OntariO Bee JOurnal MARCH & APRIL 2015 1716 OntariO Bee JOurnal MARCH & APRIL 2015
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HoW To BUIlD A PollInAToR-FRIEnDlY GARDEn (FRoM scRATcH!)
BY Ben O’Brien
getting starteD
When designing any new planting, the process begins with taking stock of the existing site. Th is means analyzing environmental conditions such as soil characteristics (noth-ing works without healthy, living soils), existing vegetation, microclimate (bees prefer warm sunny locations), and the local hardiness zone. Considering how the adjacent land is being used is especially important when choosing a location for a pol-linator garden. If there is a nearby fi eld that is routinely sprayed with insecticides, or is planted with neonicotinoid-laced crops, or you have a neighbour who is obsessive about
having a weed-free lawn, it’s best to keep the planting as far away as possible. Locating a garden close to an existing pollinator habitat – an old fi eld, meadow, or hedgerow for example – will attract a greater diversity of bees since some of the smaller native species are better able to reach habitats that are close to their nests than those that are more isolated or may be beyond their fl ying range. Once the site has been decided upon, it’s important to prepare it properly. Eliminating existing weeds and other vegetation is necessary for the long-term success of a planting, and there are a variety of ways to do this.
FEATURE
1) tilling: relies on a regular routine of cultivating the soil through an entire growing season to break up perennial weed roots and exhaust the weed seed bank.
2) smOthering: laying a few inches of cardboard or newspaper over the entire planting area and leaving it to smother the existing vegetation for an entire growing season. (Th is is a good way to do away with persistent, deep-rooted plants such as poison ivy.)
3) sOD-cutting: requires a sod-cutter that can strip off the top 2-3 inches of topsoil, thereby eliminating the weed seed bank without disturbing the underlying soil structure.
4) herBiciDes: this is a last resort, but can be eff ective for persistent and hard-to-remove vegetation such as dog strangling vine – use judiciously.
Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and the best method will often depend on the size of the planting, time, labour, and money. Whether the soil is sandy and dry or clay-based and sticky, there are a range of excellent plants for pollinators that can thrive in these conditions. Unless your soil is lifeless fi ll (on a new building site, for example), drastic soil amendment with compost, triple mix or some other additive generally isn’t necessary. Unlike in vegetable gardening, rich black soils can actually be detrimental since they encourage aggressive weedy species that can overwhelm more desirable plants and reduce the most important criteria of a welcoming pollinator habitat: fl oral diversity. Once the site has been thoroughly prepared, the planting can begin.
I’M HOPEFUL THAT THIS IS THE BEGINNING OF A SOCIETAL SHIFT WHERE PEOPLE ARE LESS MOTIVATED BY THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE NATURAL WORLD AND MORE KEEN TO CREATE BEAUTIFUL, DIVERSE, AND ECOLOGICALLY RESTORATIVE HABITATS THAT ENRICH THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE AS MUCH AS THEY ENRICH THE LIVES OF BEES, BIRDS, BUTTERFLIES, AND THE WIDER WEB OF LIFE.
OntariO Bee JOurnal MARCH & APRIL 2015 1918 OntariO Bee JOurnal MARCH & APRIL 2015
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REsoURcEs
native Plant DataBase
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center
www.wildflower.org/plants
OntariO native Plant nurseries
St Williams Nursery and Ecology Centre
www.stwilliamsnursery.com
Grand Moraine Growers
www.grandmorainegrowers.ca
Fuller Native and Rare Plants
www.fullerplants.com
Grow Wild Native Plant Nursery
www.nativeplantnursery.ca
Wildflower Farm
www.wildflowerfarm.com
Ferguson Forest Centre
www.seedlingnursery.com
Wheatley Woods Native Plant Nursery
www.wheatleywoods.com
Other helPful WeBsites
Honey & Pollen Plants for Ontario’s Beekeepers
http://newsite.pollinator.ca/plant_ontario/
BOOks
Attracting Native Pollinators: The Xerces Society
Guide to Conserving North American Bees and
Butterflies and Their Habitat by the Xerces Society
Principles of Ecological Landscape Design
by Travis Beck
The Living Landscape: Designing for
Beauty and Biodeversity in the Home Garden
by Rick Darke and Douglas W. Tallamy
Bringing Nature Home: How You Can Sustain
Wildlife with Native Plants by Rick Darke
and Douglas W. Tallamy
Prairie-Style Gardens: Capturing the Essence
of the American Prairie Wherever You Live
by Lynn Steiner
Planting methOD
Your ultimate vision for the garden will determine the best planting method. If informality and wildness are what you’re after, starting from seed makes the most sense – it allows for a high degree of spontaneity and serendipity. The plants will sort themselves out, each colonizing their own niche, and resulting in a planting that is unpredictable and joyfully chaotic. On the other hand, planting container-grown plants allows for complete creative control over the composition; you determine the amount of variety, the specific combinations, and the degree of formality. There are advantages and disadvantages to both methods. Starting a garden from seed is much cheaper and less labour intensive than planting container-grown plants, but it also involves more careful management in the early years (such as targeted mowing to eliminate unwanted weeds) and a longer waiting period for plants to reach maturity – seeded meadows may not flower profusely until their third year. The most important goal is to ensure a continuous succession of blooms from the earliest days of spring through the last days of fall. By planting a diverse community of wildflowers and shrubs, you can ensure that once a plant is finished blooming, another one will take its place. In achieving this succession of bloom we can create a steady supply of food and a well-stocked food source for local bees, as well as a stunningly beautiful garden that can inspire and amaze the people who encounter it.
Plant selectiOn
Ontario is blessed with an aesthetically and ecologically diverse native flora that can delight and inspire while also providing valu-able forage for bees and other pollinators from the moment the buds break in spring until the leaves crunch underfoot in autumn. In the accompanying list, I’ve focused primarily on selecting species that are commercially available at Ontario nurseries. In some cases, in the interests of brevity and variety, one plant has been chosen (for example, Liatris aspera) from a larger family in
which there are numerous other beneficial varieties (such as Liatris spicata, Liatris pycnostachya, Liatris ligulistylis) and cultivars (Liatris spicata ‘Kobold’). I’ve intentionally omitted the various clovers, vetch, alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, and other agricultural forage crops – although good options for a wildflower pollinator garden, they are aggressive and may become a nuisance over time. The same goes for Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis), a plant bees rely on in late summer through early fall, but which can become invasive in a garden setting. It was not my goal to compile an exhaustive plant list – rather, my hope is that my recommendations will spark your creative process and stimulate interest in finding new and unconventional plants. This is, after all, meant to be a joyful endeavour – a per-petual work-in-progess. I’ve also included some web resources that will provide an expanded list of ideas and options, as well as sources for the purchase of seeds and native plants. In my work, I try to create places that embody a coopera-tive relationship between people and wildlife. Far from being a ‘specialist’ line of work, I believe we all have a role in the design, cultivation and stewardship of the landscape. In Prince Edward County where I live, the Bee-Friendly landscape movement is gain-ing momentum. I’m hopeful that this is the beginning of a societal shift where people are less motivated by the conquest and control of the natural world and more keen to create beautiful, diverse, and ecologically restorative habitats that enrich the human experience as much as they enrich the lives of bees, birds, butterflies, and the wider web of life.
Ben O’Brien is a 2014 graduate of the Bachelor of Landscape Architecture program at the University of Guelph. In his own words, he “uses artful design to blur the lines between our human culture and the wider, wilder world of nature.” Email Ben at [email protected] or visit his website at www.benobrienlandscape.com.
Find Ben’s complete list of bee friendly plants on our website at ontariobee.com
20 OntariO Bee JOurnal MARCH & APRIL 2015
BE
E P
lA
nT
sTo
p 10
Ag
Ast
Ac
he
foen
icu
lum
(An
ise
hy
sso
p)
A b
lack-l
iqu
ori
ce s
ce
nte
d p
urp
le w
ild
flo
we
r w
ith
up
rig
ht
spir
es
that
make a
lo
ve
ly w
inte
r si
lho
uett
e.
Will se
ed
its
elf
aro
un
d, b
ut
no
t to
th
e p
oin
t w
he
re
it b
eco
me
s a n
uis
an
ce
.
Asc
lep
iAs
syr
iAc
A (c
om
mo
n m
ilk
we
ed
)
Larv
al h
ost
of
the M
on
arc
h b
utt
erf
ly. S
we
etl
y
sce
nte
d f
low
ers
an
d f
luff
y s
ee
ds
that
dan
ce o
n
the s
lig
hte
st b
reath
of
win
d –
wh
at
mo
re c
an
yo
u a
sk f
or?
ech
inA
ce
A p
ur
pu
re
A (p
ur
ple
co
ne
flo
we
r)
Th
is ico
nic
No
rth
Am
eri
can
wild
flo
we
r is
a lo
ng
blo
om
er
an
d a
mag
net
for
be
es
an
d b
utt
erf
lie
s.
Th
e s
pik
y f
low
er
he
ad
s e
nd
ure
rig
ht
thro
ug
h t
he
win
ter
mo
nth
s an
d h
old
sn
ow
be
au
tifu
lly.
lAv
An
du
lA A
ng
ust
ifo
liA
(lA
ve
nd
er
)
Th
ou
gh
no
t an
On
tari
o n
ati
ve
, la
ve
nd
er
is o
ne o
f
the t
ou
gh
est
gard
en
pla
nts
, d
elicio
usl
y f
rag
ran
t,
an
d lo
ve
d b
y h
on
ey b
ee
s e
spe
cia
lly.
liA
tr
is l
igu
list
yli
s (m
eA
do
w b
lAz
ing
stA
r)
A r
ece
nt
intr
od
ucti
on
to
my o
wn
gard
en
, an
d h
as
qu
ickly
be
co
me o
ne o
f m
y f
avo
uri
tes.
On
e d
ay last
sum
me
r, I c
ou
nte
d f
ou
r M
on
arc
hs
on
on
e p
lan
t. S
oft
pu
rple
sp
ike
s o
f fl
ow
ers
blo
om
fro
m t
he t
op
do
wn
.
mo
nA
rd
A f
ist
ulo
sA (w
ild
be
rg
Am
ot
)
An
oth
er
tou
gh
pla
nt
wit
h s
oft
pin
k f
low
ers
in
mid
-su
mm
er.
Fra
gra
nt
foliag
e c
an
be v
uln
era
ble
to p
ow
de
ry m
ild
ew
, b
ut
that’
s n
o e
xcu
se t
o p
ass
it
ove
r. H
um
min
gb
ird
s w
on
’t b
e f
ar
be
hin
d.
py
cn
An
th
em
um
sp
p. (m
ou
nt
Ain
min
t)
Mo
un
tain
min
ts c
an
be a
bit
th
ug
gis
h in
a g
ard
en
,
bu
t th
ey
’re t
oo
go
od
to
avo
id. W
hile in
blo
om
in late
su
mm
er,
pla
nts
are
ab
solu
tely
vib
rati
ng
wit
h
inse
ct
life
.
silp
hiu
m s
pp.
(cu
p p
lAn
t)
To
we
rin
g p
rair
ie p
lan
ts w
ith
lo
ng
last
ing
ye
llo
w
flo
we
rs a
nd
se
ed
s th
at
are
lo
ve
d b
y b
ird
s. S
.
tere
bin
thin
ace
um
has
stri
kin
g t
rop
ical-
loo
kin
g b
asa
l
leave
s an
d lo
ng
, u
nb
ran
ch
ed
flo
we
r st
alk
s.
Wild
flow
ers
Shru
bsA
mel
An
ch
ier
sp
p. (s
er
vic
eb
er
ry
)
Se
rvic
eb
err
ies
are
as
clo
se t
o t
he id
eal sh
rub
as
yo
u
can
get.
So
ft w
hit
e s
pri
ng
flo
we
rs f
ollo
we
d b
y e
dib
le
pu
rple
be
rrie
s (y
ou
’ll h
ave t
o f
igh
t th
e b
ird
s to
get
the
m)
an
d o
ran
ge
-re
d f
all
foliag
e.
cer
cis
cA
nA
den
sis
(re
db
ud
)
Re
db
ud
s b
loo
m b
efo
re t
he leaves
em
erg
e, m
akin
g
a s
tun
nin
g p
ictu
re in
sp
rin
g. N
ot
relia
bly
hard
y a
bo
ve
Zo
ne 6
, so
if
yo
u c
an
gro
w t
he
m c
ou
nt
yo
urs
elf
luck
y (
an
d g
row
as
man
y a
s yo
u c
an).
BE
n’s