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1st Seconday Education Revision
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1.Prehistory comprises three periods:
Lower Palaeolithic, Middle Palaeolithic and
Upper Palaeolithic.
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2. In the Neolithic Age human beings became nomadic.
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3. In the Metal Ages human beings used stone
instead of metals to make tools.
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*instead of – en lugar de*tools - herramientas
4. Palaeolithic Age comprises three periods:
Palaeolithic Age, Neolithic Age and Metal Ages.
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5. In the Palaeolithic Age people were sedentary
and lived in huts.
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*huts – cabañas, chozas
6. Palaeolithic means “tools made of stone”.
*tools - herramientas
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7. Fire was discovered in the Neolithic.
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8. Weapons, jewels and food were placed in prehistoric burials.
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*weapons – armas*jewels – joyas *burials - enterramientos
9. In the Upper Palaeolithic the climate changed and became extremely cold.
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10. In the Palaeolithic it was believed that supernatural forces could help or punish
human beings.
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*punish - castigar
11. Main changes in the Neolithic Age were:
polished utensils, livestock and agriculture.
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*polish – pulir*livestock - ganado
12. Animal raising and agriculture made it impossible
for people to live in a fixed place.
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13. Pottery was createdin the Metal Ages.
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14. The use of copper marked the beginning of
the Metal Ages.
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*copper - cobre
15. In the Metal Ages there were important technical changes, such as textiles and pottery.
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16. In the Metal Ages wealth was divided equally.
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1.Children went to school in Mesopotamia.
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2. The first rulers of Mesopotamia were priests and priestesses
but later kings ran the government.
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*priest – sacerdote*priestess – sacerdotisa*king - rey
3. Sumerian merchants sold to other cities Mesopotamian products
such as copper, tin and timber.
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*copper – cobre*tin – hojalata*timber - madera
4. The upper class of Sumerian society were kings, priests
and civil-servants.
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*civil servant - funcionario
5. Sumerian city-states were isolated because they were always
at war with one another.
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*at war – en guerra
6. A city-state is part of a bigger state.
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*bigger – más grande
7. Most people in Sumer were artisans and skilled workers.
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*skilled – hábil, experto
8. The lower social class of Sumer were slaves.
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*lower – más baja
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1. Pharaohs were considered gods on Earth who controlled
Egypt’s welfare.
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*welfare - bienestar
2. The First Intermediate Period in Egypt's history happened
between 2300 B.C. and 2050 B.C. when nobility battled one another
for power.
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3. Egypt conquered new lands during the Middle Kingdom
and because of these conquests, the kingdom became very poor.
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*kingdom - reino
4. The Middle Kingdom finished for two reasons:
nobilty fought again for the power and Hittites invaded Egypt.
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*fought (past) fight - luchar
5. The New Kingdom started when the Hyksos took over Egypt.
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6. Hatshepsut conquered some territories of Mesopotamia.
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7. Akhenaton turned the polytheistic religion
of Egypt into a monotheistic one.
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*turn - convertir
8. With Akhenaton the Egyptian empire became smaller
but with Ramses II lands were regained in western Asia.
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*lands – tierras*regain - recuperar
9. The main reason why Egypt lost power after Ramses II's death is
that Egyptians had to pay much more for iron weapons
than their enemies.
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*iron – hierro*death - muerte*weapons - armas
10. In 670 B.C. Egyptians took over the Assyrian empire.
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*took over (past) take over - apoderarse
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1. Between 1st and 2nd centuries AD
Rome conquered all the territories on the Italian Peninsula.
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2. Between 500 and 250 BC, Roman Empire expanded
north to south from British Isles to the Sahara Desert, and east
to west from Mesopotamia to the Iberian Peninsula.
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3. The Roman Empire was divided in provinces that had to pay
taxes to Rome. Each province was controlled
by a governor.
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4. During the Monarchy the king was helped by the senate.
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5. The last king of Rome,Tarquin the Proud, was Etruscan and
was dethroned in 509 BC.
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*proud – orgulloso*dethroned - destronar
6. The two main institutions of the Republic were
the comitias and the senate.
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*comitias - comicios
7. The plebeians were non-citizens who obtained their citizenship
by the 4th century BC.
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*citizen – ciudadano*citizenship - ciudadanía
8. During the Empire, Rome had to fight against Carthage in the Punic Wars to extend its
power around the Mediterranean.
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*fight – luchar*against - contra
9. In the 1st century BC the Republic was weakend
by corruption and internal conflicts.
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*weaken - debilitar
10. The fist triumvirate was formed by Mark Antony, Julius Caesar
and Crassus; the second triumvirate was formed by
Pompey, Octavian and Lepidus.
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11. In 27 BC Octavian became Augustus and the Roman Empire
started.
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12. The military anarchy was a fifty years period in which there were
more than 25 emperors.
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13. In the 3rd century BC Roman army was defeated by Persians and Barbarians.
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*defeat - derrotar
14. During the 4th century AD emperors Diocletian and Constantine improved
the situation of the empire.
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*improve - mejorar
15. When the Huns entered Germanic territories, Barbarians
had to flee into the Roman Empire and Romans couldn't stop
this invasion.
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*flee - huir
16. Emperor Constantine divided the empire into the Western
Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.
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17. The Western Roman Empire had its capital in Constantinople
and the Eastern Roman Empire in Rome.
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18. The Eastern Roman Empire was brought to an end thousand
years later than the Western Roman Empire and changed
its name to the Byzantine Empire.
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19. Emperor Constantine declared Christianity the only
religion of the Roman Empire.
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20. Christians were persecuted by the empire because
they didn't want to worship Jupiter and the other Roman gods.
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*worship - adorar
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1.In Early Greece city-states were called polis.
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2. Aristoi is a Greek word that means “government”.
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3. In same poleis aristocracy replaced democracy.
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4. An “acropolis” is a citadel on a hill.
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5. Athens is a famous example of aristocratic government and
Sparta of democratic government.
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6. Assemblies and councils were necessary in a
democratic government.
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7. Many Greeks migrated between the 8th and 6th
centuries because the population increased and there was not enough food for everyone.
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8. In early Greece,land was divided equally.
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9. Many Greeks migrated to the north and the south
of the Balkan Peninsula.
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10. Greek colonies were founded in places near the coast
in order to fish.
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11. Greek colonies weren’t independent.
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12. Colonization spread Greek influence beyond its frontiers.
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13. The Greeks founded colonies on the east coast of
the Iberian Peninsula.
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http://eso-socialscience.blogspot.com/
http://www.forumantica.com/prehistory/portugal-eng.html
http://www.crystalinks.com/greece.html
http://colecolon.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/13/
http://www.diomedes.com/hm_2.htm
http://www.2egipto.com/tours.main.asp
http://www.visiting-egypt.com/?p=27
http://www.iclipart.com