Health Care Reform: Health Care Reform: We’re Still Waiting for ItWe’re Still Waiting for It
Walter Tsou, MD, MPHPNHP Philadelphia
August 2010
Outline of TalkOutline of Talk
A Brief Health Policy 101 Health Care Reform Lessons for America
Two Questions?Two Questions?
What is the health policy of the United States of America?
How much will we spend this year (in dollars) on health care?
“Iron Triangle of Health Policy”
Access to Care
Cost Containment Quality of Care
Looking at CostsLooking at Costs
Health Care Costs at $2.6 Tr in 2010 and almost Health Care Costs at $2.6 Tr in 2010 and almost doubles in 9 years. Total for Decade? $34 Trillion!!doubles in 9 years. Total for Decade? $34 Trillion!!
Source: Projected from Health Spending Projections, Health Affairs, March 2010
$2,570$2,726
$2,893$3,069
$3,225$3,471
$3,700$3,945
$4,205$4,483
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
$3,500
$4,000
$4,500
$5,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102010 11 12 13 17161514 18 2019
US spends far more than other countries US spends far more than other countries on health care per capitaon health care per capita
$0$500
$1,000$1,500$2,000$2,500$3,000$3,500$4,000$4,500
TurkeyMexicoPolandHungaryKoreaCzechSpainGreecePortugalNewFindlandUnitedIrelandSwedenJapanItalyAustriaFranceBelgiumAustraliaIcelandDenmarkNorwayNetherlandsLuxembourgCanadaGermanySwitzerlandU.S.
OECD, Health Expenditures per capita, 1998
Looking at QualityLooking at Quality
2009 National Healthcare Quality 2009 National Healthcare Quality ReportReport
“We find that health care quality in America is suboptimal”
Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research, March 2010
Looking at AccessLooking at Access
50.7 MillionUninsured
Source: US Census, 2010
Rex Morgan, MD on Personal Rex Morgan, MD on Personal BankruptcyBankruptcy
45,000 Adult Deaths Annually Due to 45,000 Adult Deaths Annually Due to Lack of health insuranceLack of health insurance
NY Times, Sept. 18, 2009
Health Care Reform: Which Direction?Health Care Reform: Which Direction?
No domestic issue is more divided than No domestic issue is more divided than health carehealth care
Major Stakes for Both PartiesMajor Stakes for Both Parties
Democrats– Signature Issue for
Obama
Republicans– Plan is too big– Government takeover– It will influence the
midterm election and maybe the presidency
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Government or the “free market”?Government or the “free market”?
Government is the answer
Private insurance cannot be trusted
Government is the problem
Private insurance “works” for 160 million Americans
Choosing a pathway for reform?Choosing a pathway for reform?
Government– Expand Medicare for
everyone
Private– Require everyone to
buy private insurance– Insurers must be
regulated
The greatest lobbying effort in historyThe greatest lobbying effort in history
June 29, 2009
$1.2 Billion Spent on Health Care Lobbying!$1.2 Billion Spent on Health Care Lobbying!
Center for Public Integrity, March 26, 2010
Health Care Reform: Which Direction?Health Care Reform: Which Direction?
What are the key elements of reform?What are the key elements of reform? You will keep your insurance, whether you like it or not You will be required to have private health insurance or pay a fine There will be subsidies for the poor. There will be a state insurance exchange which will be open to
small businesses, self employed, and those not offered employer sponsored insurance starting in 2014
Changes to Medicare CLASS act - voluntary purchase long term care insurance? New regulations on insurers Immigrants are restricted or banned
You will be required to buy private You will be required to buy private health insurance or pay a finehealth insurance or pay a fine
Bronze (60% of the cost of care) Silver (70% of the cost of care) Gold (80% of the cost of care) Platinum (90% of the cost of care)
The better the plan, the more it costs We don’t know the price (several thousand)
How much is the fine?How much is the fine?
The greater of:– 2014 - $95 or 1% of income– 2015 - $350 or 2% of income– 2016 - $650 or 2.5% of income ($2,085 max)
““I am poor, how can I afford this?”I am poor, how can I afford this?”
Medicaid up to 133% of poverty paid by the federal govt up to 2017
Sliding scale cost sharing of 94 - 70% from 133% - 400% of poverty
Unclear what happens to subsidy if you gain or lose a job
$5 billion put in state run high risk pools for those with preexisting conditions
This is too confusing, who can help me?This is too confusing, who can help me?
Pick employer plan for those employed Self employed, small businesses, uninsured
can go to a state insurance exchange beginning in 2014
Very poor get on Medicaid
Mass Connector, family of three, cheapest plan
Marketwatch, Feb 19, 2010
Enormous Price IncreasesEnormous Price Increases
LA Times, April 13, 2010
New insurance regulationsNew insurance regulations No exclusions for preexisting conditions No medical underwriting No recissions No lifetime caps on claims Children can stay on plan until age 26 Must pay 80% of income toward claims if small plan,
85% if large plan Insurers disclose payment policies, ratings
Some Republican ideasSome Republican ideas
Purchase of private insurance Health Savings Accounts sold in exchanges State demonstrations on malpractice reform Restrictions on abortion
How to pay for it?How to pay for it? Employer sponsored insurance Tax “Cadillac” insurance plans after 2018? Medicare income tax increased to 2.35%
– > $200K have to pay on investment income also (3.8%) Employers > 50 workers fined if workers get insurance
through the insurance exchange Fees on drug and insurance industry Cuts to Medicare and Medicare Advantage Independent Payment Advisory Board
34
10 M (4%)Nongroup
Source of Insurance Coverage Pre-Reform and Source of Insurance Coverage Pre-Reform and Under Affordable Care Act, 2019Under Affordable Care Act, 2019
* Employees whose employers provide coverage through the exchange are shown as covered by their employers (5 million), thus about 29 million people would be enrolled through plans in the exchange. Note: ESI is Employer-Sponsored Insurance. Source: S. R. Collins, K. Davis, J. L. Nicholson, S. D. Rustgi, and R. Nuzum, The Health Insurance Provisions of the Affordable Care Act: Implications for Coverage, Affordability, and Costs, The Commonwealth Fund, (forthcoming).
Among 282 million people under age 65
Pre-Reform
162 M(57%)ESI
35 M(12%)
Medicaid
54 M(19%)
Uninsured16 M (6%)Other
15 M (5%)Nongroup
159 M(56%)ESI
51 M(18%)
Medicaid
24 M (9%)Exchanges
(Private Plans)
16 M (6%)Other
23 M (8%)Uninsured
Affordable Care Act
Health Care Will Become Even More Health Care Will Become Even More ExpensiveExpensive
NY Times, April 23, 2010
CBO estimate of Affordable Care Act of 2010
Total Net Impact on Federal Deficit, 2010–2019 –$143
Gross Cost of Coverage Provisions $938
Offsetting Revenues from Individual Mandate, Employers, and Wage Effects
–$117
Savings from Payment and System Reforms –$511Productivity updates/provider payment changes –160Medicare Advantage reform –204Other improvements and savings –147
Education System Savings –$19
Total Revenues –$432
Major Sources of Cost, Savings and Revenues Compared with Projected Major Sources of Cost, Savings and Revenues Compared with Projected Spending, Net Cumulative Effect on Federal Deficit, 2010–2019Spending, Net Cumulative Effect on Federal Deficit, 2010–2019
Dollars in billions
Note: Totals do not reflect net impact on deficit due to rounding.Source: Congressional Budget Office, Letter to the Honorable Nancy Pelosi, Mar. 20, 2010.
We have the MostExpensive Health CareSystem in the World
By far . . .
Yet we have lower lifeexpectancy than half ofthe world
National Geographic, OECD Health Data 2009
Testimony on Why US is an OutlierTestimony on Why US is an Outlier
Barry Anderson, Deputy Director of the CBO,Natl Commission on Fiscal Responsibility, July 28, 2010
http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/294801-1
Go to 1:30 minutes and watch for 3 minutes
Jobless Recovery in a Global Economy?Jobless Recovery in a Global Economy?
Why would we hire Americans when we have the most expensive health care per capita in the world?
Other countries that provide universal health care have either single payer or the insurers act as a single payer
A country that does not produce things will soon be a second class country
What Does It Mean When a Nation What Does It Mean When a Nation Stops Making Things Here?Stops Making Things Here?
Jobs, jobs, jobs . . . Health care are Jobs, jobs, jobs . . . Health care are linkedlinked
Employer sponsored insurance is a cost for every employer
In a global economy, jobs follow manufacturing
Dramatic Loss of Jobs That May Never Dramatic Loss of Jobs That May Never ReturnReturn
US Bureau of Labor Statistics
http://tipstrategies.com/archive/geography-of-jobs/
Move slider to 2007 and click start
2010 US Debt - $13.2 Trillion! 2010 US Debt - $13.2 Trillion! 91% of GDP91% of GDP
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are needed to see this picture.
Gross Debt
Debt as % GDP
Canada is First of G-7 Countries to Canada is First of G-7 Countries to Recover from RecessionRecover from Recession
Bloomberg News, July 9, 2010
Why US Manufacturers Move Overseas?Why US Manufacturers Move Overseas?
United States– $7,300 per capita on
health care in 2007– Administrative
overhead 31% * – Per capita income
$46,000
Taiwan– $800 per capita on
health care in 2007– Administrative
overhead 1.6% *– Per capita income
$30,100
* Sources: NEJM, August 21, 2003, Bureau of NHI, Taiwan
Information technologyInformation technology
Congress has $19 Billion in the economic stimulus bill
Can we do health IT with such a dysfunctional fragmented system?
Health IT works when the health system Health IT works when the health system works (Taiwan)works (Taiwan)
Frontline, April 2008
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/sickaroundtheworld/view/
Start at 40:00 to 41:00
NY Times, Feb 26, 2010
How Tough Are Our Choices?How Tough Are Our Choices?
Bankrupt Private Health Insurers?
Bankrupt America? QuickTime™ and a decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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QuickTime™ and a decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and a decompressorare needed to see this picture.
David Walker, former US Comptroller David Walker, former US Comptroller GeneralGeneral
60 Minutes, March 4, 2007
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=2534935n&tag=related;photovideo
Go to 7:33 to 7:52 on this link
Making a decision on a tough choiceMaking a decision on a tough choice
Well, if you put it that way . . . . The choice is clear
We must control health care costs . . . – For the sake of American jobs– For the sake of our national deficit– For our kids future
First Congressional Hearing on Single First Congressional Hearing on Single Payer, June 10, 2009Payer, June 10, 2009
C-SPAN, June 10, 2009
http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/286942-1
Go to 29:28 to 31:12
Overall ImpressionsOverall Impressions Incredibly complex Many good, bad, and ugly stuff Supports subsidies for poor, unclear how it works A strong prevention and public health agenda Many will have difficulty affording this My prediction: It will achieve mediocre, expensive health
care for some people, but may prevent illness in others For those who want quality, affordable health care for all,
“No rest for the weary”
Questions?Questions?