Key Words• Reformation• French & Haudenosaunee• Dutch West India Co. & William Kieft• The Lost Colony• Jamestown & Pamunkey Tribe
• Starving Time• Opechancanough & the “Just War”
• Pilgrims at Patuxet & Wampanoags• Puritans & Pequots
• Puritan Covenant • Pequot War• Reservations• King Phillip/Metacom’s War
Western Europe
• 1337-1453 England & France–One Hundred Years
War• 1347-1351
–The Black Death – Bubonic Plague• 1/3 of Europe’s population
European Society
• Rigid Hierarchy–Monarchs–Aristocrats–Gentry–Peasants and laborers
• Large Disparity of wealth = class struggle
• Abuse of power by the Church
Power of the Church
• 1100 – 1500 – papacy grew in wealth and power
• Tithing– Collected taxes from church members
• Collected fees for those appointed to church positions
• 13th Century– Indulgences
• Shortened time in purgatory purging sins
Protestant Reformation• Martin Luther 1517
– Addresses power and corruption of the church• Indifferent to popular religious concern• Secular political involvement• Flaunted wealth & neglected people
–95 Thesis • Sale of indulgences to finance St. Peters in Rome
–Translated Bible into German–Direct Relationship with God
95 Thesis
•
•Challenged power, wealth and Authority of the church
•Challenged by emerging commercial class
John Calvin
• Protestant idea of Pre-destination– Elect few are predestined by God for eternal
Salvation in heaven
• Proved you were the elect by serving society through “good works”– Discipline– Control
English Reformation• King Henry VIII of England divorced &
married mistress Ann Boelyn – remained catholic– 1534 Parliaments Act of Supremacy
formalized his decree of head of the Church of England displacing the Pope
• 1558 Boelyn’s daughter, Elizabeth became Queen– Defender of Protestantism
• 16th c Europe marked by religious dissent and persecution
English in America
• 1562 Queen Elizabeth assisted French Calvinists and other protestant movements in Europe
• 1570 - 1580s Sought to challenge Spain’s Empire building in America– Motive for Land upper class sons of England
• Following repression of Irish– Walter Raleigh – Roanoke Venture
French in America
• Exploration & early European Cartography 1534 – 1710
• The Maritimes and the Saint Lawrence River Valley– Coast of Labrador, Montreal (1642), Cape Breton
Island (1716)• The Great Lakes & Upper Mississippi Valley
– Ft. Frontenac (1673), Michilimackinac & de Chambly along Lake Ontario, Detroit, Michigan; Kaskasia, Illinois
• The Caribbean and the Lower Mississippi Valley– Port-au-prince (treaty of Ryswick 1697 split with
Spain), New Orleans, Mobile, Ft Rosalie des Natchez
"The Natives of Florida worship the column," from Theodor de Bry, America (13 vols., Frankfurt, 1590-1634).
The Newberry Library. • Jean Ribaut of
Dieppe– 1562
• Landed in Florida– Unsuccessful
colony at Charlesfort
– Chief Athore
Of Florida Indians
Great Lakes• King Henri IV
In 1603 sent Samuel de Champlain on an expedition to the Saint Lawrence River valley
• Established Quebec in 1608
Louis-Joseph Franquet, Manuscript plan of the fort at Sault-Saint-Louis or Caughnawaga (near Montréal), 1752. The Newberry
Library
• The "village des Sauvages Iroquois" lies outside the fort, – There are about 75 large longhouses, and a number
of smaller ones; – This distinctive mission was by the middle of the
eighteenth century only one among others established in different tribal areas.
French Re-settlement• Relations with Iroquois
Confederacy:– Haudenosaunee or
“People of the Longhouse” • NE U.S., S. Canada, (New
England) Upstate N.Y., Penn, Ontario, Quebec
• Onondaga, Seneca, Mohawk, Cayuga, Oneida
– Nation-to-nation basis– Friendship, cooperation,
alliances, marriage and absorption
Detail from Orange Risdon, Map of the Surveyed Part of the Territory of
Michigan (Albany, 1825). The Newberry Library.
• Detroit, 1701
• Trading post for furs
• Barrier against English expansion
Detroit
• 1701 - 1740s– Trading post & mission– In the 1740s the fur-trade began to be
siphoned off by English settlers from Pennsylvania
• French Crown resolved to strengthen Detroit as a barrier against westward English expansion, – Established as an agricultural settlement.
Immigration
• Settlers increased1749 and 1755
• 1760 Fall of French Canada
• 2,500 habitants and métis. – Metis– Practice and policy of intermarriage
Anonymous manuscript plan of Fort Condé at Mobile, c. 1720. Cartes
Marines, The Newberry Library
• 1702, Mobile• 1711-1720
the capital of French Louisiana
• Center of Indian Trade until the Treaty of Paris in 1763
Jean François Benjamin Dumont de Montigny, "Carte de Fort Rosalie
des Natchez," 1747. The Newberry Library
• 1716 re-settlement– 1,000
farmers– Tobacco,
wheat
Fort Rosalie, 1716
• Farmers fled after a great uprising by the Natchez Indians in 1729.
• 200 miles north of New Orleans
New Orleans, 1718• Chitimacha Territory
– Confederacy of Chawasha, Chitimacha, Washa and Yagenachito
• La Nouvelle-Orléans founded May 7, 1718, by the French Mississippi Company, – direction of Jean-Baptiste Le
Moyne de Bienville• Capital of French after 1720• ceded to the Spanish Empire in the
Treaty of Paris 1763• 1801, it reverted to French control.
Dutch & Swedish
• Henry Hudson – 1609 – Claimed New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania,
Virginia for Netherlands– Established Dutch West Indian Co.
• Mohicans & Pequots key to expansion and fur trade
• Friendly relations until no longer useful– General William Kieft 1639
• Advocated extermination of Indigenous• Killed off Many Lenape, Mohicans, Esophus &
others
English Re-settlement
• Sir Walter Raleigh – 1584-1587 – Roanoake Island (The Lost Colony)
• Royal Charter to Virginia Co. 1606– Jamestown & Pamunkey Tribe
• Pilgrims – 1620 – Plymouth (Patuxet) & Wampanoags
• Puritans – 1630 – Massachusetts Bay & Pequots
Roanoke
• 1st attempt at settlement
• 1578 Patent by Queen Elizabeth– charter to discover and colonize "remote
heathen and barbarous lands" not actually possessed by any Christian prince
– Sir Humphry Gilbert, Sir Walter Raleigh• Roanoke Tribe ruled by Werowance
(Leader)Wingina– 102 settlers, alienated the Roanoake through violence,
killed Wingina and others and left the colony
Roanoke II
• 1587 arrived again with 119 new colonists.– Because of immediate skirmishes with
Roanoke’s they left
• 1588 returned and left colonists there
• 1590 upon return Governor White found am empty fort, cottages and clearing– CROATOAN carved on a post– Name of a nearby Island of Cape Hatteras
Chief Powhatan’sConfederacy
• 1607 – Chief Powhatan of the Pamunkey– 30 tribes– 200 towns &
villages – Agriculture, seafood, hunted & gathered
Jamestown, Virginia• 1606 Virginia Company
of London
• 1607 104 men/boys– Motive : land & wealth– Preconceived notions of
Savage– impediment to
progress– Starving Time – 1607
• ½ settlers dead• Saved by charity of
Powhatan
English Response
• John Smith – 1608– “Indian Problem” – Military solution
• Powhatan– Stopped gifts of food
Colonists
• Malaria, dysentery, typhoid, yellow fever
• “Gentlemen” did not work
• Craft workers & servants did not know agriculture
• Bullied Pamunkey for food• survived 2nd “Starving Time”
– Relief ship 1610 saved colony
– 60 of 500 colonists survived 1609 – 1610
Pocahantas “My Favorite Daughter”• 1612 kidnapped Matoaka – Powhatans 17 yr eldest
daughter (1597 – 1617)– Married John Rolf – mediator until death
Diplomacy
• Marriage union– Cement ties between the two nations– Cement Pamunkey claim to English weapons– Cement alliance
• Concerned with opposing indigenous nations to the west
Martial law
• 1611 laws imposed on colonists to ensure profit– Worked settlers in gangs– Severely punished the lazy and disorderly
• Colony failed to profit
• 1617– Conflict with Pamunkey continued to escalate– Tobacco plantations encroached on more
lands
Head right system
• Attracted colonists and capital– First colonists received 100 acres of land– New settlers received 50 acres of land– Anyone who paid passage for others received
50 acres “per head”
• Abolished marital law– House of Burgesses: governor & advisory
council• Authority to make laws for the colony
Immigration
• 1620s first wave of massive English migration– 130,000 – 150,000 immigrants (17th C)– Working class men 6:1 woman– Ages 15 – 24 lacking skills and wealth
• ¾ immigrants indentured servants– Lured by promise of land and quick riches– 40% did not survive their indenture
Resistance Effort
• Opechancanough – Powhatan’s brother and head
of the Indian Confederation in 1618 • Resisted expansion and
Exploitation • 1622 - 1/3 of colonists killed
– John Smith • “It will be good for the
plantation because now we have just cause to destroy them by all means possible”
Scorched Earth Campaign
• 1622 – “A Just War” – Enslaved – Take land– Poisoned 200 at a “peace conference” – War of extermination
Genocide & Removal
• “Peace”– Established boundaries– Indian scouts for Virginia Militia– Annual tribute of furs
• 1644 another resistance effort would be launched by Opechancanough
• 1715 forced removal of remaining tribes– Virginia lost 75% of native population
Virginia Company
• Investigation by James I and stock holders– Verge of bankruptcy– 3,000 immigrants died– Brutal conditions
• King James I dissolved the company in 1624• Virginia governed as a royal colony
Scarcity of Women
• In Chesapeake & other areas people took a pragmatic approach to including upper class women into different roles (initially)– Power of attorney– Ran businesses– Participated in legal proceedings– Nurses– Apothecaries– Physicians and midwives– Taverns, boarding houses & inns– Blacksmiths, silversmiths, wheel wright, sail maker– Tailors, teachers, printers, publishers, shop keepers
Sexual Disparity of Southern Colonies
• First century 1600-1700• Colonies attracted women:
– Offer of land ownership (rare)• Mary & Margaret Brent, Maryland 1630s, each held large
feudal estates
– Former prostitutes, thieves & vagrants of England offered option of re-settlement over long prison term or the noose
– Indentured servitude– Marriage assured on the frontier
• “good women” auctioned for 80 lbs of tobacco– 1620-1622: 150 “pure & spotless” women– Daughters of artisans, tradesmen & gentry from London
Chesapeake Marriage Manuals
• Loose unions a source of concern – •South during colonial period witnessed proliferation
of marriage manuals – –emphasizing importance of marriage
• –defining duties of husbands and wives – •husband's role: – –to guide – –to defend
• –to provide for wife and family – •wife's role was to – –“serve in subjection to her husband's will” – –“to be modest in speech and dress” – –“to be a frugal and good housewife”
First Colonies
• Differentiate between Northern Colonies– Massachusetts Bay colonies Pennsylvania, Maine, etc. – Immigrated in Families – (Puritan)
• Southern Colonies– Chesapeake Bay (Virginia Company) societies – Single (wealthy) males – Indentured (poor) females and males – Slaves – Settlement companies; business concerns; emulation of English
feudal system– "common law doctrine of coverture“
Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony
• Separatists & a minority within the Puritan Movement– Believed Church of England was too corrupt
for reform
• 88 Craft workers, farmers settled in present day Southeastern Massachusetts– Led by William Bradford
Pilgrims
1620 – Plymouth, Massachusetts
Mayflower compact
Viewed people of Pamet & Nauset – Satan’s children
Mayflower Compact
Established a governor and several advisors– Elected annually by all adult males
• English law– No clear basis for land or government claims– No royal charter– No approval by the crown
Massosoit’s Treaty with the Pilgrims
Massasoit was born in the village of Pokanoket near present-day Bristol, Rhode Island, around 1590.
Massasoit signed a peace treaty with the Pilgrims on March 22,1621. His friendship with the settlers helped keep the Wampanoags neutral
in the Pequot War of 1636.
Indian relations• Massasoit “Big Chief”
– Introduced fur trade• Major source of capital
– Samoset • Abenaki from Pemaquid tribe in
Maine visited • learned English • Samoset introduced them to the
fur trade
– Tisquantum (Squanto) • Patuxet Wampanoag
(today’s Mass.)– Assisted Pilgrims
through “starving time”–1621 – “Thanksgiving”
• Presbyterian and Congregationalist– Believed Church of England capable of reform
• 1629 Charles I began persecution of Puritans leading to migration– Merchants, landed gentlemen, lawyers– Organized the Massachusetts Bay Company
1629• Edward Johnson referred to themselves as “Soldiers
of Jesus Christ” – Martial spirit of crusade
– Military character of the migration
Puritans of Massachusetts Bay
Royal Charter
• Charter confirmed title to most of present-day Massachusetts and new Hampshire– 1629 established Salem North of Plymouth– 1630 Company’s first Governor, John
Winthrop & 12 stockholders set sail from England
– Government: General Court of the Colony– Chief Executive: Winthrop – landed lawyer– Governor’s assistants: Stockholders– Annual elections by freemen or all adult male church
members
1634, Government
• Freemen stopped meeting and each town elected representatives or deputies to the General court– Passed all laws– Levied taxes– Established courts– Made war– Made peace
Puritans of Massachusetts Bay
• Never endured a “Starving time”– By 1640 25,000 puritans out
numbered Indians in the region
• Puritan Covenant & “City Upon the Hill”– The chosen elect, outsider –
insider mentality– God’s chosen, right to land =
extermination
John Winthrop
Removal & Reservations
• 1638 – Reservation Campaign
– 14 plantations, 1200 acres among Quinnipiac Tribe, New Haven, CT.
– Prohibited tribal government & religion
• Foreshadowed 19th century reservation system of United States established by the Office of Indian Affairs
New Government, 1644
• Refashioned the company charter into a civil constitution– Deputies formed into the Lower house of the
Bay Colony Legislature– Assistants formed the upper house of the
legislature
New England
• Colonists religious fundamentalists – God fearing
• looked to the bible for authority and inspiration
– Read bible daily • memorized its passages and stories
– Non-democratic• not a part of puritan political thought
– Church & State unified • bible and clergy for guidance
New England
• Re-settled in family units• Sex ratio balanced quickly• Pressure for all to marry• Patriarchy – a model for church and state • Domestic, political & religious
– Men head of family– Controlled all members– Wielded authority– Supervised finances– Made family decisions– Conduit of god’s blessings
Religion• Emphasized Original Sin
– Women were of inferior intellect, morals• Justified women’s subordination, ensured their submission
– Preached salvation of the few• Majority of mankind damned to hell
• Women’s duty and responsibility to be subservient to men– Calvinists especially blamed eve for setting the devil
loose upon the world– Women more susceptible to the devil
» Morally suspect
» depended on man to protect her interests, ensure her submission and see that she did as little damage as possible.
Domesticall Duties, 1620s
• Manual for women– Role in church and home limited– She was “not to teach, nor hold authority over
a man, but to be in silence.
Puritans and Women’s Souls
• Puritans and Women’s Souls– Patriarchal authority through the church (St. Paul’s
edict: “Let the women keep silent in the churches.” -- 1 Corinthians 14:34)
• Puritan belief: "the soul consists of two portions, inferior and superior; the superior is masculine and eternal; the feminine inferior and mortal."
Status of Women
• Inferior status in society institutionalized on every level– Divinely ordained– Bolstered by law– Upheld by the church– Sanctioned by custom
English Common Law
• Femme coverture– Covered by their husbands legally– Assume his identity– Economically subordinate, exploited and dependent– Women lost everything in separation including
children– All property, dowry, inheritance, even her clothing
belonged to the husband legally– Could not buy or sell anything without husbands
permission– Could not make contracts– Could not sue in court
Legal statutes & practices
• Devised to keep family physically intact– Social control and order, not for protection of individuals or
families
• Mass. Body of Liberties 1641 prohibited wife beating “unless it be in his own defense upon her assault”
• New England – Divorce with possibility of re-marriage– Women with no legal rights – impossible to prove
• Desertion• Bigamy• Failure to provide • Adultery
Divorce
• Divorce virtually impossible in England until the 1857 Reform Law
• Southern colonies kept the English practices
• Puritans and Quakers saw divorce as necessary to public harmony – Marriage contract could be broken by men or
women with given cause
Silence of women
• Women brought up on charges of scolding, slandering cursing as a threat to the stability of the home and community– Slander – political tool of women– Courts took effort to check verbal aggression
• Girls education– Obedience, habit of silence, industry, piety,
House wifery
- Duty to break the will and eradicate women’s aggression
Maryland, 1634
• Proprietary Colony – Established by aristocratic Catholic Calvert
Family
• Authority over 10 million acres, establish a civil government & administer justice
• Granted estates or “Manors” to friends• Divided some holdings into farms for
immigrants or “Tenants” & collected “quitrents” or fees for used of land
Colonial Alternatives
• Society of Friends established communities in Pennsylvania & New Jersey 1650s
• The Quaker Common Wealth, Pennsylvania
Quaker Common Wealth
• Pennsylvania – founded by William Penn– Recruited new colonists– Favorable foreign policy with First nations– Low conflict colony– Religious tolerance
• Quakers• Minnonites• Amish• Moravians• Baptists
Society of Friends
• Doctrine of Individual Spiritual Inspiration and interpretation : “inner light”– Discarded formal sacraments– Rejected formal ministry– Refused difference to persons of rank– Embraced simple living and pacifism– Tolerance extended to complete religious freedom for
everyone – Equality of the sexes– Full participation of women in religious affairs– Played a major role in government
Spanish Colonial Women
• Spanish law, partially derived from Moorish (Islamic) law
• Women had full legal personhood as father’s co-heirs (economic and political)
• Women had equal rights to their offspring – Look at Spanish naming traditions: – Ana Castillo Benitez (single)
• Ana Castillo Benitez de Leon (married to Francisco Leon) • Jose Leon Castillo (her child)