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1 Importance of Electrical Energy
2 Generation of Electrical Energy
3 Sources of Energy
4 Comparison of Energy Sources
CONTENTS
6 Relationship Among Energy Units
7 Efficiency
8 Calorific Value of Fuels
9 Advantages of Liquid Fuels Over Solid Fuels
10 Advantages of Solid Fuels Over Liquid Fuels
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Importance & Benefits of Electrical Energy
1.Convenient form
2.Easy control
3.Greater flexibility
4.Cheapness
5.Cleanliness
6.High transmission efficiency.
7. Renewable source of energy
8. Symbol of Development
9. Back bone of economy
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Electrical Power SystemElectrical Power System
Electrical Power System consists of three main
components
Generation
Transm ss on
Distribution
Generation Transmission Distribution
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Basic Conventional Power SystemLayout
Conventional (non-renewable)
primary energy source
i i l
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Basic Conventional Power System Layout
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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development Survey for World Electricity
Consumptions by Regions
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World Electricity Production Sources
f l l
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Generation of Electrical Energy
The conversion of energy available in different forms in nature into
electrical energy is known as generation of electrical energy.
Energy is available in various forms from different natural sources
such as:
1.Pressure head of water2.Chemical energy of fuels
3.Nuclear energy of radioactive substances
4. Wind
5. Solar6. Piezo electric
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S f E
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Sources of Energy
The heat energy radiated focused by means of reflectors
known as concentrated solar power.Heat can be used to raise steam for electrical energy.
PV cells can generate voltage from sunlight
Limitation: 1. Requires large area
2. Cannot be used in cloudy days or at night
3.Uneconomical method
For continuous electrical supply, the generator is
arranged to charge the batteries. These batteriessupply the energy when the wind stops.
Advantages: Minimum operational costMaintenance and generation costs are negligible
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Drawbacks: 1.Variable output
2.Unreliable because of uncertainty about wind pressure
3.Power generated is quite small.
water is stored and potential energy of head
converted into mechanical energy that drives the
turbine and alternator.
This method is very popular because it has low production and
maintenance costs.
Solid fuel as coal
Liquid fuel as oil
Gas fuel as natural gas
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The heat energy of these fuels is converted into mechanical
energy by suitable prime movers such as:
Steam engines
Steam turbines
Internal combustion engines
ue s reserves are m n s ng ay y ay
Fission of uranium and other fissionable materials
1 kg of nuclear fuel is equal to that produced by 4500 tonnes of
coal
Nuclear fission heat raises the steam to drive steam turbine for
electrical energy.
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There are some difficulties in the use of nuclear energy:
1. High cost of nuclear Plant
2. Problem of disposal of radioactive waste
3. Dearth of trained personnel to handle the plant
Energy Utilization
Comparison of Energy Sources
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Comparison of Energy Sources
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Comparative Prices of Different Generation
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Comparative Prices of Different Generation
Sources
Units of Energy
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Units of Energy
Relationship Among Energy Units
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Relationship Among nergy Units
1.Electrical and Mechanical
1 kWh = 36 105 Joules
2.Heat and Mechanical
1 calorie = 418 Joules
3. Electrical and Heat
1 kWh = 860 103 calories or 860 kcal
Efficiency
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y
The output energy divided by the input energy is called
energy efficiency or simply efficiency of the system.
As power is the rate of energy flow, therefore
1.1 Mechanical energy is supplied to a d.c. generator at the rate of 4200 J/s. The
generator delivers 322 A at 120 V.
(i) What is the percentage efficiency of the generator ?
(ii) How much energy is lost per minute of operation ?
Calorific Value of Fuels
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The amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of a unit
weight of fuel is known as its calorific value.
Advantages of Liquid Fuels Over Solid Fuels
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1. Handling of liquid fuels is easier ,require less storage space.
2. The combustion of liquid fuels is uniform.
3. The solid fuels burn with great difficulty. liquid fuels burn with
a fair degree of ease and attain high temperature very quickly
compare o so ue s.
4.The waste product of solid fuels is a large, liquid fuels leave
no or very little ash after burning.
5. The firing of liquid fuels can be easily controlled. This permits
to meet the variation in load demand easily.
Advantages of Solid Fuels Over Liquid Fuels
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1. In case of liquid fuels, there is a danger of explosion
2. Liquids fuels are costlier as compared to solid fuels.
3. Sometimes liquid fuels give unpleasant odours during burning.
4.Liquid fuels require special types of burners for burning.
5. Liquid fuels pose problems in cold climates since the oil
stored in the tanks is to be heated in order to avoid the stoppage
of oil flow.
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Distributed Generation
Distributed generation, also called on-sitegeneration, dispersed generation, embeddedgeneration, decentralized generation, decentralizedenergy, distributed energy or district energy,
enerates electricit from man small ener sources.
Distributed generation allows collection of energy frommany sources and may give lower environmental
impacts and improved security of supply.
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Thank You