8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
1/19
Sociology Anthony Giddens
Dr. Anindya Jayanta MishraAssociate Professor of Sociology
Department of Humanities and Social SciencesIIT Rooree
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
2/19
Sociology ! study of human social life" groups and
societies
co#ers passing encounters $et%een indi#iduals in the
street to in#estigation of glo$al social processes &'amples of sociological analysis ! (lass room"
Suicide" )o#e Marriage" *ureaucracy" Jeans" Sport
)o#e Marriage ! a modern industrial construct non+
e'istent in most pre+industrial societies %as
considered a %eaness and sicness
It has $een shaped $y $roader social and historical
influences
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
3/19
Sociology ! demonstrates the need to tae a much $roader #ie% of life
,hat %e regard as natural" ine#ita$le" good or true ! many not $e so
The gi#ens of our life are strongly influenced $y historical and social forces
Sociological outloo ! understanding ho% our indi#idual li#es reflect thecomple'ity of our social e'perience
A sociologist is someone ! %ho is a$le to $rea free from the immediacy of
personal circumstances and put things in a %ider conte't
Sociological Imagination ! re-uires us to thin oursel#es a%ay from thefamiliar routines of our daily li#es in order to loo at them ane%/ ( ,rightMills
Sociological Imagination+ It0s an interplay of *iography and History *iography ! Indi#idual (ircumstance" Personal &'periences History – Broader Social, Economic, Political, Economic, Religious context Private Trouble Versus Public Issue
Sociological imagination ! allo%s us to see that many e#ents that seem toconcern only the ind. Actually reflect larger issues
&'ample ! Di#orce" 1nemployment 2$oth personal 3 pu$lic concern4
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
4/19
&'ample5 Drining coffee
6. Sym$olic #alue ! act of drining ! a ritual ! ind 3 group interaction more imp
7. 1se as drug ! not considered a drug in most societies $ut is considered so in
some and $anned
8. Soc and eco relationship ! An indi#idual %ho drins coffee is caught up incomple' set of socio eco rel. stretching across the %orld
Prod" distn" transn re-uire continuous transaction $et%een people 6999 milesfrom consumer
Many aspects of our li#es no% affected $y $roader %orld%ide soc influences
:. Past socio eco de#p ! act of drining coffee presumes past socio eco de#p
Lie $anana" tea" %hite sugar it is a ne% entrant to %estern 3 Indian diet
After 6;99 ! coffee has a colonial past
s independent coffee houses
Glo$alisation heightens our a%areness of issues happening across the %orld
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
5/19
?ur acti#ities $oth structure ! gi#e shape to ! the soc %orld %e li#e in 3 at the same
time are structured $y that soc %orld
Soc struc ! soc conte't of our li#es do not consist =ust of random collection of e#ents
3 actions ! its structured" patterned ! regularities in the %ay %e $eha#e and in rel. %eha#e %ith one another
Soc struc ! $eing reconstructed at e#ery moment $y the #ery $uilding $loc that
compose it ! human $eings lie you and me
Intended and unintended conse-uences
Purposes@intentions of our $eha#iour and resulting une'pected unintended outcome
&'m5 Parents0 strictness and children0s de#iance in protest against orthodo'y
e% Bor $uilding o%ners ! told to reno#ate to accommodate more people
They a$andoned the old $uildings causing scarcity in accommodation space
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
6/19
Reser#ation policy in India
Its sociologists tas to understand the resulting $alance $et%een soc
reproduction and social transformation
Social reproduction ! ho% societies eep going o#er time
Social transformation ! changes societies undergo
Social reproduction ! occurs $coC there is continuity in %hat people do"
ho% they $eha#e" the practices they follo% day to day" year to year
Social transformation ! occur partly $coC its intended or partly $coC its
unintended
Sociology is a science that in#ol#es systematic methods of in#estigation ande#aluation of theories in the light of e#idence and logical argument
*ut cant $e directly modeled on natural science
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
7/19
Founders of SociologyFounders of Sociology
Auguste Comte (1798-1857) Auguste Comte (1798-1857)Responsible for coining the term
“sociology”
Set out to develop the “science of
man” that would be based on
empirical observation
Focused on two aspects of society:• Social Statics—forces which produce
order and stability
• Social Dynamics—forces which
contribute to social change
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
8/19
Harriet artineau (18!"-187#)Harriet artineau (18!"-187#)
Authored one of the earliest
analyses of culture and life in
the United States entitled
Theory and Practice of Society
in America
Translated omte!s Positive
Philosophy into "nglishHarriet
Martineau
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
9/19
$arl ar% (1818-188&)$arl ar% (1818-188&)
#ar$ is the father of conflict theory
Saw human history in a continual
state of conflict between two ma%orclasses:
• Bourgeoisie—owners of the means of
production &capitalists'
• Proletariat—the wor(ers)redicted that revolution would
occur producing first a socialist
state* followed by a communist
society
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
10/19
'mile ur*eim (1858-1917)'mile ur*eim (1858-1917)
+ur(heim moved sociology fully
into the realm of an empirical
science#ost well (nown empirical
study is called Suicide* where
he loo(s at the social causes of
suicide,enerally regarded as the
founder of functionalist theory
"mile +ur(heim
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
11/19
a% +e,er (18#-19"!)a% +e,er (18#-19"!)
uc* of +e,er.s /or /as a criti0ueor clarification of ar%
His most famous /or The ProtestantEthic and the Spirit of Capitalism directly c*allenged ar%.s ideas ont*e role of religion in society
+e,er /as also interested in,ureaucracies and t*e 2rocess ofrationali3ation in society
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
12/19
4*eoretical ers2ecti6es4*eoretical ers2ecti6es
FunctionalismFunctionalismFunctionalism sees society as a system of
highly interrelated parts that wor( together
harmoniouslyThe image that functionalists use to
understand society is a living organism
"ach part of society wor(s together for thebenefit of the whole much li(e a livingorganism
"mile +ur(heim* Talcott )arsons* Robert
#erton
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
13/19
4*eoretical ers2ecti6es4*eoretical ers2ecti6es
Conflict 4*eoryConflict 4*eoryConflict t*eory is grounded in t*e /or of $arl
ar%
Society is understood to ,e made u2 ofconflicting interest grou2s /*o 6ie for 2o/erand 2ri6ilege
4*is dynamic results in continuous social
c*ange /*ic* is t*e normal state of affairsConflict t*eory focuses *ea6ily on ine0uality
and differential distri,ution of 2o/er and/ealt* $arl ar% alf a*rendorf e/is
Coser andal Collins
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
14/19
4*eoretical ers2ecti6es 4*e4*eoretical ers2ecti6es 4*e
:nteractionist ers2ecti6e:nteractionist ers2ecti6eFocuses on *o/ indi6iduals mae sense of
and inter2ret t*e /orld
4*is 2ers2ecti6e tends to focus on t*e ;micro-order< of small grou2s
Has gi6en rise to se6eral s2ecifica22roac*es = Symbolic Interactionism de6elo2ed ,y >eorge
Her,ert ead
= Ethnomethodology de6elo2ed ,y Harold >arfinel
= Dramaturgy de6elo2ed ,y 'r6ing >offman
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
15/19
Com2aring 4*eoretical ers2ecti6esCom2aring 4*eoretical ers2ecti6esPerspectivePerspective Scope ofScope of
Analysis AnalysisPoint of View Point of View Focus ofFocus of
Analysis Analysis
Structural-Structural-FunctionalismFunctionalism
#acro#acro.evel.evel
/0/0 1arious parts of society1arious parts of societyare interdependentare interdependent
2020 Social systems areSocial systems arehighly stablehighly stable
3030 Social life governed bySocial life governed by
consensus 4consensus 4cooperationcooperation
Functional andFunctional anddysfunctionaldysfunctionalaspects ofaspects ofsocietysociety
onflictonflictTheoryTheory
#acro#acro.evel.evel
/0/0 Society accommodatesSociety accommodatesbetween competingbetween competinginterest groupsinterest groups
2020 Society unstable andSociety unstable andprone to changeprone to change
3030 Social life conflict-ladenSocial life conflict-laden
/0 5ow social/0 5ow socialine6ualitiesine6ualitiesproduce conflictproduce conflict
20 7ho benefits20 7ho benefitsfrom socialfrom socialarrangementsarrangements
8nteractionist8nteractionist #icro-.evel#icro-.evel /0/0 Actions haveActions havesymbolic meaningssymbolic meanings
2020 #eanings can vary#eanings can vary
5ow people5ow peoplema(e sense ofma(e sense of
their worldtheir world
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
16/19
(ontri$ution of Sociology
Adds to social criticism and practical soc reform in se#eral %ays
Impro#ed understanding of a gi#en set of social circumstances often
gi#es us a $etter chance of controlling them
Pro#ides the $ase for our increased cultural sensiti#ities" allo%ing
policies to $e $ased on a%areness of di#ergent cultural #alues
,e can in#estigate the conse-uences 2intended 3 unintended4 of
the adoption of particular policy programme
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
17/19
General Su$=ect Matter of SociologyGeneral Su$=ect Matter of Sociology
2Ale' Inles 6E:42Ale' Inles 6E:4 1?1? Sociological analysis 9 5uman ulture 4 Society*Sociological analysis 9 5uman ulture 4 Society*
Sociological )erspective* Scientific #ethod 8n SocialSociological )erspective* Scientific #ethod 8n Social
ScienceScience
20 )rimary units of social life 9 Soc0 Acts 4 Soc Rel0*20 )rimary units of social life 9 Soc0 Acts 4 Soc Rel0*
,roups* ommunities etc0,roups* ommunities etc0
30 asic social institutions 9 Family* Religious*30 asic social institutions 9 Family* Religious*
"conomic* )olitical* "ducational etc0"conomic* )olitical* "ducational etc0
;0 Fundamental social processes 9 Social Stratification*;0 Fundamental social processes 9 Social Stratification*Socialisation* ooperation*Socialisation* ooperation*
Assimilation* Acommodation* Social ontrol* SocialAssimilation* Acommodation* Social ontrol* Social
onflict* Social hangeonflict* Social hange
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
18/19
Sociology in 2Sociology in 2
Contents in t*e 4e%t ,oos of Ant*ony >iddens and a6idContents in t*e 4e%t ,oos of Ant*ony >iddens and a6id@e/man@e/man
:ndi6idual and Society Social Construction of $no/ledge:ndi6idual and Society Social Construction of $no/ledge
and eality :dentity uildingSocialisation Socialand eality :dentity uildingSocialisation Socialelations*i2sFamily Crime and Social e6ianceelations*i2sFamily Crime and Social e6iance
Brganisations :nstitutioins Social Stratification >enderBrganisations :nstitutioins Social Stratification >ender
Class Caste ace 't*nicity and :ne0uality eligion andClass Caste ace 't*nicity and :ne0uality eligion and
odern Society Ageing and Bld age edia +or andodern Society Ageing and Bld age edia +or and
'conomic ife Cities and r,an S2aces olitics'conomic ife Cities and r,an S2aces olitics
>o6ernment and 4errorism Science 4ec*nology and>o6ernment and 4errorism Science 4ec*nology and
Society >lo,alisation and Social C*angeSociety >lo,alisation and Social C*ange
8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year
19/19