INTERNATIONAL WATERS IN AFRICA
COOPERATION AND GROWTHApril 11, 2013
Gustavo SaltielProgram Manager, CIWA
A Multi-Donor Program Supporting Cooperation in International Waters in Africa
2
Drought Exposure
Flood Exposure
High Climate Variability
Coastal Storms/Cyclones
Droughts
Floods
Total number of people affected annually (in thousands)
DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES: (1)EXTREME EVENTS
Africa’s resilience hinges on its
management of water
3
Power Outages, Days per Year, 2007–08Cost more than 5% of GDP in Malawi, Uganda and South Africa, and 1-5% in Senegal, Kenya and Tanzania (Foster and Briceno-Garmendia, 2010).
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Elec
trici
ty G
ener
ation
(Bill
ion
Kwh)
MENA
AFR
NA
LAC
EAP
ECA
184
85 21
126
55 38 29
204
114
581
900
430
2108
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
Cam
eroo
n
Nig
eria
Eth
iopi
a
Ken
ya
Tanz
ania
Uga
nda
Bur
kina
Fas
o
Gha
na
Sen
egal
Alg
eria
Egy
pt
Mor
occo
Wor
ld A
vera
ge
Elec
con
sum
ptio
n (k
Wh/
yr)/C
apita (United States consumption - 11994 kWh/yr/capita)
500 kWh/capita-year minimum consumption for reasonable quality of life
Potential and actual hydropower generation in different regions
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Economically-feasible potential (millions of GWh/year)
% o
f pot
entia
l tap
ped
Africa Asia (including China)
N AmericaEurope
S America
DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES: (2)ENERGY NEEDS
Data Sources: GPWv3 (CIESIN and CIAT, 2005)
WORLD BANKAFRICA
Spatial ServicesHelpdesk
Population in 200020102025
Kinshasa
Cairo
LagosKhartoum
Dar-es-Salaam
Cape Town
Dakar8.7 million
15 million
5.6 million
Data Source: UN Agglomerations Population Data
Gross Cell Productin 2005
(1995 US$, billions)
Source: The World Bank AFR Water Resources in a Changing Climate, 2010 based on data from GECON GDP Dataset, Yale University 2010
Areas that contribute to Africa’s GDPGrowing Cities
DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES: (3)POP. GROWTH & URBANISATION
Basic services need scaling up to meet the needs of fast
growing populations & urbanization
5
Sea levels will rise…
DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES: (4)CLIMATE CHANGE
Africa needs growth and adaptive capacity to cope with rising temperatures, sea levels, and precipitation uncertainty.
10
11
12
13
14
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Lev
el a
bove
Jin
ja g
auge
(m)
Year
High variability in lake levels (e.g. Lake Victoria)
• Historical Climate variability is high (e.g. temp, precipitation)• Temperatures and sea levels are expected to rise with
climate change• Implications on future precipitation and runoff is uncertain
(climate models do not agree for most basins)
Need for Transformative Activities to ScaleThe Transformative Program will address development challenges in Africa through interventions in:
• Irrigation and water use efficiency for agriculture
• Watershed management
• Flood and other disaster risk reduction
• Power production and transmision
• Technical capacity building and knowledge systems
As many of the transformative projects involve water as a primary resource, they must be developed in a coordinated manner, so as not to foreclose future development opportunities or to impact negatively on other development. Hence, the need for a regional, basin approach.
• Supports cooperative management and development of transboundary river basins, lakes, and aquifers in Sub-Saharan Africa with a focus on sustainable, climate-resilient growth
• Incorporates lessons learned from past World Bank engagement with clients on transboundary water issues in the Nile, Niger, Zambezi, and Senegal river basins
• Retains program flexibility to respond to demands, needs, and opportunities specific to the context of client basins
What is CIWA?
Cooperation of International Waters in Africa
CIWA’s Strategic PositioningCIWA is strategically positioned to work with regional and country level organizations to map out strategies that improve resiliency and promote sustainable growth through transformative projects.
• Cooperation among riparians and a regional development approach has the potential for a multiplier effect
• CIWA’s program flexibility allows for a wide variety of engagements (analytical work, institutional strengthening, investment)
• CIWA enables development partners harmonization in water management and development in Africa
• CIWA’s positioning within the World Bank allows it to build upon a deep, long-standing partnership with recipient countries
• Moreover, CIWA intends to be a “catalyzer” for growth through provision of “just-in-time”, specific analytical work
Transformative Projects in Africa (1)
Pwalugu Multipurpose Project (Ghana, Burkina Faso, Volta River Authority – Volta Basin) • Generates substantial multi-sector benefits – irrigation, hydropower, fisheries, water
supply, flood control – to meet growing regional economic needs
Lesotho Highlands Water Project – Phase 2 (Lesotho, South Africa)• Affirms Lesotho as the ‘water tower’ of southern Africa• Provides water critical for sustainable growth in South Africa’s water scarce Gauteng
Region; Major source of potential revenue for Lesotho• Possibility to include energy production through pumped storage
Africa Hydromet Program (Africa-wide)• Reduces vulnerability to floods and droughts; improves resilience to climate risks• Improves performance of water infrastructure b(e.g. by providing flow forecasting)• Enhances regional cooperation
Transformative Projects in Africa (2)Rehabilitation of Lake Chad (Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon – Niger Basin) • Potential to imapct 22 million people in region that depend on Lake Chad’s resources• Rapidly diminishing Lake Chad (10% of size 40 years ago – 2,500 of 25,000km2) is
situated in a strategic geographic area
Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project (Kenya – Nile Basin)• Improves economic livelihoods and reduces migration and social conflict• Improves quality of investment planning, preparation, and decision-making for water
security and climate resilience – so that Government of Kenya pursues the most transformational new projects
Nile Equatorial Lakes Water Resource Development (Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda)• Provides irrigation, hydropower, water access, land management to impoverished
areas• Targets watersheds of regional significance in the Nile; develops in sustainable
manner
Supporting Cooperation through Investments in DevelopmentRusumo Falls Hydroelectric Project
• 80MW run of the river hydropower plant on the Kagera River on the Tanzania-Rwanda border
• Flagship project for the Nile Basin – first of regional investment projects prepared under NBTF
• Total US$430M: 340M IDA, 90M AfDB
• Transmission lines to Rwanda, Tanzania, Burundi
• Roughly 26MW to each country – half of current installed capacity in Burundi, and a third of that in Rwanda!
• Minimum impact due to RoR design; detailed resettlement
Focusing on an important investment priority has enhanced cooperation among riparians and Nile Basin governments in general