L.S.
?
SELAGINELLA
HETEROSPOROUS
M
L.S.
MEGASPORANGIUM
SELAGINELLA
HETEROSPOROUS
M
MEGASPORES
L.S.
MEGASPORANGIUM
SELAGINELLA
HETEROSPOROUS
?
MICROSPORANGIUM
L.S.
?
SELAGINELLA
HETEROSPOROUS
M
MICROSPORANGIUM
L.S.SELAGINELLA
HETEROSPOROUS
M
MICROSPORES
MICROSPORANGIUM
L.S.SELAGINELLA
HETEROSPOROUS
MICROSPORE
MEGASPORE
MEGAGAMETOPHYTE
ANTHERIDIUM
SPERM
EGGARCHEGONIUM
SELAGINELLA
MICROGAMETOPHYTE
M
MITOSIS
MITOSIS
MEGAGAMETOPHYTE
ANTHERIDIUM
SPERM
EGGARCHEGONIUM
SELAGINELLA
MICROGAMETOPHYTE
G
MICROSPORE
MEGASPORE
MEGAGAMETOPHYTE
ANTHERIDIUM
SPERM
EGGARCHEGONIUM
SELAGINELLA
MICROGAMETOPHYTE
MEGAGAMETOPHYTE
MEGASPORE
MICROSPORE
MEGASPORE WALL
EMBRYO
ARCHEGONIUMZYGOTE
RHIZOIDS
SPERM
MEGAGAMETOPHYTE
MICROSPORE WALL MICROGAMETOPHYTE ANTHERIDIUM
GAMETOPHYTES
E
MEGAGAMETOPHYTE
MEGASPORE
MICROSPORE
MEGASPORE WALL
EMBRYO
ARCHEGONIUMZYGOTE
RHIZOIDS
SPERM
ENDOSPORIC
MEGAGAMETOPHYTE
MICROSPORE WALL MICROGAMETOPHYTE ANTHERIDIUM
U
MEGAGAMETOPHYTE
MEGASPORE
MICROSPORE
MEGASPORE WALL
EMBRYO
ARCHEGONIUMZYGOTE
RHIZOIDS
SPERM
UNISEXUAL
MEGAGAMETOPHYTE
MICROSPORE WALL MICROGAMETOPHYTE ANTHERIDIUM
S
H
TRACHEOPHYTE
HETEROSPOROUS
LIFE CYCLE
SUMMARY
SELAGINELLA
H
SELAGINELLA
HETEROSPOROUS
M
M
SELAGINELLA
MICROSPORES & MEGASPORES
E
SELAGINELLA
ENDOSPORIC GAMETOPHYTE
U
SELAGINELLA
UNISEXUAL GAMETOPHYTE
^
SPERM
B
BIFLAGELLATED
SPERM
FLAGELLUM
FLAGELLUM
ANTHERIDIUM
M
MULTIPLE
FLAGELLA
MULTIFAGELLATED
SPERM
ANTHERIDIUM
^
SYNGAMY
P
GAMETOPHYTE
ARCHEGONIUM
ANTHERIDIUM
EGGZYGOTEFLAGELLATED SPERM
PTERIDOPHYTES
+
SPERM
ARCHEGONIUM
ANTHERIDIUM
EGGZYGOTE
PTERIDOPHYTES
GAMETOPHYTE
FLAGELLATED SPERM
+
SPERM
SWIM
ARCHEGONIUM
ANTHERIDIUM
EGGZYGOTE
PTERIDOPHYTES
GAMETOPHYTE
FLAGELLATED SPERM
+
SPERM
SWIM
ARCHEGONIUM
ANTHERIDIUM
EGGZYGOTE
PTERIDOPHYTES
GAMETOPHYTE
FLAGELLATED SPERM
S
SPERM
SWIM
SWIM
ARCHEGONIUM
ANTHERIDIUM
EGGZYGOTE
SYNGAMY
PTERIDOPHYTES
GAMETOPHYTE
W
FLAGELLATED SPERM
SWIM
SWIM
MYCORRHIZAE
ARCHEGONIUM
EGGZYGOTE
SYNGAMY
SYNGAMY
REQUIRES
WATER
PTERIDOPHYTES
FLAGELLATED SPERM
S
SWIM
SWIM
PTERIDOPHYTE
LIFE CYCLE
MEIOSIS
SPOROCYTES 2N
SPORES 1N
MITOSISGAMETOCYTES 1N
MITOSIS
GAMETE
SPERM
1N
GAMETE
EGG
1N
SYNGAMY
ZYGOTE 2N
MITOSIS
2N PHASE
MULTICELLULAR
SPORE PRODUCING PHASE
SPOROPHYTE
1N PHASE
MULTICELLULAR
GAMETE PRODUCING PHASE
GAMETOPHYTE
V
VASCULAR
PLANT
EVOLUTION
^
~420MILLION YEARS
RHYNIOPHYTA
EVOLVE
~420 MILLION YEARS AGO>
RHYNIOPHYTE
EVOLUTION
PARKA
C
CHAROPHYTE
RHYNIOPHYTE
EVOLUTION
A
AGLAOPHYTONCHAROPHYTE
RHYNIOPHYTE
EVOLUTION
P
PROEMBRYOPHYTECHAROPHYTE
RHYNIOPHYTE
EVOLUTION
E
EMBRYOPHYTEPROEMBRYOPHYTECHAROPHYTE
RHYNIOPHYTE
EVOLUTION
T
PROEMBRYOPHYTECHAROPHYTE
RHYNIOPHYTE
EVOLUTION
TRACHEOPHYTE
R
PROEMBRYOPHYTECHAROPHYTE
RHYNIOPHYTE
EVOLUTION
RHYNIOPHYTE
^
PHYLUM
RHYNIOPHYTA
>
E
PHYLUM
RHYNIOPHYTA
EXTINCT
PHYLUM
EXTINCT
PHYLUM
VILLAGE OF RHYNIE
ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND
^
COMMON NAME
RHYNIOPHYTES
^
FOSSIL RECORD
^
~420MILLION YEARS
SILURIAN
~420 MILLION YEARS AGOE
RHYNIOPHYTES
EVOLVE
~420 MILLION YEARS AGOO
RHYNIOPHYTES
OLDEST
TRACHEOPHYTES
~420 MILLION YEARS AGO?
?
C
COOKSONIA
O
COOKSONIA
OLDEST
TRACHEOPHYTE
?
HOW DO BOTANISTS
KNOW COOKSONIA
IS A TRACHEOPHYTE?
QUESTION
QUESTION
+
COOKSONIA
OLDEST
TRACHEOPHYTE
XT
COOKSONIA
VASCULAR TISSUE
COOKSONIA
STEM
M
COOKSONIA
MACERATED
COOKSONIA
MACERATED
ANNULAR SCALARIFORM PITTEDHELICAL
L.S.
STEM
SECONDARY
CELL WALL
DEPOSITION
A
ANNULAR SCALARIFORM PITTEDHELICAL
L.S.
STEM
SECONDARY
CELL WALL
DEPOSITION
H
ANNULAR SCALARIFORM PITTEDHELICAL
L.S.
STEM
SECONDARY
CELL WALL
DEPOSITION
S
ANNULAR SCALARIFORM PITTEDHELICAL
L.S.
STEM
SECONDARY
CELL WALL
DEPOSITION
P
ANNULAR SCALARIFORM PITTEDHELICAL
L.S.
STEM
SECONDARY
CELL WALL
DEPOSITION
XT
ANNULAR SCALARIFORM PITTEDHELICAL
L.S.
STEM
XYLEM TISSUE
SECONDARY
CELL WALL
DEPOSITION
VT
COOKSONIA
VASCULAR TISSUE
T
COOKSONIA
TRACHEOPHYTE
OT
COOKSONIA
OLDEST
TRACHEOPHYTE
^
~380MILLION YEARS
DEVONIAN
~380 MILLION YEARS AGOE
RHYNIOPHYTES
EXTINCT
~380 MILLION YEARS AGO^
GENERAL
CHARACTERS
^
ORGANS
COOKSONIA
AB
COOKSONIA
ROOTS
LEAVES
ABSENT
S
COOKSONIA
ROOTS
LEAVES
ABSENT
STEM
^
STEM
COOKSONIA
STEM
P
COOKSONIAPHOTOSYNTHETIC
STEM
^
STEM
ANATOMY
COOKSONIA
STEM
STEM
VASCULAR STELE
C.S
L
STEM
LIMITED VASCULAR TISSUE
C.S
P
PROTOSTELE
STEM
C.S
H
PROTOSTELE / HAPLOSTELE
STEM
C.S
STEM
C.S
E
~1 XYLEM MATURATION
ENDARCH
STEM
C.S
^
STEM
MORPHOLOGY
COOKSONIA
STEM
D
BRANCHING
COOKSONIADICHOTOMOUS
BRANCHING
STEM
RENALIA
M
BRANCHING
RENALIA
MONOPODIAL
BRANCHING
?
SAWDONIA
?
E
SAWDONIA
ENATIONS
A
COOKSONIADICHOTOMOUS
BRANCHING
ENATIONS
ABSENTSTEM
^
SPORANGIUM
SPORANGIUM
COOKSONIA
MULTIPLE
CELL
INITIALS
WALL CELLS THICK WALL
SPOROCYTES
WALL CELLS
SPOROCYTES
TAPETUM
NUMEROUS
SPORES
L.S.
LARGE SIZE
E
MULTIPLE
CELL
INITIALS
WALL CELLS THICK WALL
SPOROCYTES
WALL CELLS
SPOROCYTES
TAPETUM
NUMEROUS
SPORES
EUSPORANGIUM L.S.
LARGE SIZE
^
SPORANGIUM
POSITION
SPORANGIUM
STEM
COOKSONIA
SPORANGIUM
C