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Thermodynamics
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THERMODYNAMICS
RUB YOUR HANDS TOGETHER FOR 15SECONDS
Are your Hands Warm ?
THERMAL ENERGY
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THERMODYNAMICS
The study of the effects of work, heat
flow, and energy on a system
Movement of thermal energy
Engineers use thermodynamics in
systems ranging from nuclear powerplants to electrical components.
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1-1
Power plants
The human bodyAir-conditioning
systems Airplanes
Car radiators Refrigeration systems
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In our study of thermodynamics, we willchoose a small part of the universe to which
we willapply the laws of thermodynamics. We
call this subset a SYSTEM.
The system is a macroscopically identifiable
collection of matter on which we focus ourattention (e.g., the water kettle or the aircraft
engine).
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SYSTEM SURROUNDINGS AND
BOUNDARY
System: A quantity of matter in space which isanalyzed during a problem.
Surroundings : Everything external to the system.
System Boundary: A separation present betweensystem and surrounding.
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TYPES OF SYSTEM
Thermodynamic System
Closed system Open System Isolated System
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CROSSING CLOSED-SYSTEM
BOUNDARIES
1
1-2
Energy, not mass, crosses closed-system boundries
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CLOSED SYSTEM WITH MOVING
BOUNDARY
1-3
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OPEN SYSTEM
1-4
Mass and Energy Cross Control Volume Boundaries
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ISOLATED SYSTEM
1. It is a system of fixed mass with sameidentity and fixed energy.
2. No interaction of mass or energy takes
place between the system and the
surroundings..
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY
Thermodynamic property are certaincharacteristics which can be used to describe the
condition or state of a system e.g. pressure,
temperature etc
Thermodynamicproperties
IntensiveProperties
Extensiveproperties
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INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE
PROPERTIES
Intensive properties: are those that areindependent of the size (mass) of a system, suchas temperature, pressure, and density.
Extensive properties values that are dependant on
size of the system such as mass, volume, and totalenergy U.
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THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
It is the final steady state of an isolated system where various thermodynamic
properties of the system become constant
Thermodynamic equilibrium
Thermalequilibrium
Mechanicalequilibrium
Chemicalequilibrium
COMPRESSED PROCESS P V
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COMPRESSED PROCESS P-V
DIAGRAM
1
1-7
NON FLOW THERMODYNAMIC
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NON FLOW THERMODYNAMIC
PROCESSES
Isochoric Process
Isobaric Process
Isothermal ProcessAdiabatic Process
Polytrophic Process
Free Expansion Process
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LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Zeroth LawThermodynamics
First Law ofThermodynamics
Second Law ofThermodynamics
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If a body A and body Bare both in equilibrium
with body C ; then A and B also in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
Law of energy conservation applied to a thermalsystem
Thermal energy can change form and location,
but it cannot be created ordestroyed. Thermal energy can be increased within a system
by adding thermal energy (heat) or by performing
work in a system.
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
Example: Using a bicycle pump
Pumping the handle results in what?
Applying mechanical energy into the
system
Mechanical energy is converted into
thermal energy through friction (the
pump becomes hot)
The total increase in internal energy of
the system is equal to what?
The applied mechanical energy
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal energy flows from hot to cold
When you touch a frozen
pizza with your hand, thermal
energy flows in whatdirection?
Hand Pizza
When you touch a cooked
pizza with your hand, thermalenergy flows in what
direction?Pizza Hand
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2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Kelvin Planck Statement
It is impossible to construct a cyclic heat engine
that convert all heat energy supplied by sourceinto equivalent amount of work.
Clausius StatementIt states that heat cannot flow from a body atlower to the higher temperature without help ofan external energy.
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2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Heat engine
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REFRIGERATOR AND HEAT PUMP
Possible and Impossible case
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CARNOT CYCLE
This cycle is invented in 1824 by Sadi Carnot, a German engineer. Itconsists of four reversible processes out of which two are isothermal
and two are adiabatic.
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OTTO CYCLE
The air-standard Otto cycle is the ideal cycle that
approximates the spark-ignition combustion engine.
Process Description
1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant volume heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant volume heat rejection
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DIESEL CYCLE
Process Description 1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant volume heat rejection
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DUAL CYCLE
Process Description 1-2 Isentropic compression
2-X Constant volume heat addition
X-3 Constant pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant volume heat rejection
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How Piston Cylinder Arrangement Works in Four Stroke Cycle
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THANK YOU