VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
GEOSTAR, SN-1,
ORION-GEOSTAR-3:
Deep-sea multidisciplinary observation systems managed from
the sea surface
Massimo Calcara, Laura Beranzoli, Paolo Favali,
Francesco Gasparoni and Hans Gerber
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
• Since 1995, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) has been running a scientific and technological programme for the development and operationof deep-sea observation systems for geophysics,oceanography and environmental sciences.
• The programme has been initially funded by the EuropeanCommission (EC) within the 4th and 5th Framework Programme through the GEOSTAR and GEOSTAR-2projects.
• Italian national funds from the National Programme for theResearch in Antarctica and the National Group for theDefence against Earthquakes supports projects to deriveother systems from the previous EC projects for specific applications.
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
INGV and the Projects on Seafloor Observatories
European ProjectsCo-ordinator: 4 FP - GEOSTAR (1995-1998)
5 FP - GEOSTAR 2 (1999-2001) - ORION-GEOSTAR 3 (2002-2005)
Participant: 5 FP - ASSEM (2002-2004)- ESONET (2003-2004)
National ProjectsCo-ordinator: SN-1 (2000-2003) in GNDT - National Group
for the Defence against EarthquakesMABEL (2000-2003) PNRA - National Programme for Researches in Antarctica
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
Eight years of Projects
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
GEOSTARGEOSTAR 2
EC projects
National projects
SN-1
ORION-GEOSTAR 3
MABEL
ESONET
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
The GEOSTAR concept
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
GEOSTAR system
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
MODUSsubmarine vehicle for GEOSTAR
deployment/recovery
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
GEOSTAR Communication Systems
Surface buoy:near real-timeacoustic and satellite link Messengers:
floating data capsules
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
GEOSTAR systemBottom station• Weight: 3000 kg in air (1500 kg in water)• Dimensions: 3.5 m x 3.5 m x 2,9 m• Power : 11 W• HD capacity: 2.1 Gbyte x 2 (+ 48Mbyte on flash cards)• Batteries: 2700 Ah, 24 V
MODUS• Weight: 1000 kg in air ( 800 kg in water)• Dimensions: 2.37 m (Ø) x 1.8 m• Power: 25 kW• Thrusters: 2 vertical, 4 horizontal (700 kN each)
Buoy• Weight: 3500 kg• Dimensions: 5 m3
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
GEOSTAR systemAcoustic Transmission System• Power: 80 mA @ 24 V (Rec.), 3 A @ 24 V (Trans.)• Max Rate: 2400 bps
Messengers: • Expendable capacity: 64 kbyte• Storage: capacity 40 Mbyte• Height: 1,30 m
NRTCS• Satellite sys. INMARSAT
Rate: 2400 bpsPower: 20 W (Rec.), 40 W (Trans.)
• Radio Transmission: VHF
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
Data Acquisition and Control System (DACS)
DACS manages the whole observatory and is based on
• 2 Data Acquisition Units (switch on/off, communication with sensors, generation of data structures, storage of data on HDs);
• 1 Mission and Power Control Unit (management of the communication with the sea surface, data storage on Messengers, activation of special devices for sensors and acquisition of the seismometer clock signal)
Unique time reference for all the sensors: seismometer clock
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
§ Medium size vessel equipped with A-frame or crane; § dGPS on board;§ Electro-optical cable (3 optic fibres + 2
conductors; 1800 kg/km in water) and winch (National funds to INGV)
Logistics for seafloor observatories
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
GEOSTAR 1 (1995-1998)
Adriatic Sea 1998Demo mission
(20 days, 42 m w.d.)
GEOSTAR 2 (1999-2001)
Tyrrhenian Sea 2000-01
(7 months, 2000 m w.d.)
SN-1 (2000-2003)
Ionian Sea 2002-03 (7 months, 2105 m w.d.)
The sea-floor observatory missions
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
GEOSTAR 1
GEOSTAR 2
SN-1
Daily dialogue via internet between INGV
and GEOSTAR 2
INGV
The sea-floor observatory missions
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
GEOSTAR 1 (1995-1998)
Adriatic Sea 1998 (20 days, 42 m w.d.)
GEOSTAR 2 (1999-2001)
Tyrrhenian Sea 2000-01 (7 months, 2000 m w.d.)
SN-1 (2000-2003)
Ionian Sea 2002-03 (7 months, 2105 m w.d.)
The sea-floor observatory missions
Seismometer
Scalar andvectorial
magnetometers
ADCP
CTD
Transmissometer
Seismometer
S and Vmagnetometers
ADCP and CTD
Transmissometer
Currentmeter
Gravity meter
Hydrophone
Water sampler
Seismometer
CTD
Gravity meter
Hydrophone
Currentmeter
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
GEOSTAR 2 - Geophysical data
HydrophoneGravity meter
Magnetometers
0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200 1320 1440Time (minutes from Midnight, UT)
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
L'A
quila
Ob
s. (n
T)
-40
-20
0
20
Geo
star
(nT
)
NORTH MAGNETIC FIELD COMPONENT (X) - Oct. 15, 2000
0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200 1320 1440Time (minutes from Midnight, UT)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
L'A
quila
Ob
s. (n
T)
-40
-20
0
20
40
Geo
star
(nT
)
EAST MAGNETIC FIELD COMPONENT (Y) - Oc t. 15, 2000
0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200 1320 1440Time (minutes from Midnight, UT)
20
30
40
50
60
70
L'A
quila
Ob
s. (n
T)
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
Geo
star
(nT
)
VERTICAL MAGNETIC FIELD COMPONENT (Z) - Oct. 15, 2000
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
Potential temperature
SCAN
PO
TT
12.95
13.05
13.15
13.25
13.35
13.45
13.55
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Water turbidity (light transmission)
SCAN
X
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Pressure
SCAN
P
1906.8
1906.9
1907.0
1907.1
1907.2
1907.3
1907.4
1907.5
1907.6
1907.7
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Pressure
SCAN
P
1906.8
1906.9
1907.0
1907.1
1907.2
1907.3
1907.4
1907.5
1907.6
1907.7
0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192
Density
SCAN
D
1037.336
1037.340
1037.343
1037.350
1037.350
1037.356
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Salinity
SCAN
S
38.48
38.50
38.52
38.54
38.56
38.58
38.60
38.62
38.64
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
1 4
2
6
64
1 23 4 567
3 5
PotentialTemp.
Density
Pressure
Pressure
Salinity
GEOSTAR 2 Oceanographic and geochemical data
1.5
1.0
34
-6H
e/H
e (x
10)
0.5
radiogenic
bottom water(lower T and S)
upper water(T and S peaks)
air
mantle
0.2He/Ne
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0
1
2
3
4
5
26/0
9/00
01/1
0/00
31/1
0/00
10/1
1/00
20/1
1/00
30/1
1/00
10/1
2/00
20/1
2/00
30/1
2/00
09/0
1/01
19/0
1/01
29/0
1/01
08/0
2/01
18/0
2/01
28/0
2/01
10/0
3/01
20/0
3/01
30/0
3/01
09/0
4/01
19/0
4/01
He (ppm)
R/R
a
atmosphere
2 3 4 5 6
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
SN-1: Submarine Network 1
§ Based on GEOSTAR concept (use of MODUS)§ Acoustics for periodic
checks
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
NEMO pilot experiment
LABORATORY
UNDERWATERSTATION
CONFIGURATION OF THE PILOT EXPERIMENT ARRAY
EO Cable:•Length – 25 km•10 Optics Fiber ITU- T G-652 (6 used)•6 Electrical Conductors Φ 4 mm2 (4 used)
Catania, Eastern Sicily
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
Underwater Laboratory: NEMO and SN-1
2.330 m duoble shield cable
20.595 m single shield cable
Joint BU
SN-1 5.220 m
NEMO5.000 m
Nemo Pilot Nemo Pilot experimentexperiment
SNSN--11
Joint
Joint
INFN LaboratoryINFN Laboratory
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
MABEL Project2001-2002 Mission in Weddel Sea
(INGV – AWI)
•Site characterisation
•Tests on chemical package
•Vertical profiles with CTD
T versus depth
-3000
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0-2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00
Basin tests with simulated polar
conditions. HSVA (Hamburgische
Schiffbau Versuch Anstalt)
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
Satellite Node(host)
Gateway Station
SatelliteLink
Acoustic Links
Sea floor
On-shore Networks (Internet)BUOY
Sea surface
Satellite Node(host)
ORION-GEOSTAR 3Ocean Research by Integrated Observatory Network
§ Networking.§ GEOSTAR is the gateway station§ satellites with the most demanding
sensors (seismometers)
c
6-8 month experime-nt NW of Marsili volcanic seamount at 3260 m w.d.
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
ORION STRUCTURE
Satellite
PC
Seafloor stations communicate by horizontalacoustic links and transmit data to onshore stations, through a moored buoy, via acoustic, satellite and radio links.
Main node
Buoy
On-shore station
Ship ofopportunity
Satellite
Satellite
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
MISSION AT MARSILI SEAMOUNT
Marsili volcano
Sicily
ORION site
Depth: 3400 m b.s.l.
Planned mission: >6 months from November
2003
Sout
hern
Italy
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
COMPARISON BETWEEN FRAMESORION Node 1 ORION Node 3
(GEOSTAR upgraded)
VLV ?T Workshop "Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea“ October 5-8, 2003NIKHEF, Amsterdam
www.ingv.it/geostar
GEOSTAR and SN-1 movies available upon
request
Main references:
Phys. Earth Plan.Int., 108, 175-183, 1998
EOS, 81, 5, 45 and 48, 2000
Developments in Marine Technology Series, 12, 268pp. Elsevier, 2002
Earth Planets Space, 55, 361–373, 2003