Indeed Hiring Lab I July 2014
Where People Search for Jobs:Cross-Border Labor Mobility Report
Indeed Hiring Lab 3
“Economists typically study labor mobility by analyzing how many people have moved to a new location for a job. When mobility declines, this data tells us that people aren’t moving, but it doesn’t tell us whether this is due to an inability to find work or a disinterest in moving. By examining where
people actively look for jobs, we can better understand job seeker intent. People often think of only the local population as being competition for local jobs, but if a relatively large number of
outsiders are also looking for jobs in that area then the labor market may be tighter than it appears. Significantly, we find that 27.8% of job seekers in the US are willing to make an interstate move
and 9.1% of global job seekers are contemplating a cross-border move. The analysis in this report reveals what factors influence people to consider moving and where they’re looking to go.”
Tara M. Sinclair, PhD
Indeed Economist
All content © Indeed Inc. 2014
4 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 5
Table of Contents
Executive Summary Job Seekers are Responsive to Local Economic Conditions .......................................... 8
Worldwide Rankings Key Insights ................................................................ 12 Global Labor Movement ............................................. 14 Drivers of Cross-Border Search .................................. 16 External Competition Index ........................................ 17 Location Desirability Index .......................................... 18 Movers Index .............................................................. 19 Country Profiles .......................................................... 20 Economic & Demographic Statistics Table ................. 46
State Rankings
Key Insights ................................................................ 52 National Labor Movement .......................................... 54 Drivers of Interstate Search ........................................ 56 External Competition Index ........................................ 57 Location Desirability Index .......................................... 58 Movers Index .............................................................. 59 State Profiles ............................................................... 60 Economic & Demographic Statistics Table ................. 80
Data and Methodology
Data Sources .............................................................. 86 Directed Graphs Methodology ................................... 87 Drivers of Cross-Border Search Methodology ............ 88 Index Methodology ..................................................... 88
About Us About the Author .......................................................... 92 About Indeed Hiring Lab .............................................. 93 About Indeed ............................................................... 93
All content © Indeed Inc. 2014
6 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 7
Executive Summary
8 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 9
Job Seekers are Responsive to Local Economic ConditionsAs economies grow and change, employment opportunities and job candidates aren’t perfectly distributed. Amidst this mismatch of demand and supply, one of the most important questions is whether people are willing to move to places where jobs are available. More broadly, this is a question about whether people respond to local economic conditions when looking for a job.
Analyzing Job Seeker Mobility
Up until this point, economists have answered this question by measuring rates of realized mobility—how many people have moved for a job. In recent years, these rates have been at their lowest recorded rates since the US Census Bureau started keeping track in 1948. The mover rate between 2012 and 2013 was just 11.7%, down from 20.2% in 1985.
While these rates indicate that there is some reason people are not moving, they don’t tell us whether this is because people are unable to find jobs in other locations or are simply disinterested in moving. The aggregated, anonymized search data on Indeed provides a lens for us to begin answering these questions. Used by 140 million people in over 50 countries, Indeed is the world’s largest job site. By examining the direction and volume of searches on Indeed in conjunction with the number of postings and the top search terms, we can gain insight into how many job seekers intend to move for a job and where they’re looking to go.
For our analysis, we assessed local economic conditions by analyzing the average monthly number of job postings on Indeed for 51 states (including Washington DC) and 55 countries and economies. While we also looked at other economic measures, the number of job postings enabled us to get a forward-looking view of the labor market as opposed to a view of what already happened. Looking at a full year of data from May 2013 to April 2014, we combined data on postings and job searches into and out of each state and country.
Based on this analysis, we conclude that job seekers are in fact responsive to local economic conditions, with more people searching in locations where there are jobs available and fewer people searching in locations where they aren’t.
A larger share of people search outside their home state when it has fewer postings
More people search in a state from outside that state when it has more postings
-0.53
0.89
In the US, we found that 27.8% of people are actively searching for a job in another state. Globally, 9.1% of people are searching for jobs in another country. To get a sense of what’s happening in each location, we examined the search activities of people outside a given state or country searching within that locality, as well as the search activity of people inside a given state or country looking to leave. These analyses are respectively divided between our External Competition and Movers Indices. In addition, we focused in on the economic factors that influence labor mobility in 20 states and 26 countries, found in the Country Profiles. Data on the remaining locations can be found in our Economic and Demographic Statistics Table.
We know that today’s labor market is more global than ever, with more employers offering jobs in locations all over the world. The movement of a global workforce to fill these jobs can help economies confront fluctuations in unemployment, distributing skilled workers where they’re needed most. This research adds to our understanding of intended mobility, helping employers target the portions of the global workforce that are relevant to their jobs.
Correlation
10
0
-1
1-1
Worldwide Rankings
12 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 13
More people search for jobs within a country from outside when it has more postings. There is positive and statistically significant correlation of 0.59. One additional average monthly posting is associated with 0.29 additional monthly average external searchers.
Key Insights
There is a large, positive correlation between the number of job postings in a country and its number of unique searchers overall. There is a statistically significant correlation of 0.62.
A larger share of people search outside their home country when it has fewer job postings. There is a negative and statistically significant correlation of -0.31. A decrease of 100,000 average monthly postings is associated with a 0.94 percentage point increase in the mover share.
The number of job postings drives search activity.
The top 5 cross-border flows are: 1. US to India2. India to US 3. US to Japan 4. US to Canada 5. US to UK
Brazilis the most popular
destination in Latin America, ranking 9th for number of
postings and 8th for number of external searchers.
Omanhas a high share of people looking to move (ranking 3rd for share of movers) and ranks last for the number of postings.
Franceis the second most popular destination in the EU (after the UK), ranking 8th for number of postings and 6th for number of external searchers.
Searching Externally
is the dominant international search term.
Of all international job seekers, 50.2% are searching for jobs within the United States, more than 3 times as many external searchers as the next highest country (India).
“English” (and translations)
14 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 15
Global Labor Movement
Globally, 9.1% of people search for jobs outside of their current country.
About This Graph
Regions are grouped by color
The US is 1st in total number of external job seekers and also leads as the country with the greatest diversity of outside searchers: people from more locations are searching in the US than any other country. Due to the volume of these searches, we have represented movement to the US on the left of the adjoining graph, while searches across the remaining countries are shown on the right.
This directed graph show searches among the 53 countries where Indeed has had a site since May 2013. A line is drawn between two countries when more than 2% of job seekers in one country have searched for jobs in the other country. The dot indicates the country where the search originated.
North America
South America
Western Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Eastern Europe
Africa
Middle East
Indian Subcontinent
East Asia
South East Asia
Oceania
United StatesUnited KingdomCanadaIndiaUnited Arab Emirates
BahrainKuwaitLuxembourgOmanSaudi Arabia
Countries that receive the greatest mix of job seekers from other countries:
Countries where residents search in the greatest mix of destinations:
CanadaMexico
United States
ArgentinaBrazilChile
ColombiaPeru
Venezuela
AustriaBelgium France
GermanyLuxembourg NetherlandsSwitzerland
IrelandUnited Kingdom
DenmarkFinlandNorwaySweden
GreeceItaly
Portugal Spain
Czech RepublicHungary Poland
RomaniaRussia
Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Turkey
Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates
India Pakistan
ChinaHong Kong
JapanKoreaTaiwan
Indonesia Malaysia
Philippines Singapore
AustraliaNew Zealand
Global Labor Movement Searches to the US
Global Labor Movement Outside the US
Israel South Africa
Origin of searches
Destination of searches
more than 2% of job seekers in one country have searched for jobs
in the other country
16 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 17
External Competition Index When people conduct a job search on Indeed, they specify the type of job they’re looking for and the location in which they’d like to search. Our external competition rankings examine the share of people searching in a given country from outside.
67.1%
58.1%
56.0%
52.9%
38.7%
37.2%
34.7%
29.5%
24.5%
23.4%
22.3%
20.3%
19.5%
18.5%
18.4%
17.9%
17.7%
16.2%
12.7%
12.2%
11.5%
11.4%
11.3%
11.0%
10.4%
10.1%
9.6%
Luxembourg
Qatar
Oman
Kuwait
Bahrain
United Arab Emirates
Singapore
Hong Kong
Saudi Arabia
Venezuela
Switzerland
South Africa
New Zealand
Norway
Malaysia
India
Austria
Ireland
Denmark
Argentina
Republic of Korea
Canada
Australia
Belgium
Japan
Portugal
Finland
Pakistan
United Kingdom
Sweden
Spain
United States
Germany
Romania
Italy
Netherlands
France
Colombia
Peru
Chile
Mexico
Philippines
Hungary
Indonesia
Greece
Poland
Taiwan
Brazil
Czech Republic
China
Turkey
Israel
Russian Federation
9.4%
9.4%
8.9%
8.4%
8.4%
8.1%
8.1%
7.9%
6.9%
6.7%
6.2%
6.0%
6.0%
5.9%
5.5%
5.1%
5.0%
4.5%
4.4%
3.7%
3.7%
3.6%
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
1.9%
Drivers of Cross-Border Search
PopulationThe larger the population of a country, the more people search within that country from outside. At the same time, a large population correlates to a smaller share of external searchers. For example, India and the US are large population countries. While they receive a large total number of searchers, the share of external searchers in these countries is relatively small.
Postings per 1,000 PopulationThe larger the number of job postings per 1,000 people in a country, the larger the total number and share of external searchers. More job postings per 1,000 people also correlates to a smaller number of people looking to move outside the country.
UnemploymentThe higher the unemployment rate in a country, the smaller the percentage of searchers from outside that country.
Educational AttainmentThe larger the share of a country’s population that has completed tertiary education, the smaller the share of residents searching for jobs in other countries.
GDP Per Capita (PPP)The higher the GDP per capita, the larger the percentage of searches from outside that country.
18 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 19
Location Desirability Index This is a ranking of locations based on the total number of external searchers. The more external searchers a country has, the higher it appears in the desirability rankings. Rankings are based on a normalized scale with the US (our top-ranked country for location desirability) equal to 100.
United States
India
United Kingdom
Canada
Japan
France
South Africa
Brazil
Italy
Germany
United Arab Emirates
Australia
Switzerland
Netherlands
Mexico
Spain
Qatar
Belgium
Poland
Ireland
Colombia
Russian Federation
Argentina
Singapore
Peru
New Zealand
Austria
100.0
31.3
28.7
17.7
16.0
9.4
9.3
6.8
6.4
6.1
6.0
4.7
4.6
4.3
3.5
3.3
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.2
Venezuela
Portugal
Philippines
Chile
Hong Kong
Romania
Republic of Korea
Malaysia
Turkey
China
Oman
Kuwait
Pakistan
Finland
Norway
Sweden
Saudi Arabia
Hungary
Luxembourg
Bahrain
Greece
Indonesia
Denmark
Czech Republic
Taiwan
Israel
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
Movers Index In contrast to the previous indices, this index shows the percentage of unique job seekers in each country currently looking for a job outside that country.
65.0%
63.7%
53.6%
50.0%
48.7%
46.9%
45.5%
42.1%
41.4%
40.2%
30.6%
29.9%
29.6%
28.4%
25.7%
25.3%
24.9%
24.0%
19.5%
19.3%
18.9%
18.2%
18.0%
17.8%
17.1%
16.9%
16.6%
Saudi Arabia
Luxembourg
Oman
Kuwait
Singapore
Pakistan
Malaysia
Qatar
Bahrain
Hong Kong
Philippines
Denmark
Ireland
United Arab Emirates
Sweden
Norway
Australia
New Zealand
Indonesia
Romania
Venezuela
Greece
Austria
Portugal
Taiwan
Finland
Israel
Republic of Korea
India
Hungary
Switzerland
Belgium
Czech Republic
Canada
Spain
Germany
South Africa
Argentina
United Kingdom
United States
China
Netherlands
France
Poland
Italy
Chile
Colombia
Peru
Turkey
Mexico
Russian Federation
Brazil
Japan
15.3%
15.2%
14.8%
14.7%
13.1%
12.8%
11.7%
11.6%
10.5%
10.5%
9.9%
9.0%
8.0%
7.6%
6.5%
6.2%
5.9%
5.9%
5.3%
5.0%
4.9%
4.9%
4.8%
1.5%
1.1%
0.9%
20 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 21
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
Australia
Canada
India
Japan
New Zealand
United Kingdom
United States
Argentina
Colombia
Mexico
Peru
Spain
United States
The unemployment rate in Argentina is 0.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
Argentina Unemployment Rate
7.2%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
3.3%
Argentina ranks 26th for GDP worldwide. “Sin experiencia” (no experience) and limpieza (cleaning) are top search terms in Argentina from both inside and outside the country. “English” and “marketing” are top search terms for US residents searching in Argentina.
Argentina #23 for location desirability
Postings and Population
41.49 million population
0.9 job postings (per 1000 population)
37 job posting rank
People in Argentina are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Argentina
Australia The unemployment rate in Australia is 2.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
Australia Unemployment Rate
5.2%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
22.4%
Australia ranks 12th for GDP worldwide. Australia is the third most popular destination for searches for oil and mining related jobs.
#12 for location desirability
Postings and Population
23.20 million population
5.3 job postings (per 1000 population)
19 job posting rank
People in Australia are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Australia
22 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 23
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
Brazil
Canada
Germany
Italy
Portugal
United Kingdom
United States
Brazil The unemployment rate in Brazil is 1.1 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
Brazil Unemployment Rate
6.9%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
5.2%
Brazil ranks 7th for GDP worldwide. “Engenheiro” (engineer) is a top search term for US residents searching in Brazil.
#8 for location desirability
Postings and Population
198.29 million population
1.6 job postings (per 1000 population)
9 job posting rank
People in Brazil are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Brazil
Canada The unemployment rate in Canada is 0.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
Canada Unemployment Rate
7.2%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
28.0%
Canada ranks 11th for GDP worldwide and is the most popular destination for people searching for nursing jobs.
#4 for location desirability
Postings and Population
35.11 million population
6.6 job postings (per 1000 population)
12 job posting rank
People in Canada are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Canada
Australia
Canada
France
India
Philippines
United Kingdom
United States
24 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 25
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
Austria
Canada
Czech Republic
Germany
Pakistan
Poland
United Kingdom
United States
Canada
China
Hong Kong
Japan
Taiwan
United Kingdom
United States
The unemployment rate in China is 3.5 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
China Unemployment Rate
4.5%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
3.9%
China ranks 2nd for GDP worldwide. “English,” “finance,” and “marketing” are top search terms for US residents searching for jobs in China.
China#37 for location desirability
Postings and Population
1.36 billion population
2.5 job postings (per 1000 population)
1 job posting rank
People in China are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in China
The unemployment rate in the Czech Republic is 1.0 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
Czech Republic Unemployment Rate
7.0%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
5.6%
The Czech Republic ranks 51st for GDP worldwide. “S ubytováním” (with accommodation) is a top search term for those looking for jobs in the Czech Republic from the UK.
Czech Republic#51 for location desirability
Postings and Population
10.52 million population
12.1 job postings (per 1000 population)
16 job posting rank
People in the Czech Republic are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in the Czech Republic
26 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 27
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
The unemployment rate in France is 1.9 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.
France Unemployment Rate
9.9%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
10.6%
People in France are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in France
Belgium
Canada
France
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
France ranks 5th for GDP worldwide. “Comptable” (accounting) is the top search term for UK residents seeking jobs in France.
France#6 for location desirability
Postings and Population
63.66 million population
6.6 job postings (per 1000 population)
8 job posting rank
The unemployment rate in Germany is 2.6 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
Germany Unemployment Rate
5.4%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
12.8%
People in Germany are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Germany
Austria
Germany
Netherlands
Poland
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Germany ranks 4th for GDP worldwide. “Teilzeit” (part time) is a top search term from both inside and outside of Germany. “English” is a top search term in Germany from both US and UK residents.
Germany#10 for location desirability
Postings and Population
80.80 million population
5.8 job postings (per 1000 population)
7 job posting rank
28 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 29
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
India The unemployment rate in India is 4.6 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
India Unemployment Rate
3.4%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
4.1%
People in India are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in India
Australia
Canada
India
Qatar
UAE
United Kingdom
United States
India ranks 10th for GDP worldwide. India is the most popular destination for people searching for both IT and sales related jobs.
#2 for location desirability
Postings and Population
1.24 billion population
0.3 job postings (per 1000 population)
10 job posting rank
Indonesia The unemployment rate in Indonesia is 1.4 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
Indonesia Unemployment Rate
6.6%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
1.7%
People in Indonesia are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Indonesia
Australia
Canada
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Pakistan
Singapore
United Kingdom
United States
Indonesia ranks 16th for GDP worldwide. “Driver” and “operator” are the top two search terms used by US residents looking for jobs in Indonesia.
#49 for location desirability
Postings and Population
247.95 million population
0.1 job postings (per 1000 population)
40 job posting rank
30 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 31
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
Israel The unemployment rate in Israel is 1.1 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
Israel Unemployment Rate
6.9%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
24.3%
People in Israel are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Israel
Canada
France
Germany
Israel
Russia
United Kingdom
United States
Israel ranks 40th for GDP worldwide. “English” is the top search term for US residents looking for jobs in Israel.
#53 for location desirability
Postings and Population
7.87 million population
8.2 job postings (per 1000 population)
31 job posting rank
Ireland The unemployment rate in Ireland is 6.7 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.
Ireland Unemployment Rate
14.7%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
20.2%
People in Ireland are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Ireland
Australia
Canada
France
Ireland
India
United Kingdom
United States
Ireland ranks 47th for GDP worldwide. “Pharmacist” is the top job sought by UK residents looking for jobs in Ireland.
#20 for location desirability
Postings and Population
4.78 million population
8.7 job postings (per 1000 population)
34 job posting rank
32 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 33
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
Italy The unemployment rate in Italy is 2.7 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.
Italy Unemployment Rate
10.7%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
6.6%
People in Italy are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Italy
France
Germany
Italy
Romania
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Italy ranks 9th for GDP worldwide. “Hotel” and “marketing” are popular search terms for UK residents looking for jobs in Italy.
#9 for location desirability
Postings and Population
59.69 million population
3.5 job postings (per 1000 population)
13 job posting rank
Japan The unemployment rate in Japan is 3.7 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
Japan Unemployment Rate
4.3%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
24.0%
People in Japan are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Japan
Australia
Canada
China
India
Japan
Korea
Taiwan
United Kingdom
United States
Japan ranks 3rd for GDP worldwide. “英語” (English) is the top search term used by US residents searching for jobs in Japan.
#5 for location desirability
Postings and Population
127.34 million population
12.3 job postings (per 1000 population)
3 job posting rank
34 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 35
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
Republic of Korea The unemployment rate in South Korea is 4.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
Republic of Korea Unemployment Rate
3.2%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
17.9%
People in Korea are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Korea
Australia
Canada
China
Japan
Korea
Philippines
United Kingdom
United States
The Republic of Korea ranks 15th for GDP worldwide. “MBA” is a popular search term for US residents searching for jobs in Korea.
#34 for location desirability
Postings and Population
50.22 million population
15.3 job postings (per 1000 population)
6 job posting rank
Netherlands The unemployment rate in the Netherlands is 2.7 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
Netherlands Unemployment Rate
5.3%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
16.5%
People in the Netherlands are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in the Netherlands
Belgium
Canada
German
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Poland
United States
The Netherlands ranks 18th for GDP worldwide. “Administratief” (administrative) is a popular search term in the Netherlands from both inside and outside the country.
#14 for location desirability
Postings and Population
16.80 million population
7.3 job postings (per 1000 population)
18 job posting rank
36 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 37
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
The unemployment rate in the Russian Federation is 2.5 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
Russian Federation Unemployment Rate
5.5%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
23.3%
People in the Russian Federation are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching in
the Russian Federation
Canada
Germany
Netherlands
Poland
Russia
Sweden
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
The Russian Federation ranks 8th for GDP worldwide. “водитель” (driver) is the top search term in Russia from both inside and outside the country.
Russian Federation#22 for location desirability
Postings and Population
142.93 million population
10.3 job postings (per 1000 population)
4 job posting rank
The unemployment rate in Saudi Arabia is 2.4 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
Saudi Arabia Unemployment Rate
5.6%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
8.7%
People in Saudi Arabia are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Saudi Arabia
India
Pakistan
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
UAE
United Kingdom
United States
Saudi Arabia ranks 19th for GDP worldwide. “IT” is the top search term in Saudi Arabia from both inside and outside the country.
Saudi Arabia#44 for location desirability
Postings and Population
29.99 million population
1.7 job postings (per 1000 population)
32 job posting rank
38 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 39
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
South Africa The unemployment rate in South Africa is 17 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.
South Africa Unemployment Rate
25.0%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
0.6%
People in South Africa are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in South Africa
Australia
Canada
India
South Africa
United Kingdom
United States
South Africa ranks 29th for GDP worldwide. “Driver,” “general worker,” “security,” and “cleaning” are popular search terms for people searching for jobs in South Africa.
#7 for location desirability
Postings and Population
52.98 million population
2.3 job postings (per 1000 population)
17 job posting rank
Singapore The unemployment rate in Singapore is 5.2 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
Singapore Unemployment Rate
2.8%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
12.2%
People in Singapore are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Singapore
Canada
India
Malaysia
Philippines
Poland
Singapore
United Kingdom
United States
Singapore ranks 36th for GDP worldwide. “Director” and “head” are the top two search terms used by Indian residents searching for jobs in Singapore.
#24 for location desirability
Postings and Population
5.40 million population
13.5 job postings (per 1000 population)
28 job posting rank
40 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 41
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
Spain The unemployment rate in Spain is 17.2 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.
Spain Unemployment Rate
25.2%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
16.6%
People in Spain are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Spain
Argentina
Colombia
France
Mexico
Spain
United Kingdom
United States
Spain ranks 13th for GDP worldwide. “English” is the top search term for both US and UK residents looking for jobs in Spain.
#16 for location desirability
Postings and Population
46.61 million population
1.5 job postings (per 1000 population)
29 job posting rank
Sweden The unemployment rate in Sweden is equivalent to the advanced economy average.
Sweden Unemployment Rate
8.0%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
16.7%
People in Sweden are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Sweden
Finland
France
Germany
Norway
Poland
Sweden
United Kingdom
United States
Sweden ranks 22nd for GDP worldwide. “VD” (CEO) is a top search term in Sweden from both inside and outside the country.
#43 for location desirability
Postings and Population
9.64 million population
4.7 job postings (per 1000 population)
33 job posting rank
42 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 43
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
Turkey The unemployment rate in Turkey is 1.2 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.
Turkey Unemployment Rate
9.2%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
5.9%
People in Turkey are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in Turkey
Canada
France
Germany
Russia
Turkey
UAE
United Kingdom
United States
Turkey ranks 17th for GDP worldwide. “Şoför” (driver) is the top search term in Turkey from both inside and outside the country.
#36 for location desirability
Postings and Population
76.48 million population
1.4 job postings (per 1000 population)
21 job posting rank
United Arab Emirates The unemployment rate in the UAE is 4.2 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
United Arab Emirates Unemployment Rate
3.8%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
10.1%
People in the United Arab Emirates are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching in the
United Arab Emirates
Canada
India
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
UAE
United Kingdom
United States
The UAE ranks 30th for GDP worldwide. “Accountant” is a top search term in the UAE from both inside and outside the country.
#11 for location desirability
Postings and Population
9.03 million population
7.3 job postings (per 1000 population)
30 job posting rank
44 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 45
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
United Kingdom The unemployment rate in the UK is 0.1 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.
United Kingdom Unemployment Rate
7.9%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
13.6%
People in the United Kingdom are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching in the
United Kingdom
Canada
France
India
Ireland
Italy
South Africa
Spain
United Kingdom
United States
The UK ranks 6th for GDP worldwide, and is the top source for international searches for flexible jobs.
#3 for location desirability
Postings and Population
64.09 million population
16.6 job postings (per 1000 population)
5 job posting rank
United States The unemployment rate in the US is 0.1 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.
United States Unemployment Rate
8.1%
Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies
8.0% Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.
Tertiary Education Completion Rate
31.6%
People in the United States are searching in these countries
People in these countries are searching
in the United States
Australia
Canada
India
Japan
Philippines
South Africa
United Kingdom
United States
The US ranks first for GDP worldwide. IT-related search terms such as “java,” “oracle,” “sql,” and “.net” are top search terms for people in India looking for jobs in the US.
#1 for location desirability
Postings and Population
316.37 million population
9.1 job postings (per 1000 population)
2 job posting rank
46 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 47
Country
Population in 2013
(thousands) 1
% of Pop in Indeed Countries
Unemployment Rate in 2012 2
Number of Job Postings per
1,000 Residents 3
% of Worldwide Indeed Job
Postings
GDP (PPP) Per Person in
2013 4Tertiary Education
Completion % 5
Argentina (AR) 41,492 0.8% 7.2% 0.9 0.20% $18,749.34 3.31%
Australia (AU) 23,207 0.4% 5.2% 5.3 0.80% $43,073.06 22.35%
Austria (AT) 8,484 0.2% 4.3% 4.4 0.20% $42,596.55 9.52%
Bahrain (BH) 1,174 0.0% 7.4% 4.1 0.00% $34,584.44 4.43%
Belgium (BE) 11,162 0.2% 7.5% 10.4 0.70% $37,880.51 20.40%
Brazil (BR) 198,000 3.8% 6.9% 1.6 2.00% $12,220.90 5.20%
Canada (CA) 35,105 0.7% 7.2% 6.6 1.50% $43,471.73 28.00%
Chile (CL) 17,557 0.3% 6.4% 4.0 0.40% $19,067.25 11.65%
China (CN) 1,360,763 26.1% 4.5% 2.5 21.40% $9,844.03 3.91%
Colombia (CO) 47,151 0.9% 10.4% 2.0 0.60% $11,188.81 8.46%
Czech Republic (CZ) 10,516 0.2% 7.0% 12.1 0.80% $27,200.05 5.60%
Denmark (DK) 5,591 0.1% 7.5% 4.1 0.10% $37,900.46 12.53%
Finland (FI) 5,451 0.1% 7.6% 4.9 0.20% $35,616.55 13.06%
France (FR) 63,660 1.2% 9.9% 6.6 2.60% $35,784.00 10.55%
Germany (DE) 80,800 1.5% 5.4% 5.8 3.00% $40,006.74 12.77%
Greece (GR) 11,063 0.2% 24.2% 1.0 0.10% $24,011.96 22.37%
Hong Kong (HK) 7,244 0.1% 3.3% 12.1 0.60% $52,721.97 7.25%
Hungary (HU) 9,879 0.2% 10.9% 3.9 0.20% $20,065.08 12.58%
India (IN) 1,243,337 23.8% 3.4% 0.3 2.00% $4,077.06 4.07%
Indonesia (ID) 247,954 4.8% 6.6% 0.1 0.20% $5,214.06 1.73%
Ireland (IE) 4,776 0.1% 14.7% 8.7 0.30% $39,547.35 20.18%
Israel (IL) 7,871 0.2% 6.9% 8.2 0.40% $34,770.10 24.31%
Italy (IT) 59,685 1.1% 10.7% 3.5 1.30% $30,289.42 6.64%
Japan (JP) 127,341 2.4% 4.3% 12.3 9.90% $36,899.36 24.01%
Republic of Korea (KR) 50,220 1.0% 3.2% 15.3 4.80% $33,189.06 17.92%
Kuwait (KW) 3,890 0.1% 1.5% 1.6 0.00% $39,706.14 4.61%
Luxembourg (LU) 542 0.0% 5.1% 14.3 0.00% $78,669.78 10.87%
Malaysia (MY) 29,620 0.6% 3.1% 1.2 0.20% $17,747.97 5.03%
Mexico (MX) 118,397 2.3% 4.9% 1.1 0.80% $15,562.60 13.91%
Netherlands (NL) 16,795 0.3% 5.3% 7.3 0.80% $41,710.70 16.45%
New Zealand (NZ) 4,479 0.1% 6.9% 4.4 0.10% $30,493.26 24.40%
Economic and Demographic Statistics Table
Country
Population in 2013
(thousands) 1
% of Pop in Indeed Countries
Unemployment Rate in 2012 2
Number of Job Postings per
1,000 Residents 3
% of Worldwide Indeed Job
Postings
GDP (PPP) Per Person
in 2013 4Tertiary Education
Completion % 5
Norway (NO) 5,096 0.1% 3.2% 6.1 0.20% $54,946.68 14.58%
Oman (OM) 3,186 0.1% 8.1% 1.0 0.00% $29,813.16 N/A
Pakistan (PK) 182,589 3.5% 5.1% 0.1 0.10% $3,149.42 5.24%
Peru (PE) 30,946 0.6% 4.0% 2.8 0.50% $11,123.70 16.56%
Philippines (PH) 97,484 1.9% 7.0% 0.8 0.50% $4,681.96 22.37%
Poland (PL) 38,533 0.7% 10.1% 4.6 1.10% $21,214.30 9.11%
Portugal (PT) 10,613 0.2% 15.6% 2.3 0.20% $23,068.36 3.84%
Qatar (QA) 2,020 0.0% 0.6% 7.1 0.10% $98,813.66 11.62%
Romania (RO) 21,285 0.4% 7.0% 0.8 0.10% $13,395.90 6.48%
Russian Federation (RU) 142,929 2.7% 5.5% 10.3 9.30% $17,884.49 23.28%
Saudi Arabia (SA) 29,994 0.6% 5.6% 1.7 0.30% $31,244.74 8.71%
Singapore (SG) 5,399 0.1% 2.8% 13.5 0.50% $64,583.63 12.19%
South Africa (ZA) 52,982 1.0% 25.0% 2.3 0.80% $11,259.14 0.60%
Spain (ES) 46,610 0.9% 25.2% 1.5 0.40% $29,851.10 16.55%
Sweden (SE) 9,635 0.2% 8.0% 4.7 0.30% $41,188.39 16.74%
Switzerland (CH) 8,003 0.2% 4.2% 11.6 0.60% $46,430.13 12.38%
Taiwan (TW) 23,374 0.4% 4.2% 10.4 1.50% $39,767.01 10.63%
Thailand (TH) 68,229 1.3% 0.7% 1.2 0.50% $9,874.51 8.77%
Turkey (TR) 76,484 1.5% 9.2% 1.4 0.70% $15,352.61 5.85%
United Arab Emirates (AE) 9,031 0.2% 3.8% 7.3 0.40% $30,122.11 10.10%
United Kingdom (UK) 64,087 1.2% 7.9% 16.6 6.70% $37,306.60 13.63%
United States (US) 316,373 6.1% 8.1% 9.1 18.20% $53,101.01 31.59%
Venezuela (VE) 29,985 0.6% 7.8% 0.4 0.10% $13,604.75 4.09%
Vietnam (VN) 89,691 1.7% 2.0% 0.8 0.40% $4,011.51 3.01%
1 Source: World Economic Outlook
2 Advanced Economy average unemployment rate is 8.0
3 Average job postings per 1,000 residents is 3.0
4 Advanced Economy average for 2013 is $41,652.94 (USD $)
5 Average Advanced Economy Average is 20.3% for ages 25 years and older; Source: Barro and Lee
48 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 49
Country
Country Rank: Most Incoming Searches Country Rank: Most Outgoing Searches
First Second Third Fourth Fifth First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Argentina (AR) US CO MX ES PE US ES CO MX PE
Australia (AU) US UK IN NZ CA US IN JP UK CA
Austria (AT) DE HU US CH IT DE US CH UK IT
Bahrain (BH) IN US PK SA AE US IN AE QA UK
Belgium (BE) NL FR US UK DE FR NL US UK CA
Brazil (BR) US PT CA UK DE US PT UK CA IT
Canada (CA) US UK IN FR PH US UK FR IN AU
Chile (CL) US ES PE CO AR US ES CO PE MX
China (CN) US HK TW CA UK US JP UK CA HK
Colombia (CO) US MX PE ES VE US ES MX PE AR
Czech Republic (CZ) US UK DE PL PK US UK DE AT CA
Denmark (DK) US UK SE DE PK US UK DE CA NO
Finland (FI) US UK CA SE DE US UK CA ZA SE
France (FR) US UK BE CA CH US CH UK CA BE
Germany (DE) US PL AT UK CH US UK CH PL NL
Greece (GR) US UK DE PK NL US UK DE CA AE
Hong Kong (HK) US UK CN IN CA US UK CN CA IN
Hungary (HU) US DE RO UK AT US UK AT DE CA
India (IN) US AU UK AE CA US UK AE CA QA
Indonesia (ID) US SG IN PK MY US UK IN CA AU
Ireland (IE) UK US CA IN FR UK US CA IN AU
Israel (IL) US UK DE FR CA US UK CA RU FR
Italy (IT) US UK DE RO CH US UK CH FR DE
Japan (JP) US AU CN KR TW US UK CA KR IN
Republic of Korea (KR) US JP CA CN AU US JP CA UK PH
Kuwait (KW) IN US PK AE SA US IN CA UK AE
Luxembourg (LU) FR DE BE US UK FR US BE UK DE
Malaysia (MY) US AU IN SG ID US UK SG IN CA
Mexico (MX) US CO ES AR PE US CO ES CA PE
Netherlands (NL) US BE UK DE CA US BE UK PL DE
New Zealand (NZ) US UK AU IN CA US UK AU CA ZA
Economic and Demographic Statistics Table
Country
Country Rank: Most Incoming Searches Country Rank: Most Outgoing Searches
First Second Third Fourth Fifth First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Norway (NO) US SE PL UK DK US UK PL SE CA
Oman (OM) IN PK AE US QA US IN AE UK QA
Pakistan (PK) US UK IE CA AE US AE UK CA QA
Peru (PE) US CO ES MX AR CO US ES MX CL
Philippines (PH) US SA CA KR SG US CA UK AE QA
Poland (PL) DE UK US NL SG US UK DE CA FR
Portugal (PT) US BR UK FR CH BR US UK FR CA
Qatar (QA) IN US AE SA UK US AE UK IN CA
Romania (RO) US UK IT DE SG US UK IT DE FR
Russian Federation (RU) US UK DE SE NL US UK PL TR CA
Saudi Arabia (SA) IN US PK AE UK US IN UK QA AE
Singapore (SG) IN US MY PH UK US IN UK PL CA
South Africa (ZA) US UK IN CA AU US UK CA AU IN
Spain (ES) US UK CO MX AR US UK FR MX CO
Sweden (SE) US UK NO DE FI US UK PL NO FR
Switzerland (CH) FR DE US IT UK US FR DE UK IT
Taiwan (TW) US HK CN PK JP US JP CN UK CA
Thailand (TH) US IN UK FR CA US UK JP CA AU
Turkey (TR) US RU DE UK FR US UK DE CA AE
United Arab Emirates (AE) IN US PK UK PH US UK IN CA QA
United Kingdom (UK) US IN IE FR ES US FR IT CA ZA
United States (US) IN UK CA PH AU IN JP CA UK ZA
Venezuela (VE) US CO MX ES AR CO US ES MX AR
Vietnam (VN) US SG CA UK FR US UK JP CA IN
Indeed Hiring Lab 51
State Rankings
52 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 53
Key Insights
There is a large, positive correlation between the number of job postings in a state and its number of unique searchers overall. The statistically significant correlation is 0.98.
More people search for jobs within a state from outside when it has more postings. There is a positive and statistically significant correlation of 0.89. One additional average monthly posting is associated with 1.40 additional monthly average external searchers.
A larger share of people search outside their home state when it has fewer postings. There is a negative and statistically significant correlation of -0.53. A decrease of 10,000 average monthly postings is associated with a 0.69 percentage point increase in the mover share.
The number of job postings drives search activity.
The top 5 interstate flows are: 1. New Jersey to New York2. Maryland to Washington DC3. California to Texas4. Missouri to Kansas5. New Jersey to Pennsylvania
Illinoisranks 5th for number of postings and 10th for number of external searchers.
Wyominghas a high share of people looking to move (ranking 2nd for share of movers), and ranks 51st for number of postings.
“Entry level” is a top search term used by job seekers from New Jersey searching in New York and in Maryland searching in DC.
“Casino” is a top search term by people in California looking for jobs in Nevada.
Californiaranks 1st for number of postings and 3rd for number of external searchers.
Searching Externally
by external searchers.“Part time” is a top search term used
54 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 55
ConnecticutMaine
MassachusettsNew Hampshire
Rhode IslandVermont
DelawareDistrict of Columbia
MarylandNew Jersey
New YorkPennsylvania
AlabamaArkansas
FloridaGeorgia
KentuckyLouisiana
MississippiMissouri
North CarolinaSouth Carolina
TennesseeVirginia
West Virginia
IllinoisIndiana
IowaKansas
MichiganMinnesotaNebraska
North DakotaOhio
South DakotaWisconsin
ArizonaNew Mexico
OklahomaTexas
AlaskaCaliforniaColorado
HawaiiIdaho
MontanaNevadaOregon
UtahWashington
Wyoming
About This Graph
Regions are grouped by color
This directed graph shows searches among the 50 states and Washington DC. A line is drawn between two states when more than 3% of job seekers in one state have searched for jobs in the other state. The dot indicates the state where the search originated.
New England
Mid Atlantic
South
Midwest
Southwest
West
Origin of searches
Destination of searches
more than 3% of job seekers in one statehave searched for jobs in the other state
National Labor Movement (US)
Nationally, 27.8% of people search for jobs outside of their current state.
CaliforniaTexasColorado
MassachusettsWashington
District of ColumbiaIdahoMississippi
New MexicoSouth DakotaWest Virginia
States that receive the greatest mix of job seekers from other states:
States where residents search in the greatest mix of destinations:
Texas receives the highest total number of searchers from outside the state, but Florida and California are both close behind. In general, larger states have more external searchers but a smaller share of job seekers in big states are coming from outside.
Washington DC stands out as the location with job seekers looking for jobs in the greatest number of other places. It should be noted that these job seekers are often searching in Virginia and Maryland, within the DC metro area.
56 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 57
External Competition Index When people conduct a job search on Indeed, they specify the type of job they’re looking for and the location in which they’d like to search. Our external competition rankings examine the share of people searching in a given state from outside.
District of Columbia
Alaska
Wyoming
North Dakota
Hawaii
Montana
Delaware
Vermont
Kansas
Idaho
Oregon
Maine
Louisiana
Nevada
South Dakota
New Hampshire
Colorado
Tennessee
South Carolina
Kentucky
Washington
West Virginia
Rhode Island
Arkansas
Mississippi
Maryland
Iowa
Missouri
New Mexico
Virginia
Nebraska
Utah
Indiana
Arizona
Georgia
Florida
Massachusetts
Oklahoma
Alabama
Connecticut
North Carolina
New York
Wisconsin
Pennsylvania
Texas
New Jersey
Minnesota
Illinois
Ohio
Michigan
California
76.1%
65.2%
63.5%
58.9%
57.5%
54.7%
51.4%
51.0%
46.0%
42.5%
41.2%
39.3%
38.8%
37.4%
37.1%
36.9%
36.9%
35.3%
35.2%
35.1%
34.7%
34.5%
34.4%
31.3%
31.3%
31.2%
31.0%
30.6%
30.6%
30.5%
29.0%
28.4%
28.3%
28.0%
27.9%
27.5%
27.1%
27.1%
27.1%
26.6%
26.6%
25.5%
23.5%
23.4%
22.8%
22.4%
22.1%
21.4%
19.1%
17.1%
17.0%
Drivers of Interstate Search
PopulationThe larger the population of a state, the more people search within that state from outside. At the same time, a large population correlates to a smaller share of external searchers. For example, California and Texas are large population states. While they receive a large total number of searchers, the share of external searchers in these states is relatively small.
Postings per 1,000 PopulationThe larger the number of job postings per 1,000 people in a state, the larger the total number and share of external searchers.
UnemploymentThe higher the unemployment rate in a state, the smaller the percentage of searchers from outside that state.
Educational AttainmentThe larger the share of a state’s population with a bachelor’s degree, the larger the share of residents searching for jobs in other states.
Median Household Income & Median Home ValueThe higher the median household income, the larger the percentage of searchers from outside that state. The higher the median home value in a state, the larger the percentage of searchers from outside that state.
58 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 59
Location Desirability Index This is a ranking of locations based on the total number of external searchers. The more external searchers a state has, the higher it appears in the desirability rankings. Rankings are based on a normalized scale with Texas (our top-ranked state for location desirability) equal to 100.
Texas
Florida
California
New York
Georgia
District of Columbia
North Carolina
Virginia
Pennsylvania
Illinois
Tennessee
Colorado
Massachusetts
Washington
Maryland
Ohio
Arizona
South Carolina
Missouri
Louisiana
New Jersey
Oregon
Indiana
Kentucky
Kansas
Michigan
Connecticut
Minnesota
Nevada
Alabama
Wisconsin
Hawaii
Delaware
Iowa
Mississippi
Oklahoma
Utah
Arkansas
Maine
Alaska
Idaho
New Hampshire
Montana
West Virginia
Nebraska
North Dakota
New Mexico
Vermont
Wyoming
Rhode Island
South Dakota
100.0
99.2
97.1
85.1
65.4
56.0
55.9
53.3
51.8
47.8
43.2
43.2
40.8
40.3
36.8
34.8
31.2
30.1
29.7
28.8
27.9
27.9
26.3
24.6
24.5
24.3
21.3
20.9
20.6
20.6
19.8
15.5
12.6
12.4
12.3
11.8
11.2
10.7
9.9
9.7
9.3
9.0
8.6
7.4
7.2
7.1
6.8
6.5
6.2
5.5
3.2
Movers Index In contrast to the previous indices, this index shows the percentage of unique job seekers in each state currently looking for a job outside that state.
District of Columbia
Wyoming
West Virginia
North Dakota
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
South Dakota
Maryland
New Jersey
Vermont
Delaware
Virginia
Alaska
Kansas
Montana
Missouri
Idaho
New Mexico
Mississippi
Iowa
Nebraska
Washington
Arkansas
South Carolina
Indiana
Alabama
Kentucky
Tennessee
Connecticut
Wisconsin
Oregon
Maine
Illinois
Oklahoma
Utah
Colorado
Pennsylvania
New York
Minnesota
Massachusetts
Louisiana
North Carolina
Nevada
Arizona
Hawaii
Ohio
Georgia
California
Michigan
Florida
Texas
56.0%
47.8%
46.8%
46.5%
44.6%
44.3%
42.4%
42.3%
41.9%
40.6%
39.8%
39.1%
37.5%
36.8%
36.0%
35.8%
35.6%
35.5%
34.1%
34.0%
32.9%
32.9%
32.0%
31.1%
30.8%
30.2%
30.1%
30.0%
29.9%
29.4%
29.1%
28.5%
28.2%
28.2%
27.8%
27.2%
27.2%
26.8%
26.5%
25.8%
25.7%
25.6%
25.3%
25.1%
25.1%
23.9%
23.2%
22.2%
22.2%
19.3%
18.8%
60 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 61
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
The percentage of the population in Alaska with a bachelor's degree is 1.0 percentage points lower than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
27.5% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in Alaska is 0.9 percentage points lower than the national average.
Alaska Unemployment Rate
6.5% National Average
7.4%
Alaska ranks 47th in population and 46th in GDP. Top search terms by people in other states searching in Alaska include “fishing,” “construction,” “summer,” and “seasonal.”
Alaska#40 for location desirability
Postings and Population
0.54 million population
19.1 job postings (per 1000 population)
42 job posting rank
People in Alaska are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in Alaska
Alaska
California
Colorado
Florida
Oregon
Texas
Washington
California
The percentage of the population in California with a bachelor's degree is 2.0 percentage points higher than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
30.5% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in California is 1.5 percentage points higher than the national average.
California Unemployment Rate
8.9% National Average
7.4%
California ranks 1st in both population and GDP. “California” is the most popular destination for people searching for IT, nursing, and sales positions.
#3 for location desirability
Postings and Population
29.68 million population
11.0 job postings (per 1000 population)
1 job posting rank
People in California are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in California
Arizona
California
Florida
Illinois
New York
Texas
Washington
62 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 63
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
Colorado
The percentage of the population in Colorado with a bachelor's degree is 8.2 percentage points higher than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
36.7% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in Colorado is 0.6 percentage points lower than the national average.
Colorado Unemployment Rate
6.8% National Average
7.4%
Colorado ranks 22nd in population and 19th in GDP. Colorado is the third most popular destination for people searching for oil and mining jobs.
#12 for location desirability
Postings and Population
4.06 million population
14.2 job postings (per 1000 population)
17 job posting rank
People in Colorado are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in Colorado
Arizona
California
Colorado
Florida
Illinois
New York
Texas
Washington
District of Columbia
The percentage of the population in DC with a bachelor's degree is 22.7 percentage points higher than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
51.2% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in DC is 0.9 percentage points higher than the national average.
District of Columbia Unemployment Rate
8.3% National Average
7.4%
DC ranks 50th in population and 35th in GDP. For a place with such a small population, DC is a notably popular place to search, ranking 6th in the Location Desirability Index.
#6 for location desirability
Postings and Population
0.54 million population
48.3 job postings (per 1000 population)
32 job posting rank
People in the District of Columbia are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in the
District of Columbia
California
District of Columbia
Maryland
New York
Pennsylvania
Virginia
Washington
64 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 65
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
The percentage of the population in Florida with a bachelor's degree is 2.3 percentage points lower than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
26.2% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in Florida is 0.2 percentage points lower than the national average.
Florida Unemployment Rate
7.2% National Average
7.4%
People in Florida are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in Florida
California
Florida
Georgia
New York
North Carolina
Texas
Virginia
Florida ranks 4th in both population and GDP. “Customer service” is a top job search in Florida both by residents of Florida as well as residents of nearby states.
Florida#2 for location desirability
Postings and Population
15.67 million population
10.0 job postings (per 1000 population)
4 job posting rank
The percentage of the population in Hawaii with a bachelor's degree is 1.1 percentage points higher than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
29.6% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in Hawaii is 2.6 percentage points lower than the national average.
Hawaii Unemployment Rate
4.8% National Average
7.4%
People in Hawaii are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in Hawaii
California
Florida
Hawaii
Nevada
New York
Oregon
Texas
Washington
Hawaii ranks 42nd in population and 39th in GDP. “Hotel” is a top search term by people from other states looking for jobs in Hawaii.
Hawaii#32 for location desirability
Postings and Population
1.07 million population
8.1 job postings (per 1000 population)
47 job posting rank
66 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 67
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
The percentage of the population in Illinois with a bachelor's degree is 2.6 percentage points higher than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
31.1% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in Illinois is 1.8 percentage points higher than the national average.
Illinois Unemployment Rate
9.2% National Average
7.4%
People in Illinois are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in Illinois
California
Illinois
Indiana
Mississippi
Missouri
Texas
Wisconsin
Illinois ranks 5th in both population and GDP. “Human resources” is a top job sought in Illinois by people from Indiana.
Illinois#10 for location desirability
Postings and Population
10.02 million population
13.0 job postings (per 1000 population)
5 job posting rank
The percentage of the population in Indiana with a bachelor's degree is 5.5 percentage points lower than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
23.0% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in Indiana is 0.1 percentage points higher than the national average.
Indiana Unemployment Rate
7.5% National Average
7.4%
People in Indiana are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in Indiana
California
Florida
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Michigan
Ohio
Indiana ranks 16th in population and 17th in GDP. “Human resources” is a top job sought in Indiana by people from Illinois, and by people in Illinois in Indiana.
Indiana#23 for location desirability
Postings and Population
5.07 million population
11.3 job postings (per 1000 population)
19 job posting rank
68 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 69
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
The percentage of the population in Kansas with a bachelor's degree is 1.5 percentage points higher than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
30.0% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in Kansas is 2.0 percentage points lower than the national average.
Kansas Unemployment Rate
5.4% National Average
7.4%
People in Kansas are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in Kansas
California
Colorado
Illinois
Kansas
Missouri
Oklahoma
Texas
Kansas ranks 33rd in population and 32nd in GDP. “Part time” and “customer service” are popular search terms in Kansas from both inside and outside the state.
Kansas#25 for location desirability
Postings and Population
2.18 million population
12.9 job postings (per 1000 population)
30 job posting rank
Kentucky
The percentage of the population in Kentucky with a bachelor's degree is 7.5 percentage points lower than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
21.0% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in Kentucky is 0.9 percentage points higher than the national average.
Kentucky Unemployment Rate
8.3% National Average
7.4%
People in Kentucky are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in Kentucky
California
Florida
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Ohio
Tennessee
Texas
Kentucky ranks 26th in population and 28th in GDP. “Accounting,” “human resources,” and “RN” are three top search terms in Kentucky by people both inside and outside the state.
#24 for location desirability
Postings and Population
3.40 million population
9.5 job postings (per 1000 population)
26 job posting rank
70 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 71
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
Michigan
The percentage of the population in Michigan with a bachelor's degree is 3.0 percentage points lower than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
25.5% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in Michigan is 1.4 percentage points higher than the national average.
Michigan Unemployment Rate
8.8% National Average
7.4%
People in Michigan are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in Michigan
California
Florida
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Texas
Michigan ranks 8th in population and 13th in GDP. “Part time” and “customer service” are popular search terms in Michigan from both inside and outside the state.
#26 for location desirability
Postings and Population
7.81 million population
9.5 job postings (per 1000 population)
13 job posting rank
Mississippi
The percentage of the population in Mississippi with a bachelor's degree is 8.5 percentage points lower than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
20.0% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in Mississippi is 1.2 percentage points higher than the national average.
Mississippi Unemployment Rate
8.6% National Average
7.4%
People in Mississippi are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in Mississippi
Alabama
California
Georgia
Louisiana
Mississippi
Tennessee
Texas
Mississippi ranks 31st in population and 36th in GDP. “Part time” and “customer service” are popular search terms in Mississippi from both inside and outside the state.
#35 for location desirability
Postings and Population
2.26 million population
6.8 job postings (per 1000 population)
38 job posting rank
72 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 73
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
New Jersey
The percentage of the population in New Jersey with a bachelor's degree is 6.9 percentage points higher than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
35.4% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in New Jersey is 0.8 percentage points higher than the national average.
New Jersey Unemployment Rate
8.2% National Average
7.4%
People in New Jersey are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in New Jersey
California
Florida
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Texas
Virginia
New Jersey ranks 11th in population and 7th in GDP. New Jersey is the third most popular destination for searches for both accounting and sales jobs.
#21 for location desirability
Postings and Population
7.01 million population
11.7 job postings (per 1000 population)
12 job posting rank
New York
The percentage of the population in New York with a bachelor's degree is 4.3 percentage points higher than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
32.8% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in New York is 0.3 percentage points higher than the national average.
New York Unemployment Rate
7.7% National Average
7.4%
People in New York are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in New York
California
Connecticut
Florida
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
New York ranks 3rd in both population and GDP. People outside of New York search for flexible jobs, accounting jobs, and teaching jobs in the state.
#4 for location desirability
Postings and Population
15.66 million population
10.7 job postings (per 1000 population)
3 job posting rank
74 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 75
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
North Dakota
The percentage of the population in North Dakota with a bachelor's degree is 1.4 percentage points lower than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
27.1% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in North Dakota is 4.5 percentage points lower than the national average.
North Dakota Unemployment Rate
2.9% National Average
7.4%
People in North Dakota are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in
North Dakota
North Dakota ranks 48th in population and 50th in GDP. “Oil” and “oil field” are two top external search terms for North Dakota.
#46 for location desirability
Postings and Population
0.56 million population
16.0 job postings (per 1000 population)
44 job posting rank
California
Colorado
Florida
Minnesota
Montana
North Dakota
Texas
Washington
The percentage of the population in Ohio with a bachelor's degree is 3.8 percentage points lower than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
24.7% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in Ohio is equivalent to the national average.
Ohio Unemployment Rate
7.4% National Average
7.4%
People in Ohio are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in Ohio
Ohio ranks 7th in population and 8th in GDP. “Part time” and “customer service” are popular search terms in Ohio from both inside and outside the state.
Ohio#16 for location desirability
Postings and Population
9.06 million population
11.7 job postings (per 1000 population)
7 job posting rank
California
Florida
Kentucky
Michigan
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Texas
76 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 77
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
Pennsylvania
The percentage of the population in Pennsylvania with a bachelor's degree is 1.5 percentage points lower than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
27.0% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in Pennsylvania is equivalent to the national average.
Pennsylvania Unemployment Rate
7.4% National Average
7.4%
People in Pennsylvania are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania ranks 6th in both population and GDP. It is the third most popular destination for people searching for teaching jobs.
#9 for location desirability
Postings and Population
10.18 million population
11.3 job postings (per 1000 population)
6 job posting rank
California
Delaware
Florida
Maryland
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Virginia
The percentage of the population in Texas with a bachelor's degree is 2.2 percentage points lower than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
26.3% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in Texas is 1.1 percentage points lower than the national average.
Texas Unemployment Rate
6.3% National Average
7.4%
Texas ranks 2nd in both population and GDP. Texas is the top destination for searches for oil and mining jobs.
Texas#1 for location desirability
Postings and Population
19.65 million population
13.0 job postings (per 1000 population)
2 job posting rank
People in Texas are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in Texas
California
Colorado
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Louisiana
New York
Texas
78 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 79
Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches
Virginia
The percentage of the population in Virginia with a bachelor's degree is 1.4 percentage points higher than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
29.9% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in Virginia is 1.9 percentage points lower than the national average.
Virginia Unemployment Rate
5.5% National Average
7.4%
People in Virginia are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in Virginia
Virginia ranks 12th in population and 9th in GDP. “IT” is a top search term for people in other states searching in Virginia.
#8 for location desirability
Postings and Population
6.39 million population
15.0 job postings (per 1000 population)
8 job posting rank
California
District of Columbia
Florida
Maryland
North Carolina
Texas
Virginia
West Virginia
Washington
The percentage of the population in Washington with a bachelor's degree is 5.7 percentage points higher than the national average.
Bachelor’s Degree Attainment
34.2% National Average
28.5%
The unemployment rate in Washington is 0.4 percentage points lower than the national average.
Washington Unemployment Rate
7.0% National Average
7.4%
People in Washington are searching in these states
People in these states are searching in Washington
Washington ranks 13th in population and 14th in GDP. People from Oregon seek entry-level positions in Washington.
#14 for location desirability
Postings and Population
5.44 million population
12.2 job postings (per 1000 population)
15 job posting rank
California
Florida
Idaho
Maryland
Oregon
Texas
Virginia
Washington
80 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 81
State
Population in 2013
(thousands) 1% of National
PopulationUnemployment
Rate in 2013 2
Number of Job Postings per
1,000 Residents 3
% of National Indeed Job
Postings
Median Home
Value 4
Median Household
Income 5
% with a Bachelor’s
Degree 6
Alaska (AK) 537 0.20% 6.5% 19.1 0.4% $237,900 $69,917 27.5%
Alabama (AL) 3767 1.50% 6.5% 8.5 1.1% $122,300 $43,160 22.3%
Arkansas (AR) 2276 0.90% 7.5% 8.2 0.7% $106,300 $40,531 19.8%
Arizona (AZ) 5077 2.10% 8.0% 12 2.1% $175,900 $50,256 26.6%
California (CA) 29683 12.10% 8.9% 11 11.5% $383,900 $61,400 30.5%
Colorado (CO) 4063 1.70% 6.8% 14.2 2.0% $236,800 $58,244 36.7%
Connecticut (CT) 2855 1.20% 7.8% 13.2 1.3% $285,900 $69,519 36.2%District of Columbia (DC) 535 0.20% 8.3% 48.3 0.9% $443,000 $64,267 51.2%
Delaware (DE) 728 0.30% 6.7% 13.6 0.3% $241,100 $60,119 28.5%
Florida (FL) 15669 6.40% 7.2% 10 5.5% $170,800 $47,309 26.2%
Georgia (GA) 7567 3.10% 8.2% 12 3.2% $156,400 $49,604 27.8%
Hawaii (HI) 1070 0.40% 4.8% 8.1 0.3% $517,000 $67,492 29.6%
Iowa (IA) 2404 1.00% 4.6% 11.5 1.0% $123,000 $51,129 25.3%
Idaho (ID) 1209 0.50% 6.2% 7.2 0.3% $167,100 $47,015 24.7%
Illinois (IL) 10020 4.10% 9.2% 13 4.6% $190,800 $56,853 31.1%
Indiana (IN) 5066 2.10% 7.5% 11.3 2.0% $123,400 $48,374 23.0%
Kansas (KS) 2184 0.90% 5.4% 12.9 1.0% $127,400 $51,273 30.0%
Kentucky (KY) 3403 1.40% 8.3% 9.5 1.1% $120,000 $42,610 21.0%
Louisiana (LA) 3525 1.40% 6.2% 9.1 1.1% $137,700 $44,673 21.4%
Massachusetts (MA) 5387 2.20% 7.1% 17.4 3.3% $335,500 $66,658 39.0%
Maryland (MD) 4642 1.90% 6.6% 14.4 2.3% $304,900 $72,999 36.3%
Maine (ME) 1086 0.40% 6.7% 11.3 0.4% $175,600 $48,219 27.3%
Michigan (MI) 7813 3.20% 8.8% 9.5 2.6% $128,600 $48,471 25.5%
Minnesota (MN) 4225 1.70% 5.1% 13.6 2.0% $194,300 $59,126 32.2%
Missouri (MO) 4693 1.90% 6.5% 10.5 1.7% $138,400 $47,333 25.8%
Mississippi (MS) 2262 0.90% 8.6% 6.8 0.5% $100,200 $38,882 20.0%
Montana (MT) 801 0.30% 5.6% 8.9 0.2% $183,000 $45,456 28.5%
North Carolina (NC) 7590 3.10% 8.0% 11.2 3.0% $153,600 $46,450 26.8%
North Dakota (ND) 560 0.20% 2.9% 16 0.3% $123,900 $51,641 27.1%
Nebraska (NE) 1424 0.60% 3.9% 11.9 0.6% $126,700 $51,381 28.1%
Economic and Demographic Statistics Table
State
Population in 2013
(thousands) 1% of National
PopulationUnemployment
Rate in 2013 2
Number of Job Postings per
1,000 Residents 3
% of National Indeed Job
Postings
Median Home
Value 4
Median Household
Income 5
% with a Bachelor’s
Degree 6
New Hampshire (NH) 1072 0.40% 5.3% 12.7 0.5% $245,600 $64,925.00 33.4%
New Jersey (NJ) 7008 2.90% 8.2% 11.7 2.9% $337,900 $71,637.00 35.4%
New Mexico (NM) 1595 0.60% 6.9% 10.7 0.6% $161,500 $44,886.00 25.6%
Nevada (NV) 2163 0.90% 9.8% 10.3 0.8% $190,900 $54,083.00 22.2%
New York (NY) 15661 6.40% 7.7% 10.7 5.9% $295,300 $57,683.00 32.8%
Ohio (OH) 9059 3.70% 7.4% 11.7 3.7% $133,700 $48,246.00 24.7%
Oklahoma (OK) 2921 1.20% 5.4% 11.6 1.2% $110,800 $44,891.00 23.2%
Oregon (OR) 3133 1.30% 7.7% 10.2 1.1% $246,100 $50,036.00 29.2%
Pennsylvania (PA) 10182 4.10% 7.4% 11.3 4.0% $164,900 $52,267.00 27.0%
Rhode Island (RI) 847 0.30% 9.5% 10.3 0.3% $259,400 $56,102.00 30.8%
South Carolina (SC) 3707 1.50% 7.6% 9.8 1.3% $137,400 $44,623.00 24.6%
South Dakota (SD) 641 0.30% 3.8% 10.7 0.2% $129,800 $49,091.00 26.0%
Tennessee (TN) 5067 2.10% 8.2% 9.9 1.8% $138,700 $44,140.00 23.5%
Texas (TX) 19652 8.00% 6.3% 13 9.0% $128,000 $51,563.00 26.3%
Utah (UT) 2067 0.80% 4.4% 9.8 0.7% $181,400 $53,046.00 28.5%
Virginia (VA) 6385 2.60% 5.5% 15 3.4% $217,800 $58,164.00 29.9%
Vermont (VT) 513 0.20% 4.4% 12.7 0.2% $249,700 $63,636.00 34.7%
Washington (WA) 5442 2.20% 7.0% 12.2 2.3% $215,800 $54,168.00 34.2%
Wisconsin (WI) 4511 1.80% 6.7% 11.3 1.8% $272,900 $59,374.00 31.6%
West Virginia (WV) 1487 0.60% 6.5% 8.7 0.5% $169,000 $52,627.00 26.4%
Wyoming (WY) 450 0.20% 4.6% 11.7 0.2% $97,300 $40,400.00 17.9%
1 Source: BLS
2 US national unemployment rate in 2013 was 7.40%
3 Average job postings per 1,000 US residents is 12.2
4 US Median Home Value is $184,000
5 US Median Household Income is $53,046
6 US Average of population with a Bachelor’s Degree is 28.5%
82 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 83
State
State Rank: Most Incoming Searches State Rank: Most Outgoing Searches
First Second Third Fourth Fifth First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Alaska (AK) CA TX WA FL CO WA CA TX OR CO
Alabama (AL) GA FL TN MS TX GA FL TN TX MS
Arkansas (AR) TX OK MO CA TN TX TN MO OK MS
Arizona (AZ) CA TX IL NY WA CA TX CO NV WA
California (CA) NY TX IL AZ FL TX NY FL AZ WA
Colorado (CO) CA TX IL FL NY CA TX FL AZ WA
Connecticut (CT) NY MA NJ CA RI NY MA FL CA TXDistrict of Columbia (DC) MD VA NY CA PA MD VA CA WA NY
Delaware (DE) PA MD NJ NY VA PA MD NJ NY FL
Florida (FL) NY GA CA TX VA GA TX CA NY NC
Georgia (GA) FL AL NC SC CA FL TN AL TX NC
Hawaii (HI) CA TX WA NY FL CA WA TX NV OR
Iowa (IA) IL MN NE CA WI IL MN NE WI TX
Idaho (ID) CA WA OR UT TX WA OR UT CA TX
Illinois (IL) IN CA WI MO MI IN MO CA TX WI
Indiana (IN) IL OH MI KY CA IL KY MI FL OH
Kansas (KS) MO CA TX IL OK MO TX CO CA OK
Kentucky (KY) IN OH TN CA IL OH TN IN FL TX
Louisiana (LA) TX CA WI MS FL TX MS FL GA CA
Massachusetts (MA) NY NH CA CT RI NY CT NH CA FL
Maryland (MD) VA DC PA NY CA DC VA PA FL NY
Maine (ME) MA NH NY CA FL MA NH FL NY CA
Michigan (MI) CA IL OH IN TX FL IL OH CA TX
Minnesota (MN) WI CA IL IA ND WI CA TX FL ND
Missouri (MO) KS IL TX CA AR KS IL TX FL CA
Mississippi (MS) TN AL LA TX CA TN LA TX AL GA
Montana (MT) CA WA CO TX IL WA CA CO ID OR
North Carolina (NC) SC VA NY CA GA SC VA GA FL TN
North Dakota (ND) MN CA TX FL WA MN CO TX CA MT
Nebraska (NE) IA CA CO MO TX IA CO TX KS MO
Economic and Demographic Statistics Table
State
State Rank: Most Incoming Searches State Rank: Most Outgoing Searches
First Second Third Fourth Fifth First Second Third Fourth Fifth
New Hampshire (NH) MA ME VT NY CT MA ME VT FL NY
New Jersey (NJ) NY PA CA VA FL NY PA FL CA TX
New Mexico (NM) TX CA AZ CO FL TX CO AZ CA FL
Nevada (NV) CA AZ TX IL NY CA TX AZ WA FL
New York (NY) NJ CA CT PA FL FL NJ CA CT PA
Ohio (OH) KY CA PA MI NY FL PA KY CA TX
Oklahoma (OK) TX CA KS AR MO TX AR MO CO CA
Oregon (OR) CA WA TX AZ NY WA CA ID TX AZ
Pennsylvania (PA) NJ NY MD CA VA NJ NY MD FL DE
Rhode Island (RI) MA CT NY CA NJ MA CT NY FL CA
South Carolina (SC) NC GA VA NY FL NC GA FL TN TX
South Dakota (SD) MN IA NE CA ND MN IA CO NE ND
Tennessee (TN) GA MS KY NC CA GA FL TX KY NC
Texas (TX) CA NY FL IL LA CA FL LA CO GA
Utah (UT) CA TX CO ID AZ CA CO TX ID AZ
Virginia (VA) MD NC WV DC CA DC MD NC FL TX
Vermont (VT) NY NH MA CT CA NH MA NY FL CA
Washington (WA) CA OR TX MD VA OR CA TX FL ID
Wisconsin (WI) IL MN CA MI IA IL MN LA CA FL
West Virginia (WV) OH PA VA MD CA VA PA OH MD NC
Wyoming (WY) CO CA TX UT MT AL AR AZ CA CO
84 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 85
Data & Methodology
86 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 87
Data Sources The focus of this report is on job seeker interest in cross-border job moves. Our main source of information included aggregated and anonymous search data from Indeed sites in 55 countries and economies.1 Our analysis of the United States (US) included the 50 states and the District of Columbia. For the US analysis, we define a cross-border searcher as someone who, based on their IP address location, is currently located in one state but enters a different state name in the “where” box in at least one Indeed search. A home searcher was defined as someone who searches in the same state as their IP address location. Our international analysis focused on 55 countries and economies with Indeed sites (excluding Antarctica). For this analysis, we define a cross-border searcher as someone who, based on their IP address location, is currently located in
one of these places but conducts at least one search using an Indeed site for another country. An international home searcher is defined as someone who searches the Indeed site for the same country as their IP address location. If the same searcher looks in more than one state or country, we count them once for each state or country in which they search (including their own), but we only count one search per locality per IP address per month. We conducted our main analysis on the average monthly count of searchers within each locality over the period of May 2013 through April 2014. Focusing on a full year of data allows us to smooth out seasonal movements in job seeker behavior. In addition to the location of the job seeker and the job search, we also examined the top keywords entered by job seekers. We considered the actual search terms used by people outside a location searching within that location, and then grouped common search terms by field, as defined below.
In addition to studying searches, we examined the data from job postings on Indeed, which include millions of jobs from thousands of sources. The number of job postings on Indeed does not reflect a precise number of available jobs. A posting might refer to an unspecified number of job openings, it may be listed in numerous places, and it may remain online for a period after it has been filled. Job postings do offer, however, a gauge of the broad share of job openings in the economy. We used the average number of monthly job postings over one year (May 2014 through April 2014), which were considered for searchers in each of the 51 states and each of the 55 economies analyzed. This report also includes the latest available labor market data gathered by several external sources. For the US, we relied on data from the US Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the US Census Bureau, and the US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The BLS collects data from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program to produce state-level unemployment rates “based on the same concepts and definitions as those used for the official national estimates obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey of households that is conducted for the BLS by the U.S. Census Bureau. The LAUS program measures employment and unemployment on a place-of-residence basis.”2 We also used data from the BLS that provides estimates for 2013 based on data provided from the US Census Bureau. We used state-level Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data from the BEA for 2012. The remaining data for the US comes from the US Census Bureau based on the period 2008-2012, and it includes the percentage of the population 25 years and older with a
bachelor’s degree or higher, the median household income, and the median value of owner-occupied housing units in each state. For the 55 countries and economies considered in this study, we supplemented the Indeed data sources with data from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Barro-Lee dataset. From the World Bank, we used the 2012 unemployment rates for each location based on the standardized International Labour Organization (ILO) definition. From the IMF’s April 2014 World Economic Outlook, we obtained estimates from 2013 regarding the Gross Domestic Product based on GDP purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita and the population of each country. To collect data on the percentage of the population aged 25 and over who have completed tertiary education, we relied on data from the Barro-Lee dataset.3
Directed Graphs Methodology
The directed graph for the US shows the flow between states. A line is drawn between two states when at least 3% of searchers from the originating state search in the receiving state. The international directed graph shows the flow between countries, where each line represents at least 2% of the searchers from the originating country searching in the receiving country. The directed graphs reported in the country and state profiles identify the top five countries and states in terms of searches to and from each locality, regardless of the share of searchers.
Field query word in
Oil, Gas, or Mining oil, gas, mining, petroleum
Nurse, or RN, or Nursing nurse, nursing, rn, lpn, cna, lvn
Java, Software, Developer, or ITjava, software, developer, IT, engineer, analyst, computer, sql, web, information, oracle, network, engineering, gis, programmer, intelligence, javascript, html, python, database
Accountant accountant, accounting, accounts, cpa, controller, payroll
Sales sales, salesperson
Teacher or Teaching teacher, teaching, preschool, school, education
Flexible Jobs internship, intern, summer, temporary, part time
Visa or Sponsorship visa, sponsorship
Interpreter interpreter, translator, language
88 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 89
Drivers of Cross-Border Search Methodology
In order to explore the relationship between cross-border job seeker behavior and economic indicators, we reported correlations and estimates from simple linear regressions of our various index values as well as the economic and postings data discussed above. We acknowledge that the term “drivers” is being used loosely here, and it is based on correlations rather than strictly identified causal connections.
Index Methodology
External Competition IndexOur external competition rankings examine the share of job seekers who search in a particular country or state from outside that country or state. We consider this a measure of external competition because people often think of only the local population as being competition for local jobs. However, if a relatively large number of outsiders are also looking for
jobs in that area, the labor market may be tighter than it first appears. It is important to keep in mind that this index is based on where the searchers are looking for jobs, not on where the searchers are currently located. Location Desirability IndexOur location desirability rankings are based on the total number of external searchers (as opposed to being based on the share of external searchers from our External Competition Index). The more external searchers a country has, the higher it appears in the desirability rankings. Rankings are based on a normalized scale, with the US (our top-ranked country for location desirability) equal to 100. Movers IndexIn contrast to the previous indices, our movers rankings show the percentage of unique job seekers in each state or country currently looking for a job outside that state or country. The key difference here is that we are now focusing on where job seekers are currently located rather than where they are looking to move.
1 We have search data from more than 230 IP locations worldwide and could have included all of these locations in our analysis. We limited the sample to
countries with Indeed sites, and further limited it by excluding Thailand and Vietnam from our rankings. These are Indeed’s newest sites. Because they were
launched in June 2013, we do not have complete search data for the entirety of the sample year.
2 Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2014). Regional and State Unemployment -- 2013 Annual Averages. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/srgune.pdf
3 Barro, R. and Lee, J. (2013). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010. Journal of Development Economics, [online] Volume 104,
September 2013, pp.184–198. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387812000855 [Accessed 10 June. 2014].
90 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 91
About Indeed
Tara M. Sinclair, PhD, is an associate professor of economics and international affairs at The George Washington University and an economist at Indeed. Her research focuses on examining historical patterns in data to understand both the current and past structure of the labor market and to forecast future movements. As Indeed Economist, Tara is developing original research using proprietary Indeed data to uncover exclusive insights into the labor market.
In addition to her research, Tara is frequently invited to brief the media on economic and labor trends as well as offer commentary. She has been quoted in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the Washington Post, and she has appeared on CNN, C-Span, NPR, Fox Business, Bloomberg Radio and TV, and many other local and international news programs.
About the Author
More people find jobs on Indeed than anywhere else. Job seekers can search millions of jobs on the web or mobile in over 50 countries. More than 140 million people each month search for jobs, post resumes, and research companies on Indeed, and Indeed is the #1 source of external hires for thousands of companies.
For more information, visit indeed.com.
About Indeed
The Indeed Hiring Lab is a global research institute committed to advancing the knowledge of human resource and talent management professionals worldwide. Led by Dr. Tara Sinclair, Indeed Economist and an associate professor of economics and international affairs at The George Washington University, the Indeed Hiring Lab research agenda includes large-scale labor research projects, ongoing tracking and analysis of employment trends, and surveys of industry professionals.
Nayna Ahmed, Zak Cocos, Steven Fazzio, Chris Hadley, Eleanor Hooker
About Indeed Hiring Lab
Contributors
92 © Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 93