Welcome
To
Research Program
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
What is Research ?
Research is what we do when we have a question or a problem we want to resolve
We may already think we know the answer to our question already
We may think the answer is obvious, common sense even
But until we have subjected our problem to rigorous scientific scrutiny, our 'knowledge' remains little more than guesswork or at best, intuition.
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Definitions R = Rationale way of thinking
E = Expert/exhaustive treatment
S = Search for solution
E = Exactness
A = Adequate date; analytical analysis
R = Relationships among facts, information
C = Careful recording; critical observations
H = Honesty; hard work
…….as the search for knowledge, or as any systematic
investigation, with an open mind, to establish novel facts, solve
new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new
theories.
…….. systematic search for knowledge312/13/2014
قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
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"It is really important to do the right research
as well as to do the research right.
You need to do 'wow' research, research
that is compelling, not just interesting."
George Springer, chairman of the aeronautics and astronautics department
at Stanford University12/13/2014
قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
“The way to do research is to attack the facts at the point of
greatest astonishment.” —Celia Green
“A word after a word after a word is power.” —Margaret Atwood
“What is research, but a blind date with
knowledge.” —William Henry
“If we knew what it was we were doing, it
would not be called research, would it?”
—Albert Einstein
“Research is formalized curiosity. It is poking
and prying with a purpose.”
—Zora Neale Hurston
512/13/2014
قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
TERM RESEARCH
The term ‘Research’ consists of two words:
Research = Re + Search
‘Re’ means again and again and ‘Search’ means to find out something.
The following is the process:
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Person Phenomena Conclusions
Observes
Again and again
Collection of data
Analysis of data
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Levels of Generalisation
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Orange Concept
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
One orange is yellow.
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Few oranges are yellow.
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
A bushel of oranges are yellow.
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
All oranges are yellow.
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
All oranges are yellow; but there
are some oranges which are blue.
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Structure of Research
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begin with broad questions
narrow down, focus in
operationalize
OBSERVE
analyze data
reach conclusions
generalize back to questions
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Fundamentals in research
Validity =>
Reliability =>
Success of measuring what was planned; strength of conclusion
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Research should be able to meet the tests of:
and, according to Nunan, be published (“’publish’ in the broad sense of ‘to make public’”) (Nunan 2005, 225)
Research is repeatable
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Significant of research
How does the proposed research relate to the existing knowledge in the area.
Explicitly state the significance of your purpose or the rationale for your study.
A significant research is one that:
√ Develops knowledge of an existing practice
√ Develops theory
√ Expands the current knowledge or theory base
√ Advances current research methodology
√ Related to a current technological issue
√ Exploratory research on an unexamined issue
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
General Characteristics of Research
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1. Directed towards the solution of a problem.
2. It gathers new knowledge or data from primary or first-hand sources.
3. It places emphasis upon the discovery of general principles.
4. It is an exact systematic and accurate investigation.
5. It uses certain valid data gathering devices.
6. The researcher resists the temptation to seek only the data that support his hypotheses.
7. The researcher eliminates personal feelings and preferences.
8. It endeavours to organise data in quantitative terms.
9. Research is patient and unhurried activity.
10. The researcher is willing to follow his procedures to the conclusions that may be unpopular
and bring social disapproval.
11. Research is carefully recorded and reported.
12. Conclusions and generalisations are arrived at carefully and cautiously.
13. Research findings sometimes contrary to popular belief.قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
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1. A sound philosophy of social studies as the basis of research
2. Research is based on insight and imagination
3. Research requires an inter-disciplinary approach
4. Research usually employs deductive reasoning process
5. Research should come out of a desire to do things better
6. Research is not as exact as research in physical science
7. Research is not the field of the specialist only
8. Research generally requires inexpensive material
9. Research is perhaps incapable of being dealt through empirical method
10. Research is based on inter dependence of causes and effect
11. Research cannot be a mechanical process
قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Characteristics Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or
observation by the researcher.
Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a
problem and ends with a problem.
Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in
gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive,
experimental and case study.
Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner
without bias using systematic method and procedures.
Replicability. The research design and procedures are
replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at
valid and conclusive results.
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Importance/Purpose
The purposes may be :
Explanation - Possibly the most cited reason for conducting
research is to use it to explain why something is occurring.
Prediction - Research is used to help assess a situation and
predict what may happen in the future.
Monitoring - Many decisions made must be monitored to
insure that goals are being attained.
Discovery/New improved situation – finding out new
situation
Hypothesis Testing - Finally, research helps test theories
about some issues. Hypothesis testing, which is at the heart
of scientific research, relies on statistical analysis to help
evaluate a hypothesis.
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Importance/Purpose
Research in whatever field of inquiry has three purposes:
Describing and explaining: This is the attempt to understand the world
we live in. Research is concerned with acquiring knowledge, establishing
facts and developing new methods.
Prediction: In research, predictions are usually stated as hypotheses, i.e.
clear unambiguous statements which can be subjected to scientific
verification or refutation. We are able to say that given these conditions
then this is likely to happen.
Control: Control represents the way in which research can be applied to
real problems and situations, thus helping us to shape our environment.
When we understand the relationship between variables we are able to
control our environment to suit our interests.2012/13/2014
قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Key Concepts and Issues
Time in research
Variables
Types of relationships
Hypotheses
Types of data
Fallacies
Structure or research
Deduction and induction
Ethics
Validity 2112/13/2014
قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
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Good Academic Research
What is truly good research is hard to say, but here
are some ideas:
On topic
Rigorous
Generalisable
Valid
Testable
Reliable
Replicable
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
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Good Academic Research (2)
Avoids bias (personal interest)
Avoids prejudice
Avoids muddle-headedness
12/13/2014
قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Characteristics
Qualities of a Good researcher:
Research-oriented
Efficient
Scientific
Effective
Active
Resourceful
Creative
Honest
Economical
Religious2412/13/2014
قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
CharacteristicsCharacteristics of the Researcher
Intellectual Curiosity. A researcher undertakes a deep
thinking and inquiry of the things, and situations around
him/her.
Prudence. The researcher is careful to conduct his/her
research study at the right time and at the right place
wisely, efficiently, and economically.
Healthy Criticism. The researcher is always doubtful as to
the truthfulness of the results.
Intellectual Honesty. An intelligent researcher is honest
to collect or gather data or facts in order to arrive at honest
results.
Intellectual Creativity – A productive and resourceful
investigator always creates new researches.
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How is Research Evaluated
Research
Volume, income, reputation
Prestigious awards
Nobel Prizes
Innovation
Industry income and patents
Teaching
Academic Reputation Survey, higher degrees
International Mix
National / International staff and students
Citation analysis
Normalised for volume and subject area
Peer Evaluation
Reputational survey
12/13/2014
قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Obstacles to Successful Learning &
Research
DEEP LEARNING = an essential pre-requisite
Split between how to do archival work & how to think archivally
New archival career academics lack practical experience
Archival academics have unrealistic workloads
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Working on a Research Team (or not)
Why work on a team (in a group)?
Part of a larger project (less common in more theoretical areas)
Research often a collaborative, social process
Helps you to learn to communicate ideas
Try new ideas, practice talks, get feedback on
papers, learn to advise other students, etc.
How to work on a research team
Carve out your problem in the group
Be generous with giving credit to others, but
Stand up for your accomplishments
Your role in the group will change as you progress 2812/13/2014
قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Research Environment
Large group can be a blessingMore resourceful in terms of interaction
(now) and networking (future)
Senior students can be very helpful to
junior studentsExperience sharing & encouragements
More tolerant to mistakes
More accessible
Each group has its own cultureBuilding a nice group culture is rewarding
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
HOW TO START ? ? ?
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Background study
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A general review of the
area of research
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Selection of Research Area
Selection of this broad entity of research is based on
the following:
researcher’s:
Specialty
Interest
Scientific background
Experience
Actual need for research in this area
Available resources (interest of funding body)
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Preparation
Think about it
Generate ideas
Background reading
Ask yourself
Am I familiar with other research that has been
conducted in areas related to my research project?
Do I have a clear understanding of the steps that I will
use in conducting my research?
Do I have the ability to go through each step?3312/13/2014
قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Search for an idea.
They don’t come out of the blue! You have to do brain gym, observe,
read, read, observe, think, read again...
It is usually the case that your topic, problem or idea has been previously
worked or developed. Don’t reinvent the wheel!
Talking and asking to other researchers and students can be crucial. Ask!
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Generating research ideas
Useful Techniques
Rational thinking Creative thinking
Searching the literature Scanning the media
Brainstorming Relevance Trees
Exploring past projects Discussion
Keeping an ideas notebook 3512/13/2014
قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
Expected features of a research degree (PhD)
Independence
Originality
Contribution to knowledge
Suitable for publication
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
FINISH
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد
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املعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني –قسم التدريب والتطوير
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