenGenotype – genetic make-up
Ex: TT, Tt, tt
Other Patterns of Inheritance
• Genes can act in various ways1. Dominant vs. Recessive – one allele
completely masks another allele.2. Incomplete Dominance
1. Definition : one allele is not completely dominant over anotherEx: flowers – white x red flowers = pink flowers
Beyond Dominant and Recessive
Codominance– Definition: both alleles contribute to the
phenotype of the organismEx: chicken feather – black and white alleles = black and white feathersColors don’t blend like incomplete dominance
Multiple Alleles• Definition: more than two alleles• (more than 2 alleles exist in a population
not an individual)Ex: rabbit’s coat colorEx: human’s blood type
blood-type donors and recipients
Polygenic Traits• Definition: traits that are controlled by 2 or
more genesEx: fruit fly red eyes - 3 genes involved in
making pigment– Diff. combo of genes produce different eye
colorsEx: Human skin color – more than 4 different
genes
Gene Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations• Types of chromosomal mutations:
– Deletion: The loss of all or part of a chromosome
– Duplication: A segment is repeated
– Inversion: part of the chromosome is reverse from its usual direction.
– Translocation: one chromosome breaks off an attaches to another chromosome.
Meiosis and Mitosis
Ecology -Levels of Organization
Food Chains and Food WebsSUN Autotrophs Heterotroph
1. Food Chain – energy trapped by producers passed on when organisms eat and are eaten
2. Food Web – relationship more complex than a chain
Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids
Evolution – Natural Selection
Evolution – Natural Selection