General PathologyReview
Assumptions
• Studying pathology enables us to better treat people
• Normal people participate positively in the society
• Activity of the human is the product of all the body systems
• The organ is the functional unit of the body• The cell is the structural unit of the body
Assumptions
• The human body can be divided into systems and organs based on the Anatomy, and Tissues and cells based on the Histology
Assumptions
• Pathology is any process that is not physiological
• Diseases can be explained by evidence of defects in:– The structure or – The function or– The activity or – The participation of the human
Hypotheses
• There is a limited number of pathological processes: cell injury, cell death, adaptation, inflammation, infectious, Fibrosis, immune mechanism, genetic, developmental, hemodynamics, metabolic, degenerative, and neoplastic
• Each process may involve any system, organ, tissue or cell
Hypotheses
• There are causes for each pathological process
• Clinical presentations can be explained by the underlying pathological process
• Complications arise if the pathology persists
Hypotheses
• We can control (manage) disease by focusing on:– The etiology– The pathological process– The clinical signs and symptoms– The complications
Health and Disease
Pathological Processes
Cell Injury
Cell DeathNecrosis
Apoptosis
Patterns of necrosis
Cellular adaptationin Growth
in differentiation
Injury and Response
Inflammation
Causes of Inflammation
Clinical Features of Inflammation
Acute inflammationOutcome of acute inflammation
Chronic Inflammation
Inflammatory diseases
Granulomatous inflammaioncauses
Lymphatics and lymph nodes
Chemical Mediators
Tissue Repair
RegenerationAbility of cells to proliferate
Fibrosis
Loss of function
Inflammatory diseases
Hemodynamic Disorders
Edema
CongestionHyperemiaIschemia
Hemorrhage
Shock
thrombosis
Virchow triad
Fate of thrombus
Embolism
Infarction
Neoplasia
Transformation
Benign vs Malignant
Rate of growthinvasion
AnaplasiaMetastasis
Dysplasia
Monoclonality
Nomenclature
Genetic Defect
OncogenesTumor suppressor genesApoptosis genes BCL-2
DNA mismatch repair genesaging and Telomerase
Angiogenesis
Mulistep carcinogenesis
Causes of neoplasia:Hereditary
Environmental
Cancer
Preneoplstic disorders
Screening
Presentation of Cancer
Diagnosis of Neoplsm
Tumor markers
Grading of Cancer
Staging of Cancer
Prognosis
