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GASTROI N TESTINAL SYSTEM
DISORDER
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX
DISEASE ( GERD )
Results when the lower
esophageal sphincter — the muscle
that acts as a valve between the
esophagus and stomach — becomes
weak or relaxes when it should not,
causing stomach contents to rise up
into the esophagus. Abnormalities
in the body such as hiatal herniasmay also cause GERD. Hiatal
hernias occur when the upper part
of the stomach moves up into the
chest. The stomach can slip through
an opening found in the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the muscle wall
that separates the stomach from the
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chest. Hiatal hernias may cause
GERD because of stomach acid
flowing back up through theopening; however, most produce no
symptoms
Dry Chronic Cough
the trachea ('windpipe') and
the esophagus form from a
common precursor and thus are
linked by a common nervous
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system reflex. thus, irritation in
the esophagus due to acid
reflux causes a neuronallymediated reflex in the trachea
and the end result is a nagging,
dry cough. another theory is that
very small amounts of refluxed
acid are aspirated from the
esophagus down the trachea and
the direct caustic irritation of
this acid fluid causes cough.
Wheezing
occurs when the sphincter
between the esophagus and
stomach either relaxes
inappropriately or is weak. Thisallows stomach juices to back
up, or reflux, into the esophagus,
creating heartburn. When the
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stomach fluid backs up into the
esophagus and overflows into the
breathing tubes, this can resultin airway blockage which
can lead to wheezing that can
be misdiagnosed as asthma.
Nausea and Vomiting
A couple of factors can play
into this, and they relate to how
acid reflux works. Reflux occurs
when the lower esophageal
sphincter (LES), a ring of muscle
that separates
your esophagus and
your stomach, is unable to close
tightly after you’ve ingested foodor fluids.
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Regurgitation
At the upper end of the
esophagus is the upperesophageal sphincter (UES). The
UES is a circular ring of muscle
that is very similar in its actions
to the LES. That is, the UES
prevents esophageal contents
from backing up into the throat.
When small amounts of refluxed
liquid and/or foods breach (get
through) the UES and enter the
throat, there may be an acid
taste in the mouth. If larger
quantities breach the UES,
patients may suddenly find their
mouths filled with the liquid orfood. What's more, frequent or
prolonged regurgitation can lead
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to acid-induced erosions of the
teeth.
Sore Throat
the back portion of the throat
that includes the last third of the
tongue, the soft palate and the
tonsils (fleshy tissue that are part
of the throat's immune defenses).
Dysphagia
occurs when gastric acid from
the stomach goes up into the
esophagus, often
causing inflammation of the
esophagus - esophagitis .
Dental Erosion
Gastric acid will displace
saliva easily from tooth surfaces,
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and proteolytic pepsin will
remove protective dental pellicle
Heartburn
Reflux means that stomach
acid and juices move back up
into your esophagus, the tube
that leads from the throat to the
stomach.
APPENDICITIS
An obstruction, or blockage, of the
appendiceal lumen causes
appendicitis. Mucus backs up in the
appendiceal lumen, causing bacteria
that normally live inside the
appendix to multiply. As a result,
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the appendix swells and becomes
infected. Sources of blockage
include.
Sneezing
are produced by repeatedinvoluntary contractions of a
hemidiaphragm. Just after the
muscle begins to contract, the
glottis shuts off the trachea
producing the noise which givesthe condition its name.
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Nausea
as an unpleasant subjective
sensation as a result fromstimulation of the
gastrointestinal lining, the
chemoreceptor trigger zone in the
base of the fourth ventricle, the
vestibular apparatus, or the
cerebral cortex.
Vomiting
It is controlled by a region of
medulla which is outside the
blood-brain barrier, so can be the
target of long range signals like
hormones. When you are having
GI problems, like infections, partof the immune response is the
release of hormones and
chemokines. Which starts non-
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specific immune functions, like
recruiting neutrophils and
monocytes.
Constipation
is a condition of the digestive
system. The sufferer has hard
feces that are difficult to expel. In
most cases, this occurs because
the colon has absorbed too much
of the water from the food that is
in the colon. The slower the food
moves through your digestive
tract, the more water the colon
will absorb from food. Diarrhea
Appendicitis is thought toresult from obstruction of the
appendiceal lumen, typically by
lymphoid hyperplasia, but
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occasionally by a fecalith, foreign
body, or even worms. The
obstruction leads to distention,bacterial overgrowth, ischemia,
and inflammation.
Low Grade Fever
The appendix may become
swollen and filled with pus (a
fluid formed in infected tissue,
consisting of while blood cells
and cellular debris), and may
eventually rupture. Signs of
rupture include the presence of
symptoms for more than 24
hours, a fever, a high white blood
cell count, and a fast heart rate.
Very rarely, the inflammationand symptoms of appendicitis
may disappear but recur again
later.
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Abdominal Swelling
The mucus or stool hardens,
becomes rock-like, and blocksthe opening. This rock is called a
fecalith (literally, a rock of stool).
At other times, it might be that
thelymphatic tissue in the
appendix swells and blocks the
opening. After the blockage
occurs, bacteria which normally
are found within the appendix
begin to invade (infect) the wall of
the appendix. The body responds
to the invasion by mounting an
attack on the bacteria, an attack
called inflammation.
Autoimmune Hepatitis
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is a disease in which the body's
immune system attacks liver cells.
This immune response causesinflammation of the liver, also called
hepatitis.
Enlarged Liver
It is a disease in which the body's
immune system attacks liver cells.
This causes the liver to become
inflamed (hepatitis). Jaundice
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The liver itself can be temporarily
or permanently damaged, reducing
its ability to break down bilirubin(mix it with bile) and move it into
the gallbladder. The gallbladder or
its bile ducts can become blocked,
preventing excretion of bilirubin into
the intestine. Bilirubin will then
back up into the liver and then into
the bloodstream. Any condition that
leads to very rapid destruction of
red blood cells can create too much
bilirubin.
Itching/ Skin Rashes
This symptom occurs because
when the liver is inflamed, the bile
ducts can become inflamed as welland as a result they back up and
deposit bile products into the skin.
Nausea
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caused by the flu at the time and
ate only fruits and vegetables and
plain pasta. When after a while Ididn't even want to eat those foods,
and began to feel nauseated at the
very idea of eating anything, I knew
something was seriously wrong.
Vomiting
Loss of appetite
Dark Urine
Gray-Colored Stool
This is due to a build-up of the
chemical bilirubin which is made in
the liver and spills into the blood in
some liver conditions. (With jaundice due to hepatitis your urine
goes dark, your faeces (stools) may
go pale and and you tend to itch.)
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CELIAC DISEASE is a digestive disease that
damages the small intestine and
interferes with absorption of
nutrients from food. People who
have celiac disease cannot tolerate
gluten, a protein in wheat, rye, and
barley. Gluten is found mainly in
foods but may also be found in
everyday products such as
medicines, vitamins, and lip balms.
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Abdominal Bloating
Chronic Diarrhea
Vomiting Constipation
Fatty Stool
Weight Loss
Fatigue
Tingling Numbness in the
Hands and Feet
Seizures
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LIVER CIRRHOSIS is scarring of the liver. Scar tissue
forms because of injury or long-term
disease. Scar tissue replaces healthy
liver tissue and blocks the normal
flow of blood through the liver.
Loss Weight
Ascites
Increased Blood Pressure
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Varices
Jaundice
WILSON DISEASE
is a genetic disorder that prevents
the body from getting rid of extra
copper. A small amount of copper
obtained from food is needed to stay
healthy, but too much copper is
poisonous. In Wilson disease,
copper builds up in the liver, brain,
eyes, and other organs. Over time,
high copper levels can cause life-
threatening organ damage.
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Swelling of the Liver
Swelling of the Spleen
Jaundice
Most bilirubin is produced
when Hb is broken down intounconjugated bilirubin (and
other substances). Unconjugated
bilirubin binds to albumin in the
blood for transport to the liver,
where it is taken up byhepatocytes and conjugated with
glucuronic acid to make it water
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soluble. Conjugated bilirubin is
excreted in bile into the
duodenum. In the intestine,bacteria metabolize bilirubin to
form urobilinogen. Some
urobilinogen is eliminated in the
feces, and some is reabsorbed,
extracted by hepatocytes,
reprocessed, and re-excreted in
bile.
Fatigue
Tremors
Muscle Stiffness
Low Platelet Count
Low White Blood Count
CROHN’S DISEASE
causes inflammation, or swelling,
and irritation of any part of the
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digestive tract — also called the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The part
most commonly affected is the endpart of the small intestine, called the
ileum.The GI tract is a series of
hollow organs joined in a long,
twisting tube from the mouth to the
anus. The movement of muscles in
the GI tract, along with the release
of hormones and enzymes, allows
for the digestion of food.
Abdominal Pain
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Diarrhea
Rectal Bleeding
Weight Loss Fever
DIVERTICULAR DISEASE
is a condition that occurs when aperson has problems from small
pouches, or sacs, that have formed
and pushed outward through weak
spots in the colon wall. Each pouch
is called a diverticulum. Multiplepouches are called diverticula.The
colon is part of the large intestine.
The large intestine absorbs water
from stool and changes it from a
liquid to a solid form. Diverticula are
most common in the lower part of
the colon, called the sigmoid colon.
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Fever
Chills
Nausea
Vomiting
Weakness
Dizziness
Abdominal Cramping
PEPTIC ULCER
is a sore on the lining of the
stomach or duodenum, the
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beginning of the small intestine.
Less commonly, a peptic ulcer may
develop just above the stomach inthe esophagus, the tube that
connects the mouth to the stomach.
Weight Loss
Since nausea and vomiting are
other symptoms of stomach
ulcers, they result in an
additional loss of weight. The
lining of the stomach is damaged
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and the scar tissue that’s formed
blocks the passageway to the
stomach. This results in a loss ofappetite and a subsequent loss of
weight.
Poor Appetite
cause edema or swelling of the
tissues that lead from the
stomach into the small intestine,
and prevent the food from
passing out of the stomach. This
gives a falsefeeling of fullness
and results in a loss of appetite.
Bloating
Burping
Nausea
Vomiting it’s result from obstruction of
the pylorus or mechanical
obstruction from scarring or
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acute swelling of the inflamed
mucous membrane adjacent to
the ulcer. Black Stool
Bloody Vomiting
Burning Sensation
It is believed that the pain
occurs when the increased acid
content of the stomach and
duodenum erodes the lesuin and
stimulates the exposed nerve
ending. Another theory suggests
that contact of the lesion with
acid stimulates a local reflex
mechanism that initiates
contraction of the adjacent
smooth muscle.
HITSCHSPRUNG DISEASE
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I s a disease of the large intestine
that causes severe constipation or
intestinal obstruction. Constipationmeans stool moves through the
intestines slower than usual. Bowel
movements occur less often than
normal and stools are difficult to
pass. Some children with HD can’t
pass stool at all, which can result in
the complete blockage of the
intestines, a condition called
intestinal obstruction.
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