Functions and Objects
First Midterm exam
Date: October 8, 2008Content:
Two parts:
On-paper: Multiple choices
On-computer:
Write codes
Cover everything from Week 1 to Week 5
Working with Functions
Functions allow modular/structure programming Functions encapsulate multiple statements so that
these statements can be reused A function is a block of statements that performs
some tasks and/or returns a value A function is executed when called Function and method can be used interchangeably
Example A function to format text before it is written to the page could be
reused whenever you desired the same formatting
Example:<script type="text/javascript">
function boldText(incomingText) { var newText = "<b>" + incomingText + "</b>"; return newText; }
document.write(boldText("Important Information"));</script>
How to design a Function
Functions should perform only one job, this makes the function more useful
Functions can return a value to the calling statement In this way functions can be made more flexible
by working on many different pieces of data Functions are encapsulated (self contained) Functions must have unique names
Function Syntax Each function must have a unique name, and normally
declared in the <head> tag, must be defined before used.
The keyword “function” is used to begin a function definition
Use { } brackets enclose the statement block of a function
Syntax of creating a function:function <function name> (<parameters>) {
one or more statements}
Syntax of calling a function:<function name> (<arguments>)
Parameter Passing Parameters passed to
functions do not necessarily affect the original values of the variables
JavaScript passes variables by “value” and not by “reference to the variable”
Because of this passing by value, local copies of the variables can have different names than the original variables
Parameter Passing
Arguments passed
To receiving function
Arguments received and stored in local variables. They will disappear when
the function ends
Calling function Receiving function
function name (arg1, arg2..) function name (par1, par2..)
Creating a Function
In the head:
<script type="text/javascript">
function displayInterest ( ) {
var interest= simpleInterest( );
if (document.promissoryNote.time.value == 1) {
window.alert("Interest after one year is $"+interest+".");
}
else {
window.alert("Interest after "+document.promissoryNote.time.value+" years is $"+interest+".");
}
}
Calling function from a javascript
Creating a Function (continued)function simpleInterest() { return document.promissoryNote.principal.value *
document.promissoryNote.annualInterestRate.value/100 * document.promissoryNote.time.value;
} </script>
In the body: <form name="promissoryNote"> Principal: $<input type="text" name="principal"/><p> Annual Interest Rate:
<input type="text" name="annualInterestRate"/> %<p> Time: <input type="text" name="time"/> years<p> <input type="submit" value="Calculate Interest"
onClick="displayInterest();"/> </form>
Multiple Calls to the Same Function
In the head
<script type="text/javascript">
function displayInterest( ) {
var msg="Cumulative interest. ";
var cumInterest=0;
for (i=0; i<document.promissoryNote.time.value; i++) {
var interest= simpleInterest();
cumInterest=cumInterest+interest;
msg=msg+" Yr "+(i+1)+": $"+cumInterest;
}
window.alert(msg);
}
Multiple Calls to the Same Function(continued)
function simpleInterest() { return document.promissoryNote.principal.value * document.promissoryNote.annualInterestRate.value/100; } </script>
In the body <form name="promissoryNote"> Principal: $<input type="text" name="principal"/><p> Annual Interest Rate: <input type="text" name="annualInterestRate"/>
%<p> Number of Years: <input type="text" name="time"/> years<p> <input type="submit" value="Calculate Interest"
onClick="displayInterest();"/> </form>
Passing Parameters
<script type="text/javascript">
function displayInterest()
{
var msg="Cumulative interest. ";
var cumInterest=0;
for (i=0; i<document.promissoryNote.time.value; i++) {
var interest= simpleInterest();
cumInterest=computeCumInterest(cumInterest,interest);
msg=msg+" Yr "+(i+1)+": $"+cumInterest;
}
window.alert(msg);
}
Passing Parameters(continued)
function computeCumInterest(a,b) { var _interest=a+b; a=a*1000; return _interest; }
function simpleInterest( ) { return document.promissoryNote.principal.value * document.promissoryNote.annualInterestRate.value/100; } </script>
Passing Parameters
<form name="promissoryNote"> Principal: $<input type="text"
name="principal"/><p> Annual Interest Rate: <input type="text"
name="annualInterestRate"/> %<p> Number of Years: <input type="text"
name="time"/> years<p> <input type="submit" value="Calculate Interest"
onClick="displayInterest();"/> </form>
Calling function from an event
Calling functions from a link
<script type="text/javascript">
function greetings() {
document.bgColor ="lightblue";
alert("Greetings to you!");
}
<a href="javascript:greetings()"> Click here for Salutation </A> </center>
Calling function from a link
Variable Scope in Functions
Variables in functions have meaning either globally or locally
Global variables are created outside any functions
Local variables are created inside a function Global or local variables can be referenced
or altered inside functions
Example
<script language=javascript>var name="William";var hometown ="Chico";
function greetme() {var name="Daniel";document.bgColor="cyan";document.write("<h2> In function, <em> name </em> is
"+name);document.write(" and <em> hometown </em> is
"+hometown);}greetme();document.write("<h2> Out of the function, <em> name </em> is "+name);document.write(" and <em> hometown </em> is "+hometown);
</script>
Global variables
Local variable
Return a value
A return can be used to send back the results of some tasks
The returned value then can be assigned to a variable if the call to the function is a part of an expression
Summary Functions allow for the re-use of code Functions must begin with the keyword “function” Parameters can be passed to functions to be acted
upon Functions can return (pass back) values to the
calling statement Functions are an excellent way of validating data in
an HTML form before sending the form to the server Functions can be called multiple times Variables have different scopes inside and outside
of functions
Advantages of Functions
Promote good application design Because they move discrete chunks of script
logic into re-usable modules Modules can be one or more times Provide a library of modules that can be used in
more than one program or page Reduces the amount of time required to create
scripts Reduces the amount of time required to test and
debug scripts
Lab
Step 1: Copy and paste (or type) this code<html> <head> <title> Practice debugging Javascript </title><script type="text/javascript">function addem() {
var n=2;var y=3;document.write(n+y,"<br>");}
</script></head><body bgcolor=red><a href="javascript.addem()"> Click here </a><H2> Hello </H2></body></html>
Lab
Step 2: Run this code. What is wrong? Please fix it.
Step 3: Modify the script by adding a function called changeColor ( ). This function will take one parameter: a color. Its function is to change the background color of the current document to the given color
Lab
Step 4: Modify the body of the existing HTML file to add a form, which looks like:
When a user click on the left button, the background is changed to yellow. When a user clicks on the right button, the background is changed to light green
Objects
Work with JavaScript objectsCreate user-defined objects
Working With Objects
JavaScript is an object based languageObjects encapsulate variables called properties
These properties can be changed by a script
Objects can contain methods as well as properties
Methods are used to extend the functionality of the object
Using the Object Constructor
Syntax:function objectname(parameters){
this.detail = reference;…..
}
Example:function customerInformation(custName, custAddress, custCity, custState, custZip) {
this.customerName = custName;this.customerAddress = custAddress;this.customerCity = custCity;this.customerState = custState;this.customerZip = custZip;
} Advantage
Used for compatibility with older browsers
Accessing Object Properties and Methods
Syntax:object.<property name>object.<method name> (<arguments>)
Example:window.name – returns the name of the current windowwindow.open() – opens a new browser window
Example of object properties
<script type=“text/javascript”>var.pet =new Object();
pet.cat = new Object();
pet.cat,name=“Friend”;
pet.cat.color=“yellow”;
pet.cat.size=“medium”;
</script>
petcat
FriendYellow
Medium
Example of object methods
<script type=“text/javascript”>var.pet =new Object();
pet.cat = new Object();
pet.cat,name=“Friend”;
pet.cat.color=“yellow”;
pet.cat.size=“medium”;
function changeSize() {
pet.cat.size=“fat”
}
</script>
petcat
FriendYellow
Medium
Creating a User-Defined Object
<script type="text/javascript"> function checkDetails() { customer=new Object(); customer.firstName =document.customerAccount.firstName.value; customer.lastName=document.customerAccount.lastName.value, customer.zip=document.customerAccount.zip.value;
window.alert("Dear "+customer.firstName+" "+customer.lastName+", you are eligible to enroll for Internet Banking.");
} </script>
Creating a User-Defined Object(continued)
<form name="customerAccount"> First Name: <input type="text" name="firstName"/><p> Last Name: <input type="text" name="lastName"/><p> Zip: <input type="text" name="zip"/><p> <input type="submit" value="Verify Details"
onClick="checkDetails();"/> </form></html>
Creating an Object Method
function checkDetails() {
customer=new Object();
customer.firstName =document.customerAccount.firstName.value;
customer.lastName=document.customerAccount.lastName.value,
customer.zip=document.customerAccount.zip.value;
if(verifyZip(customer.zip)) {
window.alert("Dear "+customer.firstName+" "+customer.lastName+", you are eligible to enroll for Internet Banking.");
} else {
window.alert("Dear "+customer.firstName+" "+customer.lastName+", you are not eligible to enroll for Internet Banking.");
}
}
Creating an Object Method(continued)
function verifyZip(zip) {
if (zip<23228)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
</script>
Creating an Object Method(continued)
<form name="customerAccount">
First Name: <input type="text" name="firstName"/><p>
Last Name: <input type="text" name="lastName"/><p>
Zip: <input type="text" name="zip"/><p>
<input type="submit" value="Verify Details" onClick="checkDetails();"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Summary
Objects have properties and methods Object properties can be manipulated Objects can be created using an instantiation
process or by using the Object constructor JavaScript allows for User-Defined objects
Practice exercise
Which of the following is required in HTML to use JavaScript?
<head>
<body>
<script>
<java>
Matching
I.JavaScript A. Http://www.prenhall.com/
II. Java B. allows clients to request a page
III.URL C. object-based
IV. HTTP D. object-oriented
V. Variable E. Occur when something is happened
VI. Event-handling F. Data can be stored there
Choices
3. What does this mean: if (is_ie5up || is_nav4)?
A. If both, is_ie5up and is_nav4 are true.
B. If neither, is_ie5up and is_nav4 are true.
C. If, is_ie5up or is_nav4 are true
D. All of the above.
Choices
What type of variable is ourCustomer in the following code: var ourCustomer=”true”;?
a. Boolean
b. Null.
c. Number
d. String
Choices
An "if" statement without an "else" includes statements for which of the following?
a. Logic for neither the true or false piece.
b. Logic for only the true piece.
c. Logic for only the false piece.
d. Logic for both the true and false piece.
Choices
Which of the following is the CORRECT syntax for an if statement?
A. if annualIncome < 5000
B. if annualIncome < 5000;
C. if (annualIncome < 5000)
D. if (annualIncome < 5000);
Choices
What is the minimum number of values that can be returned in a function?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
Choices
What is TRUE in the following statement: var interest = simpleInterest (int, rate); ?
A. The function has no return values or parameters.
B. The function has only a return value.
C. The function has only parameters.
D. The function has a return value and parameters.