Grammar three Lecture four By: Eman Alkatheery Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 2
Part One Adjective Clauses: Restrictive Clauses versus
Nonrestrictive Clauses Eman Alkatheery
Slide 3
Adjective Clauses An adjective (or relative) clause is a
dependent clause that functions as an adjective in a sentence. It
modifies nouns, pronouns, or a whole sentence. It begins with a
relative pronoun. It comes immediately after the words that it
modifies. In some cases, a prepositional phrase may come in
between. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 4
Adjective Clauses Examples: The first football world cup,which
took place in 1930, was held in Uruguay. I have not read the
magazine that is lying on the table. People who use microwave ovens
save time and money. Ovens that use microwave energy cook food
quickly. The award that Mario received was for his volunteer work.
Eman Alkatheery
Slide 5
Adjective Clauses There are several types of adjective clauses
(Table 4.1, p. 156) Example Relative Pronoun Types of Clauses
Biology is a subject that is very interesting.That, which,
whoSubject It is a subject which I would like to study. That,
which, who (m) Object Dr. Smith, whose class meets today, is an
expert.whosepossessive Eman Alkatheery
Slide 6
Adjective Clauses example Relative Pronouns Types of Clauses I
remember the caf where we met.Whereplace Does the class meet at a
time when you can attend? WhenTime I saw three movies, one of which
was boring. Quantity + of + which or whom quantity Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 7
Adjective Clauses Biology is a subject that is very
interesting. Biology is a subject. + Biology is very interesting It
is a subject which I would like to study. It is a subject. + I
would like to study the subject. Dr. Smith, whose class meets
today, is an expert. Dr. Smith is an expert. + His class meets
today. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 8
Adjective Clauses Adjective clauses are divided into two types:
1. Restrictive clauses 2. Nonrestrictive clauses The type of the
adjective clause determines the use of commas. Commas are only used
with nonrestrictive clauses. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 9
Adjective Clauses Restrictive clauses (Table 4.2, p. 157) It
explains which people, places, or things: not everything or
everyone. It limits the noun or pronoun that it modifies to only
what is described in the clause. No commas are used. The relative
pronoun (that) is only used with restrictive clauses. Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 10
Adjective Clauses Example: Men who are not married are called
bachelors. The students who passed the exam will take the next
level. There is only one museum that is open on Sundays. Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 11
Adjective Clauses Nonrestrictive clauses (Table 4.2, p. 157) It
does not define or limit the noun or pronoun that it modifies. It
only adds more information about the word it modifies. It does not
explain which people or which things. Nonrestrictive adjective
clauses usually modify proper names, nouns that are unique, and
nouns preceded by demonstratives. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 12
Adjective Clauses Examples: Professor Jones, who teaches my
biology class, won a Nobel prize. We visited this pyramid, which is
located in Cairo. The moon, which appears in many ancient drawings,
was an ancient symbol of fertility. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 13
Adjective Clauses Compare: Professor Jones, who teaches my
biology class, won a Nobel prize. The professor who teaches my
biology class won a Nobel prize. Eman Alkatheery
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Clauses with Multiple meanings In some cases, a particular
clause can be either restrictive or nonrestrictive. (Table 4.3, P.
157) It can either identify or give extra information. The
adjective clause type can be identified by: 1. The speakers or
writers point of view 2. Punctuation ( commas) Eman Alkatheery
Slide 15
Clauses with Multiple meanings COMPARE: My sister who lives in
Jeddah teaches in a high school. My sister,who lives in Jeddah,
teaches in a high school. Practice 1, P. 158 Practice 2, P. 159
Practice 3, P. 161 Eman Alkatheery
Slide 16
Clauses with Multiple meanings Compare: The teacher thanked the
students who brought her flowers. The teacher thanked the students,
who brought her flowers. The teacher pointed at the maps which are
located at the back of the classroom. The teacher pointed at the
maps, which are located at the back of the classroom. Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 17
Part Two Adjective Clauses: Replacement of Subjects Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 18
Clauses with who, that, and which A sentence with an adjective
clause can be seen as a combination of two sentences. The relative
pronouns who, which, and that may replace the subject of a simple
sentence in order to form an adjective clause (Table 4.4., P. 163)
John is a doctor. + John works hard. John, who is a doctor, works
hard. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 19
Clauses with who, that, and which In restrictive clauses, who
and that refer to people, but who is preferred. Which and that
refer to animals and things, but that is preferred. In
nonrestrictive clauses, only who and which are used. That is not
possible. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 20
Clauses with who, that, and which The man was named Stephens.
The man found the ruins. The man who found the ruins was named
Stephens. The house is expensive. The house is in the 7 th street.
The house that is in the 7 th street is expensive. Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 21
Clauses with who, that, and which Shakespeare wrote more than
100 sonnets. Shakespeare is a famous English poet. Shakespeare, who
is a famous English poet, wrote more than 100 sonnets. Toronto is a
beautiful place. Toronto is the largest city in Canada. Toronto,
which is the largest city in Canada, is a beautiful place. Practice
1, P. 163 Eman Alkatheery
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Clauses with who, that, and which Practice: John Fish explained
the structure of DNA. John Fish is a research chemist. English
words are difficult for foreigners to pronounce. English words
begin with /th/ sound. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 23
Clauses with whose Whose may replace a possessive noun,
pronoun, or adjective in the subject of a simple sentence in order
to form an adjective clause, e.g., Sarahs, his, their, .etc (Table
4.5., P. 165) Whose may be used to refer to people, animals, and
things. It can also be used with both restrictive and
nonrestrictive clauses. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 24
Clauses with Whose I retuned the book to the library. The books
cover was torn. I returned the book whose cover was torn to the
library. The nanny takes care of two children. The two childrens
mother works at a hospital. The nanny takes care of the two
children whose mother works at a hospital. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 25
Clauses with Whose I read about Shakespeare. His plays are
famous. I read about Shakespeare, whose plays are famous. Practice
2, p. 165 Practice 3, p. 166 Eman Alkatheery
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Anticipatory it with Adjective Clauses Anticipatory it is often
used with adjective clauses to place more emphasis on the word
modified by the adjective clause (table 4.6, p. 167). Hernando
Cortez led the Spanish conquest of central America. It was Hernando
Cortez who led the Spanish conquest of central America. An
environmental disaster caused the end of the Mayan Empire. It was
an environmental disaster that caused the end of the Mayan Empire.
Eman Alkatheery
Slide 27
Anticipatory it with Adjective Clauses Did an environmental
disaster cause the end of the Mayan empire? Was it an environmental
disaster that caused the end of the Mayan empire? The verb in the
adjective clause is singular or plural depending on the complement
of the main clause. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 28
Anticipatory it with Adjective Clauses Olive oil fights heart
diseases. It is olive oil that fights heart diseases. Apples
strengthen your health. It is apples that strengthen your health. A
football match is aired on TV now. It is a football match that is
aired on TV now. Practice 4, p. 167 Eman Alkatheery
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Part Three Adjective Clauses: Replacement of Objects Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 30
Clauses with whom, that, and which: Replacement of Objects The
relative pronouns whom, which, and that may replace the object of a
simple sentence in order to form an adjective clause. In
restrictive clauses that refer to people, who(m) and that can be
used, or the relative pronoun can be omitted. Whom is preferred in
formal English. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 31
Clauses with whom, that, and which: Replacement of Objects In
restrictive clauses that refer to animals and things, which and
that can be used, or the relative pronoun can be omitted. In
nonrestrictive clauses, only who(m) and which are used, and they
cannot be omitted (table 4.7, p. 172) Eman Alkatheery
Slide 32
Clauses with whom, that, and which: Replacement of Objects
Restrictive clauses (people): The artists lived centuries ago.
Historians credit them for the statues. Restrictive clauses(
things): The figure is of a horse. I like this figure the most.
Eman Alkatheery
Slide 33
Clauses with whom, that, and which: Replacement of Objects The
artists whom historians credit for the statues lived centuries ago.
The artists who historians credit for the statues lived centuries
ago. The artists that historians credit for the statues lived
centuries ago. The artists historians credit for the statues lived
centuries ago. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 34
Clauses with whom, that, and which: Replacement of Objects The
figure which I like the most is of a horse. The figure that I like
the most is of a horse. The figure I like the most is of a horse.
Practice 1, p. 172 Eman Alkatheery
Slide 35
Clauses with whom, that, and which: Replacement of Objects
Ahmad is a doctor. I invited Ahmad to my party. Ahmad, whom I
invited to my party, is a doctor. Ahmad, who I invited to my party,
is a doctor. Paris is a beautiful city. I visited Paris last
summer. Paris, which I visited last summer, is a beautiful city.
Eman Alkatheery
Slide 36
Clauses with whom, that, and which: Replacement of Objects of
prepositions The relative pronouns whom, which, and that may
replace the object of a preposition in a simple sentence in order
to form an adjective clause. In formal English, the preposition is
sometimes placed before the relative pronoun. In this case only
whom and which are used. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 37
Clauses with whom, that, and which: Replacement of Objects of
prepositions If the preposition is placed at the end of a
restrictive clause, that can also be used, or the relative pronoun
can be omitted. This construction is frequently used in
conversational English, but it is not preferred in formal written
English. In nonrestrictive clauses, whom or which must be used.
(table 4.8, p.173) Eman Alkatheery
Slide 38
Clauses with whom, that, and which: Replacement of Objects of
prepositions Restrictive Clause ( people): Bill is the man. I spoke
to the man. Bill is the man to whom I spoke. Bill is the man whom I
spoke to. Bill is the man who I spoke to. Bill is the man that I
spoke to. Bill is the man I spoke to. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 39
Clauses with whom, that, and which: Replacement of Objects of
prepositions She is the director. I wrote to the director. She is
the director to whom I wrote. She is the director whom I wrote to.
She is the director who I wrote to. She is the director that I
wrote to. She is the director I wrote to. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 40
Clauses with whom, that, and which: Replacement of Objects of
prepositions The gods are depicted in the statues. The Greeks
believed in them. The gods in whom the Greeks believed are depicted
in the statues. The gods whom the Greeks believed in are depicted
in the statues. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 41
Clauses with whom, that, and which: Replacement of Objects of
prepositions The gods who the Greeks believed in are depicted in
the statues. The gods that the Greeks believed in are depicted in
the statues. The gods the Greeks believed in are depicted in the
statues. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 42
Clauses with whom, that, and which: Replacement of Objects of
prepositions Restrictive Clauses (things): It is the studio. He
works for the studio. It is the studio for which he works. It is
the studio which he works for. It is the studio that he works for.
It is the studio he works for. Practice 2, p. 174 Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 43
Clauses with whom, that, and which: Replacement of Objects of
prepositions The museum has many Greek artifacts. I bought some
books at the museum. The museum at which I bought some books has
many Greek artifacts. The museum which I bought some books at has
many Greek artifacts. The museum that I bought some books at has
many Greek artifacts. The museum I bought some books at has many
Greek artifacts. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 44
Clauses with whom, that, and which: Replacement of Objects of
prepositions Nonrestrictive clauses: Sarah Palin lost the election.
I voted for Sarah Palin. Sarah Palin, for whom I voted, lost the
election. Sarah Palin, whom I voted for, lost the election. Paris
is a beautiful city. I went to Paris. Paris, to which I went last
summer, is a beautiful city. Paris, which I went to last summer, is
a beautiful city. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 45
Clauses with whose: Replacement of Objects Whose may replace a
possessive noun in the object of a preposition in a simple sentence
in order to form an adjective clause (Table 4.9., P. 175) Whose may
be used to refer to people, animals, and things. It can also be
used with both restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses. It can not
be omitted. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 46
Clauses with whose: Replacement of Objects One of Greeces
greatest philosophers was Socrates. Plato put Socrates ideas in
writing. One of Greeces greatest philosophers was Socrates, whose
ideas Plato put in writing. He is the actor. I go to his films. He
is the actor whose films I go to. Practice 3, p. 175 Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 47
Superlatives and adjective clauses Restrictive clauses are
often used after superlative constructions. Adjective clauses are
used to identify superlatives. The is generally used with the noun
being modified. (table 4.10, p. 176) Practice 4, p. 176 Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 48
Superlatives and adjective clauses Several of the greatest
statues that were originally in the Parthenon are now in London.
Fifty of the most important statues that were removed were sold to
the British museum. Some of the most beautiful statues that we have
ever seen are in the British museum. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 49
Part Four: Other Adjective Clause Constructions Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 50
Clauses with when and where When and where may be used to form
adjective clauses. In nonrestrictive clauses, only when, where, or
which + preposition are used. In restrictive clauses, that or that
+ preposition can also be used, or the relative pronoun can be
omitted. (table 4.11, p. 179) Eman Alkatheery
Slide 51
Clauses with when Restrictive clauses with when, that or : At
the time, the statues were still standing. The Dutch arrived then.
At the time when the Dutch arrived, the statues were still
standing. At the time that the Dutch arrived, the statues were
still standing. At the time the Dutch arrived, the statues were
still standing. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 52
Clauses with when The lives of Germans suddenly changed on the
night. East German soldiers began building the Berlin Wall during
that night. The lives of Germans suddenly changed on the night when
East German soldiers began building the Berlin Wall. The lives of
Germans suddenly changed on the night that East German soldiers
began building the Berlin Wall. The lives of Germans suddenly
changed on the night East German soldiers began building the Berlin
Wall. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 53
Clauses with when Nonrestrictive clauses with when: In 1722,
the statues were still standing. the Dutch arrived then. In
1722,when the Dutch arrived, the statues were still standing. Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 54
Clauses with when On November 9, 1989, their lives changed
again. The wall was torn down on November 9, 1989. On November 9,
1989, when the wall was torn down, their lives changed again. Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 55
Clauses with where Restrictive clauses with where, which, that
or : This is an island. An advanced society had flourished here.
This is an island where an advanced society had flourished. This is
an island on which an advanced society had flourished. Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 56
Clauses with where This is an island which an advanced society
had flourished on. This is an island that an advanced society had
flourished on. This is an island an advanced society had flourished
on. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 57
Clauses with where Nonrestrictive clauses with where, or which:
This is Easter island. An advanced society had flourished here.
This is Easter island, where an advanced society had flourished.
This is Easter island, on which an advanced society had flourished.
This is Easter island, which an advanced society had flourished on.
Practice 1, p. 179 Eman Alkatheery
Slide 58
Restrictive clauses modifying people Subject object object of
preposition Who That prep + whom whom whom + prep who who + prep
that that + prep + prep Eman Alkatheery
Slide 59
Nonrestrictive clauses modifying people Subject object object
of preposition Who prep + whom whom whom + prep who Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 60
Restrictive clauses modifying things and animals Subjectobject
object of preposition which That prep + which which which+ prep
that that + prep + prep Eman Alkatheery
Slide 61
nonrestrictive clauses describing things and animals Subject
object object of preposition which prep + which which+ prep Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 62
Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses and Expressions of Quantity
Expressions such as one of, some of, all of, none of, each of, both
of, the rest of, either of and neither of may be used to begin
nonrestrictive adjective clauses. These clauses must include whom
and which, depending on whether an object or person is being
described. These clauses must be preceded and/or followed by
commas. (table 4.12, p. 180) Eman Alkatheery
Slide 63
Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses and Expressions of Quantity
Sailors attacked the islanders. Three of the islanders were killed.
Sailors attacked the islanders, three of whom were killed. These
statues are world famous. Many of them weigh over 20 tons. These
statues, many of which weigh over 20 tons, are world famous. Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 64
Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses and Expressions of Quantity
They sailed two ships. Neither of the ships was safe. Neither ship
was safe. They sailed two ships, neither of which was safe. The
citizens of Puerto Rico are well educated. Ninety percent of them
are literate. The citizens of Puerto Rico, ninety percent of whom
are literate, are well educated. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 65
Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses and Expressions of Quantity
She gave two answers. Both answers were incorrect. She gave two
answers, both of which were incorrect. The top students received
scholarships. All of the students graduated with honors. The top
students, all of whom graduated with honors, received scholarships.
Practice 2, p. 180 Eman Alkatheery
Slide 66
Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses and Expressions of Quantity
The top students received scholarships. The school awarded half of
the top students. The top students, half of whom the school
awarded, received scholarships. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 67
Adjective Clauses and Subject/Verb Agreement The form of the
verb in the adjective clause depends on the noun being modified.
Use a singular verb in an adjective clause that modifies a singular
noun. Use a plural verb in an adjective clause that modifies a
plural noun. (table 4.13, p. 181). Eman Alkatheery
Slide 68
Adjective Clauses and Subject/Verb Agreement The islander who
was kidnapped later died. The islanders who were kidnapped later
died. The student who is working alone is a friend of mine. The
students who are working together are friends of mine. Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 69
Adjective Clauses and Subject/Verb Agreement Use plural verbs
with adjective clauses that follow one of the + plural noun. The
clause modifies the plural noun in the prepositional phrase. In
conversational English, a singular verb may sometimes be used.
(table 4.13, p. 181). Example: It is one of the islands that were
formed by volcanoes. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 70
Adjective Clauses and Subject/Verb Agreement Use a singular
verb with the only one, even though a plural noun follows in the
prepositional phrase. (table 4.13, p. 181). Example: It was the
only one of the islands that was formed by volcanoes. Practice 3,
p. 181 Practice 4, p. 182 Eman Alkatheery
Slide 71
Adjective Clauses and Subject/Verb Agreement Compare: It was
the only one of the islands that was formed by volcanoes. It is one
of the islands that were formed by volcanoes. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 72
Part Five: Adjective Clauses to Phrase Reduction Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 73
Adjective Clauses to Phrase Reduction Adjective clauses can be
reduced to participial phrases. A participial phrase is a phrase
that contains a past participle (eaten) or present
participle(eating). Participial phrases can be formed from
adjective clauses if the relative pronoun is the subject of the
relative clause. The time of the phrase is determined by the verb
of the main clause or the general context. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 74
Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Verbs in the Active Voice
In adjective clauses with verbs in the active voice, eliminate the
connecting word (relative pronoun), and use the present participle
of the main verb. The present participle is used to replace the
verbs in variety of tenses. To form the negative, use (not) before
the present participle. If the adjective clause has commas, the
participial phrase has commas, too. (Table 4.14, p. 186) Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 75
Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Verbs in the Active Voice
The Taj Mahal, which sits on the Yamuna River, is one of the
architectural wonders of the world. The Taj Mahal, sitting on the
Yamuna River, is one of the architectural wonders of the world.
Shah Jahans son, who didnt respect Jahan, overthrew his father and
placed him in prison. Shah Jahans son, not respecting Jahan,
overthrew his father and placed him in prison. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 76
Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Verbs in the Active Voice
The emperor who ruled the Agra region of India at that time was
named Shah Jahan. The emperor ruling the Agra region of India at
that time was named Shah Jahan. The Taj Mahal was built by
thousands of craftsmen who worked day and night for 22 years. The
Taj Mahal was built by thousands of craftsmen working day and night
for 22 years. Practice 1, p. 186 Eman Alkatheery
Slide 77
Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Verbs in the Active Voice A
woman who was hurrying to catch the bus tripped and fell. A woman
hurrying to catch the bus tripped and fell. Many students who study
at this university are from foreign countries. Many students
studying at this university are from foreign countries. Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 78
Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Verbs in the Passive Voice
In adjective clauses with verbs in the passive voice, eliminate the
connecting word (relative pronoun) and (is, was, were, are). Use
the past participle of the main verb. To form the negative, use
(not) at the beginning of the adjective clause. If the passive verb
is a continuous tense, being +past participle. If the adjective
clause has commas, the participial phrase has commas, too. (Table
4.15, p. 188) Eman Alkatheery
Slide 79
Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Verbs in the Passive Voice
The Taj Mahal, which was built by Shah Jahan, is made of white
marble. The Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan, is made of white
marble. The temples that were being built during this time had a
variety of designs. The temples being built during this time had a
variety of designs. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 80
Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Verbs in the Passive Voice
Today tourists flock to Machu Picchu, which was discovered by
archeologists in 1911. Today tourists flock to Machu Picchu,
discovered by archeologists in 1911. Some cities that were not
protected by walls fell into invaders. Some cities not protected by
walls fell into invaders. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 81
Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Verbs in the Passive Voice
Research papers that are not handed in by Wednesday will not be
accepted. Research papers not handed in by Wednesday will not be
accepted. The languages that are spoken in Switzerland are German,
French, and Italian. The languages spoken in Switzerland are
German, French, and Italian. Practice 2, p. 188 Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 82
Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Verbs in the Perfect Tense
Adjective clauses with verbs in the present perfect or the past
perfect may be reduced into in two ways. 1. The verbs (have, has,
had) can be changed to ( having) plus the past participle of the
main verb. 2. The verbs ( have, has, had) are eliminated, and the
main verb is changed to the present participle. However, this way
does not stress the completion of the action. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 83
Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Verbs in the Perfect Tense
With clauses in the passive voice, (having + been + past
participle) ) are used. ( Not) for the negative and adverbs are
place at the beginning of the participial phrase. Punctuation of
participial phrases depends on the adjective clauses being reduced.
If the adjective clause is nonrestrictive, then the participial
phrase is punctuated. Otherwise, it does not. ( Table 4.16, p. 190)
Eman Alkatheery
Slide 84
Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Verbs in the Perfect Tense
Active voice: The secrets of the universe, which have fascinated
people for centuries, are slowly being discovered. The secrets of
the universe, having fascinated people for centuries, are slowly
being discovered. The workers, who had finally finished the temple,
returned to their villages. The workers, finally having finished
the temple, returned to their villages. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 85
Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Verbs in the Perfect Tense
Passive voice: There are new sections of the Great Wall that have
been discovered recently. There are new sections of the Great Wall
having been discovered recently. The president, who has been
elected by the majority, promised to make radical changes. The
president, having been elected by the majority, promised to make
radical changes. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 86
Reduction of Adjective Clauses with Verbs in the Perfect Tense
Five workers, who had already been paid, left for their villages.
Five workers, already having been paid, left for their villages.
The workers who had not been paid refused to continue on the
project. The workers not having been paid refused to continue on
the project. Practice 3, p. 190 Eman Alkatheery
Slide 87
Placement of Nonrestrictive Participial Phrases Nonrestrictive
participial phrases are reduced from nonrestrictive adjective
clauses. If the nonrestrictive participial phrase modifies the
subject, it can be placed either before or after the subject.
(Table 4.17, p. 192) Occasionally, a nonrestrictive participial
phrase is placed at the end of the sentence only if there is no
confusion about which noun is being described. Eman Alkatheery
Slide 88
Placement of Nonrestrictive Participial Phrases Sarah, hurrying
to catch the bus, tripped and fell. Hurrying to catch the bus,
Sarah tripped and fell. Machu Picchu, which is located high in the
Andes, was constructed by the Incas. Machu Picchu, located high in
the Andes, was constructed by the Incas. Located high in the Andes,
Machu Picchu was constructed by the Incas. Practice 4, p. 192 Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 89
Appositives Adjective clauses with verb ( to be) can be reduced
to phrases by eliminating the relative pronoun and the verb. These
are called ( appositives). Commas are used with appositives. Also,
word order can often be changed in appositives. Table 4.18, p. 193
Eman Alkatheery
Slide 90
Appositives Shah Jahan, who was the fifth emperor of the Mogul
Empire, built the Taj Mahal. Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor of the
Mogul Empire, built the Taj Mahal. (after the subject The fifth
emperor of the Mogul Empire, Shah Jahan, built the Taj Mahal. Eman
Alkatheery
Slide 91
Appositives George Washington, who was the first president of
the United States, was a General in the army. George Washington,
the first president of the United States, was a General in the
army. The first president of the United States, George Washington,
was a General in the army. Paris, which is the capital of France,
is an exciting city. Paris,the capital of France, is an exciting
city. The capital of France, Paris, is an exciting city. Eman
Alkatheery