Ozone Applications in Golf Course Irrigation Water Treatment
Keisuke Ikehata, PhD, PE, PEng Pacific Advanced Civil Engineering (PACE)
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2013 World Congress & Exhibition International Ozone Association- International Ultraviolet Association September 22-26, 2013 Las Vegas, Nevada
Co-authors Andrew T. Komor, Yao (Fiona) Jin,
Jacob D. Peterson, Ernesto Camarena, Nima Maleky (PACE)
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Outline Introduction/
Background Golf Course Irrigation
Water Quality Ozone Opportunities Case Study – Hydrogen
Sulfide Removal System Upgrade
Conclusions
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Introduction – Golf Courses in the United States
15,500 golf courses in the U.S. ~ 6,500 km (as large as the
State of Delaware or ½ of LA County)
Area of a typical 18-hole golf course: 110 to 190 acres 35% is turf areas (greens,
tees, fairways)
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Introduction – Golf Course Irrigation Water Golf courses are a major water user
Irrigation of turf areas and other planted landscaping areas
Water usage at golf courses in Southern California is very high Arid to semi-arid climate More than 500 golf courses Example: 1,000 acre-feet (326 million
gallons or 1,200,000 m3) per year in the Palm Springs area (CVWD 2013) One million gallons (3,800 m3) per day
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Introduction – Golf Course Irrigation Water
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Mon
thly
Irrig
atio
n W
ater
Usa
ge(m
illio
n ga
llons
)
Month
South CourseNorth Course
2 to 20 million gallons per month 0.07 to 0.7 million gallons per day
Introduction – Golf Course Irrigation in Southern California Sources
Groundwater Treated or untreated imported water (Colorado
River, State Water Project) Recycled water (treated municipal wastewater)
Issues Quantity (climate change, conservation) Quality (turf health, aesthetic)
Recycled water and brackish ground water Water treatment is often recommended or
required
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Golf Course Irrigation Water Quality – Problems
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Parameters Suspended solids pH TDS, salinity Hardness, alkalinity Boron Nutrients Iron & manganese Hydrogen sulfide
Undesirable effects Reduced soil
permeability Foliar burning Plant toxicity Odor Discoloration Equipment staining
and clogging
Golf Course Irrigation Water Quality – Treatment Dissolved solids
Soil permeability, plant toxicity
Partial desalination Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O)
addition Boron
Plant toxicity RO + IX
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Golf Course Irrigation Water Quality – Treatment Iron & manganese
Discoloration, precipitation
Oxidation and filtration Note: They are also plant nutrients
Sulfide Odor, sulfur precipitation Oxidation
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Golf Course Irrigation Water Quality – Treatment Reverse osmosis Chemical oxidation
Chlorine Hydrogen peroxide Ozone
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O3
Golf Course Irrigation Water Quality – Ozone Opportunities Removal of sulfide odor <0.2 mg/L
Removal of iron and manganese <0.2 mg/L (iron) <0.1 mg/L (manganese) They are also plant nutrients
Removal should be considered only when they are excessive (>0.2 mg/L)
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Golf Course Irrigation Water Quality – Ozone Opportunities
Pre-treatment of RO desalination Organic and biological
fouling Colored groundwater
in coastal orange county, CA and high TOC recycled water
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Ozone Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide Ozone is an excellent oxidant
3 to 4 mg of ozone per 1 mg of H2S Instantaneous reaction (1/2 life <1 sec, k =
104 to 109 M-1 s-1)
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Ozone Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide – Golf Course Industry Unique challenges and opportunities
Ozone is expensive High capital cost
More sophisticated operations Operators (i.e., golf course management
staff) training Objectionable odor – Major PR issue for
prestigious and/or luxurious country clubs
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Case Study – H2S Removal System Upgrade (Background) A country club in LA
County Two 18-hole golf courses
Water source Two wells
380 and 270 gpm (1,440 and 1,000 L/min)
Brackish groundwater TDS: 700 to 850 mg/L
Serious rotten egg odor
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H2S Removal System Upgrade (The Project) Started working with the club in 2010 Evaluation of existing system Water balance analysis Alternative water source evaluations Sulfide monitoring Bench-scale ozone test Full-scale design, engineering, project
management, construction, installation, , startup, field supervision
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H2S Removal System Upgrade (Old System – Evaluation) High levels of H2S during warm months
High water demand Well 3: 1 to 9 mg/L Well 4: <0.2 mg/L Combined water: Up to 5.5 mg/L
Bench-scale ozone test 4.5:1 mass ratio
Ozone requirement 4.5 mg/mg x 5.5 mg/L x 2,500 L/min = 62
g/min = 89 kg/day (200 ppd)
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H2S Removal System Upgrade (Old System – Identified Issues)
Undersized ozone generator 10.6 ppd
(4.8 kg/day) Ineffective
injection system Serious
corrosion of water storage tank interior
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H2S Removal System Upgrade (New System – Options)
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#
Ozone Generator Capacity
(ppd)
Allowable Sulfide in
Combined Stream (mg/L)
Allowable Sulfide in Well
#3 Water (mg/L)
Maximum Oxygen (ppd)
Ozone Generator Power (kW)
Ozone Generator
Cooling Water (gpm)
1 38 1.1 1.8 380 6.5 4.8
2 70 2.0 3.4 780 12.0 8
3 100 2.8 4.9 1,000 17.1 15
4 130 4.0 6.8 1,400 26.0 16.3
5 200
(100 × 2) 5.7 9.7 2,000 34.2 30
H2S Removal System Upgrade (New System – Features) Oxygen-fed ozone generator
Ozonia OZAT CFV-04 (130 ppd, 59 kg/day) Oxygen source: LOX (max. 2,000 ppd or 910
kg/day) Sidestream injection
Motive water (200 to 300 gpm) is withdrawn from the water storage tank
Stainless steel serpentine contactor 424 gallons (1,600 L)
Sulfuric acid injection for water conditioning Total capital cost: $410,000
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H2S Removal System Upgrade (New System – Operation) Simplified operation
Three oxygen flow 6.9 scfm (195 L/min) 8.6 scfm (244 L/min) 11 scfm (311 L/min)
Three power settings 39%, 60%, 82%
Automatic selection based on the number of pumps running
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H2S Removal System Upgrade (New System) Construction started in Spring 2013 Started up in July 2013
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H2S Removal System Upgrade (New System – Start up)
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Oxygen Flow Rate
(scfm)
Power Setting
Applied Ozone Dose
(mg/L)
Sulfide in Combined Raw Well
Water (mg/L)
Sulfide in
Main Flow*
(mg/L)
Ozone Residual (mg/L)
Sulfide Residual (mg/L)
Ozone: Sulfide Mass Ratio†
6.9 Min 39% 5.4 4.5 3.1 0 0.300 1.8
8.6 Min 39% 5 3.5 2.2 0 0.086 2.4
8.6 Low 60% 8 4.5 3.0 0.74 0.004 2.8
8.6 High 82% 11 4.0 2.9 1.32 0.004 4.0
11 Min 39% 6 4.5 2.9 0 0.058 2.1
11 Low 60% 8 4.3 2.8 1.06 0.003 2.9
11 High 82% 11 4.4 2.9 2.26 0.003 3.8
H2S Removal System Upgrade (New System – Two Weeks)
Sulfide: <0.3 mg/L in treated water, undetect at the pump station
High dissolved oxygen (>20 mg/L) and ORP (>260 mV)
No odor complaint (as of September 20, 2013)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Color COD
Col
or (P
tCo
CU
), C
OD
(mg/
L) RawTreated
-1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
Sulfide ORP
Sulfi
de (µ
g/L)
, OR
P (m
V)
Combined Raw WaterMain FlowTreatedPump Station
Conclusions Opportunities exist in golf course irrigation
water treatment Aesthetic is very important
Ozone treatment is beneficial Sulfide odor removal Iron and manganese removal (only when
they are excessive; >0.2 mg/L) RO pretreatment (potential opportunity)
Simple system operation is important
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Conclusions Successful completion of the three-year
sulfide oxidation system upgrade project by PACE ~ 1 MGD irrigation water system Year-around odor monitoring Bench-scale ozone test New 130 ppd (59 kg/day) ozonation system
LOX-fed ozone generator Sidestream injection with tank water as a motive
water Total capital cost: $410,000 (including
engineering, installation, startup)
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Thank you! Contact Information
Keisuke Ikehata, PhD, PE, PEng Email: [email protected] Phone: 714-481-0662
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