l /Lecture 4: Carolingian / Ottonian / German /
Romanesque Architecture
The development of the Romanesqueq768 – 1100
What is Romanesque Architecture?
Romanesque: The style of architecture prevailing in western and southern
h hEurope from the 9th through the 12th centuries, characterized by heavy masonry construction with narrow openings and features such as the round arch, the barrel vault and the groin vault
S f ll fMore Specifically – Timeframe:
• “Early Romanesque” or “Pre‐Romanesque” or “First Romanesque” ‐‐9th, 10th centuries (or earlier), before the year 1000 +/‐
• Political Significance of the Carolingian and Ottonian periods in the development of Early Romanesque
• “High Romanesque” ‐‐ period of great church building across Europe: 11th, 12th centuries (1000 ‐1150 +/‐)
• Romanesque as the first “International Style”• Romanesque as the first International Style
Political Map of Europe in the Carolingian Era
Roth p302
Charlemagne: (b742‐814) “Charles the Great” King of the Franks
• 9th Century bronze statuette,
• Portrait of Charlemagneby Albrecht Durer (16th
ideal image of Charlemagne, Palatine Chapel
t p222
Century German artist) Altet
nshoto Sacred Destination
Aachen Cathedral: Aachen, Germany (Aix‐la‐Chapelle)current view, from north showing later additionsPalatine Chapel is in the center ‐‐ original chapel built: 796‐804
Ph
Palatine Chapel is in the center original chapel built: 796 804
Aachen:
Plan reconstruction of palace complex at the time of Charlemagne:(796 804)(796‐804)Odo of Metz, in charge of palace construction
1. Palatine Chapel2. Audience Hall3. Atrium /
CourtyardCourtyard4. Gallery
ltet p128
Al
t p47
Model of palace and Palatine Chapel in the time of Charlemagne
Conant
ations
CUA slide archive
Photo Sacred Destin
Palatine Chapel: Current View from West Palatine Chapel: Sketch Reconstruction View
ve
Palatine Chapel: Eye Level View
CUA slide archiv
p y
Stalley p72
Palatine Chapel: Interior View
d Destinations
Altet p130
Photos Sacred
interior space…
Carolingian “renaissance” skill: perfect imitation of classical capitals, columns are re‐used Roman or Byzantine works
Destinations
Interior space: • height / clearstory window
Photo Sacred D
A northern• height / clearstory window• clear octagonal form / no ambiguity• relatively heavy structure• intricate artisanship / highly skilled mosaics, carvings
San Vitale?
• columns as screens
alley p71
San Vitale, Ravenna (546‐48) ‐‐ Plan
Sta
Palatine Chapel (796‐804) ‐‐ Plan
Wh t diff i il iti d ?What differences, similarities do you see?
Palatine Chapel vs. San Vitale:p
1. Clear geometric structure of space vs. g pambiguous more free‐flowing (late‐antique) space
2. Beginning of Medieval “bay” form – very clear in Palatine Chapel (compartmentalized)
3. Heavy structure vs. light and heavy structure4. Emphasis on height vs. emphasis on height
d b thand breath5. Towers,Westwork entry – characteristic early
Medieval form seen in the Palatine Chapel, not in San Vitale.not in San Vitale.
34Altet p13
A. Upper story plan – barrel vaultB. Lower story plan – groin vault
C. Section – Narrow compared to San Vitaley g
D. Reconstructed elevation
to Sacred Destinations
Germigny‐des‐Pres, Oratory, 806 (rebuilt 1876‐77) – view from the eastnear Benoit‐sur‐Loire, France
Phot
This pronounced vertically , upward lifting of the highest mass beyond the level of the highest roof has little to do with the Byzantine church that resolves its amassed volumes at the central dome…(Kostof, p 276)
• Church of Theodulf, advisor of Charlemagne
red Destinations
g• Partially rebuilt in the 19thcentury• Visigoth / Moorish (Spain) + Byzantine influences
Germigny‐des‐Pres, Oratory, Plan. E i ti C li i ll h d d
Photo SacrByzantine influences
• Unique , surviving smaller Carolingian work
Existing Carolingian walls shaded
View of apse mosaicp
Sacred Destinations
Photos S
View of central spaceLooking up at lantern tower
p151
Altet p
• Northern timber roof form + Roman triumphalform Roman triumphal arch?
• Medieval patterning, flat “naive” forms vs. i i l l i loriginal classical
precedent?
Lorsch Germany ‐‐ Carolingian monastery gateway (C 800)
Toman p34
Lorsch, Germany Carolingian monastery gateway (C 800)
Lorsch Gateway – in context of reconstructed monastery plan
Altet p150
Lorsch Gateway in context of reconstructed monastery plan
The Carolingian Monastery:g y
• The guardians of culture and learning in g gMedieval Europe
• Central political institution in Carolingian society
• St Gall Plan – literary plan, idealized monastery form
• St. Riquier – actual monastery, only h l i l d i t idarcheological and manuscript evidence
survives• Corvey abbey church – surviving westwork
exampleexample
Conant p57
St Gall Plan – ManuscriptSt. Gall Plan ‐‐ Interpretation
Manuscript in monastery library in St Gall Switzerland never builtManuscript in monastery library in St Gall, Switzerland – never built
Trachtenberg p189
St Gall Plan – Interpretative Model
St Gall Plan – Interpretative Church Interior Sketch
Kostof p283
nberg p187
Trachte
p281
Kostof p
Plan: geometric layout diagramEngraving (1612)
S Ri i M C l F (790 99)St. Riquier, Monastery, Centula, France: (790‐99)
“Square Schematism” –Walter Horn’s Interpretation:p
• Modular arithmetic relationships between partsS f th “ i ”• Square of the “crossing” – area where the nave and the transept intersect – key geometric module
• Width of transept = width of nave (cf. St Peters)
• Fixed arithmetic relationship between the width and length gof the component parts – the bays
• Column placement marks the bay divisions
Kostof p281
bay divisions
clarity / modular bay divisions
Westwork – upper levelWestwork – upper level
an p37
Corvey, abbey church (873‐885)
Stalley p48
Westwork – entry level
Toma
West Elevation
p64
Conant
p47
Massing,/ towers – original reconstruction
Stalley p
Westwork: upper level, interior viewWestwork plan: entry level /section above
Toman p37
section above
l h h
• “Square Schematism” – rigid, ordered bay system• Height: towers and spires
Carolingian Architecture Characteristics:
• Height: towers and spires• Stepped massing• Basilica nave + transept • Double ended / “Westwork”Double ended / Westwork• Frontispiece west elevation with twin towers• Wood truss roofing system
The Empire of Otto the Great, circa 963 – German portion of
The disintegration of Charlemagne’s empire – division into areas that will
Charlemagne’s empire
Ottonian Architecture: Reign of Otto the Great: 936‐975Stylistically significant in Germany through 11th century
empire division into areas that will become Germany and France, after 814
Stylistically significant in Germany through 11th century
man p39
ey p54
St. Cyriakus, Gernrode (961 and later): Example ofOtt i i ti C li i “id l” t
Tom
Nave view – looking east
Stall
Exterior view – west side
Ottonian variation on Carolingian “ideal” type
‐39
Toman p38
St Pantaleon, CologneLate 10th Century
St Bonifcae, Freckenhorst(c. 1090)
SS. Petrus and Gorgonius, Minden (mid‐10th
Westwork Variations: Three German Façade Examples
y ( ) (century)
ç p
n p41
St Michael’s, Hildesheim (1001‐33): view from southeast
Toman
Sketch Restoration as of 1001‐33 (Conant)
oman p40
St Michael’s Hildesheim (1001‐33)
To
Interior view , nave, looking east(reconstructed post WWII)
Plan (Roth)
St. Michael s, Hildesheim (1001‐33)
p159
Column details –cube shaped, impost capitals
Altet p
58
St Michael’s, Hildesheim (1001‐33):Section / Axonometric
Altet p15
Section / Axonometric
ey p200
Toman p47, Stalle
Speyer Cathedral, Speyer Germany (c. 1030 and later)
View from east View from northeast
nant p132
nant p133
Speyer Cathedral:Restoration as in 1061 – plan and perspective sketch
Con
Con
Nave – wall treatment:Articulated wall / wood roof – fully threedimensional system tying wall into vaulting to be developed in France…
alley p148
Sta
Speyer today: Nave w/ vaultingEngraving of Remodeled Nave (1081‐1160)
Maria Laach , Benedictine Monastery (begun c. 1093): View from northwestGerman Romanesque style…