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High-Level Wireless Digital Communications for Program and Engineering Managers
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Instructor:
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Scott R. Bullock
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010
1
Link Budget
• Link - Connects the Transmitter to the Receiver
• Budget - Allocation of Power and Noise through the Link
• Tracks Signal & Noise Levels from Tx PA to Rx Detector (LNA)
– Power Output (PA), Tx Losses, Channel Losses, Rx Losses
– Signal/Noise at Receiver’s Detector
– Required S/N (or Eb/No for BER)
• Used in Solving Tradeoffs
– Size, cost, data rate, LPI/LPD, waveform, coding, etc.
Power & Noise Through the Link
Tx Antenna
Transmitter
Rx Antenna
Receiver
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010
2
Digital vs. Analog Comms
A/D
5V analog = Digital 101
5V
Mod Demod
Digital 101 = 5V analog
5V
D/A
LO LO
Sampler
Analog + Noise
Digital
Mod Demod
LO LO
Analog System
Digital System
Perfect Reconstruction of the Digital Waveform Assuming No Bit Errors
Analog
PSK, FH, etc.
AM/FM etc
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010
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Digital Modulation Creates
Frequency Waveform (Sinc)
2/PW
Null to Null Bandwidth
2 x Bit/Chip Rate
f
PdBm
V
t
Time Domain
Frequency Domain
Direct Sequence Digital Modulation
Shifts the phase of the carrier frequency according to the data
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010
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Spread Spectrum for Direct
Sequence and Frequency Hop – Spread Spectrum uses more bandwidth than is required to send data
Faster pseudo-random code spreads the bandwidth
Higher the code rate, wider the bandwidth
Signal
PdBm PdBm
f
Signal
Spread Spectrum
High Speed PN-code
Frequency hop spreads the bandwidth
More frequencies, wider the bandwidth
Spread Spectrum
Frequency Hop
Wideband
Spread Spectrum Wideband
Spread Spectrum
f Narrowband
Signal
Narrowband
Signal
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010
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Multiple User Techniques
Code 1
Code 2
Code 3
System 1
System 2
System 3
time 1 2 3 1 2 3
System 1 System 2 System 3
a. Time division multiple access
b. Code division multiple access.
.
Frequency
System 1 System 2 System 3
c. Frequency division multiple access.
f2 f3 f1
PdBm
V
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Users operate on different frequencies
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Users divided up in time slots.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Users have different codes
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010
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Power Control for
Near/Far Problems
Required in CDMA and other multiplexing schemes
Reduce the effects of Near/Far problems
Goal is to have equal power from users
Used where process gain is inadequate for good separation of users
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010
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Improvements To Eliminate
Errors in QPSK –Bit rate same
–Decrease BW
–Decrease Noise
–No Errors
–Increase Symbol S/N
–Provides twice the data rate
–Same BW
–No Errors
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010
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Antenna Diversity Example
Two or more antennas
Automatic selection of best signal
Theory:when one antenna is in a multipath null, the
other is not
Works very well with only two antennas
Antennas separated a short distance to prevent both
antennas from being in the null
Lab example with 2.4 GHz wireless modem
connection - Separation approximately 5”
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010
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Adaptive Filter with Two
Interfering Signals
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Differential GPS
N
S
E W Surveyed Point
Offset from
Surveyed point
Differential Corrections
between surveyed point vs GPS
Uses corrections for
Accurate positioning
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010
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GPS Landing Systems
D8PSK LPI/Anti-jam Data Link
Sends GPS Corrections
Relative GPS for moving platforms (Aircraft Carriers)
Kinematic Carrier Phase Tracking KCPT for CATIII landing systems
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010
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Satellite Two-Way
Communications
Coherent Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010
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MIMO, MISO, SIMO
Monitor & Control
Transmitter
Transmitter
Transmitter
Receiver
Receiver
Receiver
MIMO
Increased Data Rate
or Robustness
MISO – Transmitter Antenna Diversity
Multipath, Noise, Jammer Mitigation
SIMO – Receiver Antenna Diversity
Multipath, Noise, Jammer Mitigation
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010
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Beam Positioning of
AESAs to Mitigate Multipath
AESA
Position
Difference
Reflection/Multipath
Amp
Distance
Null Position
Mitigates Multipath
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