Practical Implementation of FACTs On A Model Transmission Line For Performance
Improvement
Supervised By:
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Fayyaz Khan
United International University (UIU)
Presented By:Saifur Rahman 021 111 056MD.Rakib Mohan 021 111 004Mohammad Shakhawat Hossain 021 111 117MD.Jabaidur Rahman 021 101 107
CONTENTS
What is FACTs?
Objectives of FACTs
Types of FACTS Controllers
Transmission line Parameters & Design of FACTS Controllers
Advantages of FACTS Controllers
Conclusion
Reference
What is FACTs?
FACTs is an acronym for Flexible AC Transmission Systems. FACTS uses solid state switching devices to control power flow through a transmission network , So that the transmission network is loaded to its full capacity.
FACTs idea was put forward by Prof. Hingorani of EPRI, USA in 1988 .
A line can be loaded up to its full thermal limit by FACTs.
Power transfer can be increased thru an old line by FACTs.
History Of FACTs Flexible AC Transmission Systems Technology (FACTS)
was first proposed by the Dr Narain G. Hingorani in 1988 of Electric Power Research Institute ( EPRI ), USA .
The first FACTS installation was at the C. J. Slatt Substation near Arlington, Oregon.
This is a 500 kV, 3-phase 60 Hz substation, and was developed by EPRI, the Bonneville Power Administration and General Electric Company.
C. J. Slatt Substation near Arlington, Oregon., USA(Google Map view)
OBJECTIVES OF FACTS
To increase the power transfer capability of transmission systems
To keep power flow over designated routes.
Secure loading of transmission lines nearer to their thermal limits.
Prevention of cascading outages by contributing to emergency control.
Damping of oscillations that can threaten security or limit the useable line capacity.
Advantages Of FACTS Increase of transfer of power without adding new transmission line.
Transmission cost is minimized.
Smooth steady state and dynamic control.
Active damping of power oscillations.
Increase of reliability
Improvement of system stability and voltage control.
Provide greater flexibility in sitting new generation .
Control of power flow in transmission corridors by controlling line impedance ,angle and voltage.
Optimum power flow for certain objectives .
Increase the loading capability of lines to their thermal capabilities, including short term and seasonal.
Overview Of Our Work
Source
Transmission line
LOAD
1
3
41 Source2 Transmission Line 3 FACTS Intelligence System (i) Series Compensation (ii) Shunt compensation4 Load
Design and implementation
of FACTSIntelligence
System
2
SeriesCompensation
Shunt Compens
ation
(i)
(ii)
Basic Types Of FACTS Compensation
FACTS compensation are classified as
Series Compensation
Shunt Compensation
Combined series-series compensation
Combined series-shunt compensation
TALAThyristor Controlled SeriesCapacitor in New Delhi, India
Beauly Substation , UK
Basic Types Of FACTS Compensation
Series Compensation
It could be a variable impedance, such as capacitor, reactor, or a power electronic based variable source of main frequency, subsynchonous and harmonic frequencies to serve the desired need.
Inject a voltage in series with the line .
If the voltage is in phase quadrature with the current, controller supplies or consumes reactive power.
Any other phase, involves control of both active and reactive power.
Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC)
TCSC : TCSC is a capacitive reactance compensator ,which consists of a series capacitor bank shunted by a thyristor – controlled reactor in order to provide a smoothly variable series capacitive reactance.
Basic module of TCSC
TCSC
The equivalent impedance, Zeq, of this LC combination is expressed as
If ωC−(1/ ωL) > 0; The combined reactance is Capacitive. If ωC−(1/ ωL) < 0; The combined reactance is Inductive.
Benefits of TCSC
Current control
Damping Oscillations
Transient and Dynamic stability
Voltage stability
Fault current limiting
Basic Types Of FACTS Compensation
Shunt compensation
It could be a variable impedance (capacitor ,reactor , etc.) or a power electronic based variable source or combination of both .
Inject a current in the system.
If the current is in phase quadrature with the voltage ,controller supplies or consumes reactive power.
Any other phase ,involves control of both active and reactive power.
Types Of Shunt CompensationShunt compensation are of 2 types :1) inductive shunt compensation 2) capacitive shunt compensation
inductive shunt compensation :If Vr > Vs ; usually happens due to no load or less load or leading load
capacitive shunt compensation: If Vr < Vs ; usually happens due to high load or lagging load
FACTs Implemented On a Model Transmission Line (Theoretical)
Line specification:
Line=370 km (230 mile)
Conductor name = “Rook”
Flat horizontal Spacing =7.25 m (23.8 ft)
Load Specification:
= 125 MW
= 215 KV
P.F(Power Factor) = 100%
Now, ==
= 30.0 ft.
ACSR Conductor
Short = less than about 80 km (50 mile) longMedium = 80 km to 240 km (150 mile) long
Long = longer than 240 km long
1 2 3
2 * 23.8
23.8 23.8
FACTs Implemented On a Model Transmission Line (Theoretical)
Contd.For 50 Hz Calculation C and L,
(50 degree) = 0.1603 Ω/mile ……..(1)
= +
= (0.415 + 0.4127) Ω/mile …....(2)
= +
= (0.0950 + 0.1009) MΩ .mile . . . . . . . .(3)
Now from 1
= = 0.0996
FACTs Implemented On a Model Transmission Line (Theoretical)
Contd.From 2
= 0.8277 Ω/mile = Ω / km = 0.5143
Now
= 2L
L= = =1.364 H/Km
Now from 3
= 0.1959 Ω.mile =195900 Ω.mile = 3.1527 Ω.km
=
C = = = 8.4137 F/Km
Results Of Uncompensated Line
Load Voltage(V)
Current(I)
Active Power(P)
Reactive Power(Q)
Apparent Power(S)
25MW 238.8 KV 183.3 A 65.65 MW 0 65.65 MVA
45MW 238.8 KV 202.1 A 72.39 MW 0 72.39 MVA
65MW 238.8 KV 227 A 81.32 MW 0 81.32 MVA
85MW 238.8 KV 254.6 A 91.2 MW 0 91.2 MVA
105MW
238.8 KV 282.6 A 101.2 MW 0 101.2 MVA
125MW
238.8 KV 309.7 A 110.9 MW 0 110.9 MVA
145MW
238.8 KV 335.2 A 120.1 MW 0 120.1 MVA
Uncompensated Sending- End Side Uncompensated Receiving- End Side
Load Voltage(V)
Current(I)
Active Power(P)
Reactive Power(Q)
Apparent Power(S)
25MW 261.6 KV 71.39 A 28.02 MW 0 28.02 MVA
45MW 255.1 KV 125.3 A 47.95 MW 0 47.95 MVA
65MW 247.7 KV 175.7 A 65.31 MW 0 65.31 MVA
85MW 239.7 KV 222.4 A 79.98 MW 0 79.98 MVA
105MW
231.4 KV 265.2 A 92.03 MW 0 92.03 MVA
125MW
222.9 KV 304 A 101.6 MW 0 101.6 MVA
145MW
214.4 KV 339.2 A 109.1 MW 0 109.1 MVA
Results Of Compensated Line
Load Voltage(V)
Current(I)
Active Power(P)
Reactive Power(Q)
Apparent Power(S)
25MW 238.8KV 190A 68.06MW 0 68.06MVA
45MW 238.8KV 221.2A 79.25MW 0 79.25MVA
65MW 238.8KV 261.8A 93.78MW 0 93.78MVA
85MW 238.8KV 307A 110MW 0 110MVA
105MW
238.8KV 354.3A 126.9MW 0 126.9MVA
125MW
238.8KV 402.3A 144.1MW 0 144.1MVA
145MW
238.8KV 450.2A 161.3MW 0 161.3MVA
Compensated Sending- End Side
Load Voltage(V)
Current(I)
Active Power(P)
Reactive Power(Q)
Apparent Power(S)
25MW 262.8KV 71.71A 28.27MW 0 28.27MVA
45MW 258.7KV 127.1A 49.3MW 0 49.3MVA
65MW 254.7KV 180.7A 69.03MW 0 69.03MVA
85MW 250.8KV 232.7A 87.55MW 0 87.55MVA
105MW
247.1KV 283.1A 104.9MW 0 104.9MVA
125MW
243.4KV 332.1A 121.2MW 0 121.2MVA
145MW
239.8KV 379.5A 136.5MW 0 136.5MVA
Compensated Receiving- End Side
Results Of Uncompensated line
Load Voltage(V)
Current(I) Active Power(P)
Reactive Power(Q)
Apparent Power(S)
PF
50MW 195 KV 159.33 A 36.09 MW
29.5MVar 46.6 MVA
0.7744
75MW 195 KV 210.38 A 51.5MW 33.66MVar
61.53 MVA
0.837
100MW
195 KV 261.8 A 65.61 MW
39.48MVar
76.57 MVA
0.8568
125MW
195 KV 311.29 A 78.24 MW
46.58MVar
91.05 MVA
0.8593
150MW
195KV 357.9 A 89.33MW
54.59MVar
104.7 MVA
0.8533
175MW
195 KV 401.3 A 98.9 MW 63.19MVar
117.4 MVA
0.8427
200MW
195 KV 441.2 A 107 MW 72.11MVar
129 MVA 0.8293
Uncompensated Sending End Side (lagging pf)
Load Voltage(V)
Current(I)
Active Power(P)
Reactive Power(Q)
Apparent
Power(S)
Pf
50MW 151.66 KV
327.77 A 32.62 MW
67.06MVar
74.57 MVA
0.4375
75MW 148.51 KV
357.234 A
46.92 MW
64.3MVar
79.59 MVA
0.5895
100MW
144.9KV 392.9 A 59.57 MW
61.22MVar
85.42 MVA
0.6973
125MW
140.99 KV
431.4 A 70.48 MW
57.95MVar
91.25 MVA
0.7724
150MW
136.85 KV
470.5 A 79.67 MW
54.59MVar
96.58 MVA
0.8249
175MW
132.57 KV
508.64 A 87.23 MW
51.23MVar
101.2 MVA
0.8623
200MW
128.3 KV 545.1 A 93.27 MW
47.93MVar
104.9 MVA
0.8894
Uncompensated Receiving End Side (lagging pf)
Results of Compensated lines
Load Voltage(V)
Current(I) Active Power(P)
Reactive Power(Q)
Apparent Power(S)
PF
50MW 195 KV 267.6 A 66.04 MW
42MVar 78.26 MVA
0.8434
75MW 195 KV 353.8 A 95.32 MW
40.3 MVar
103.5 MVA
0.921
100MW
195 KV 443.15 A 123.6 MW
39.09MVar
129.6 MVA
0.9534
125MW
195 KV 532.05 A 150.8 MW
38.3 MVar
155.6 MVA
0.9693
150MW
195KV 619.4 A 177.1 MW
37.86MVar
181.1 MVA
0.9779
175MW
195 KV 704.55 A 202.6 MW
37.7MVar 201.6 MVA
0.9831
200MW
195 KV 787.3 A 227.1 MW
37.99MVar
230.3
MVA
0.9863
Compensated Sending End Side (lagging pf)
Load Voltage(V)
Current(I)
Active Power(P)
Reactive Power(Q)
Apparent
Power(S)
Pf
50MW 205.3 KV 400.20 A 59.7 MW
107.8MVar
123.2 MVA
0.4848
75MW 201.5 KV 446.9 A 86.37 MW
103.9MVar
135.1 MVA
0.6393
100MW
197.9 KV 503.8 A 111.1 MW
100.2MVar
149.6 MVA
0.7426
125MW
194.4 KV 431.4 A 133.9 MW
96.6MVar
165.2 MVA
0.8109
150MW
191.9 KV 632.03 A 155.2 MW
93.3 MVar
181.1 MVA
0.857
175MW
187.7 KV 698.7 A 174.9 MW
90.1MVar
196.7 MVA
0.8889
200MW
184.5 KV 765.36 A 193.1 MW
87.1MVar
211.9 MVA
0.8894
Compensated Receiving End Side (lagging pf)
FACTs Implemented On a Model Transmission Line (practical)
A single phase 2 Km line was taken for FACTs application and implementation in the lab.
Line parameters are calculated
Line performance was simulated under different load conditions
FACTs controller was designed to improve the line performance
Model Transmission Line Parameters Calculation
Line specification:
Line= 2 km
Load Specification:
P = 500 W
V = 220 V
Conductor name = “Turky”
P.F(Power Factor) = 100%
= 0.750 Ω / 1000 ft = 5.4 Ω
Short = less than about 80 km (50 mile) longMedium = 80 km to 240 km (150 mile) long
Long = longer than 240 km long
= 0.1390 Ω / 1000 ft. = 0.182Ω Now = 2LL =2.42 mH
Source220 V50 Hz
Block Diagram of Shunt Compensation
LINE
LOAD
FullBridge
Voltage Divider
POWER SUPPLY
Voltage Regulator Circuit
ATMEGA 8
LCD
Capacitor
Triac Driver
Hardware Design Of Shunt Compensation
Receiving END Voltage
Capacitor Bank
DC Source
Intelligent Circuit
Results Of practical Uncompensated line
LoadΩ
Voltage
Current
Power
Voltage
Current
Power
80 110 V 1.25 A 134 W 95 V 1.3 A 117 W
100 110 V 0.98 A 108 W 96 V 0.99 A 95 W
133.33
110 V 0.75 A 82 W 99 V 0.75 A 74 W
200 110 V 0.52 A 57 W 101 V 0.52 A 52 W
400 110 V 0.28 A 30 W 108 V 0.27 A 29 W
Uncompensated Sending End side Uncompensated Receiving End side
Results Of practical Compensated line
LoadΩ
Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power
80 110 V 2.12 A 199 W 111 V 2.16 A 162 W
100 110 V 1.91 A 167 W 114 V 1.93 A 133 W
133.33
110 V 1.82 A 140 W 119 V 1.33 A 107 W
200 110 V 1.71 A 105 W 121 V 1.73 A 74 W
400 110 V 0.55 A 38 W 110 V 0.58 A 32 W
Compensated Sending End side Compensated Receiving End side
Block Diagram of Series Compensation for the line
220 V50 Hz
Transmission Line Capacitor
LOAD
SOURCE Back to Back
Thyristor DriverInductor
Future Work
1. Simulation of different heavily loaded transmission line from FACTS. e.g East West Interconnector.
2. Measurement of stability and reliability study of Power sector of Bangladesh from FACTS .
Conclusion
We see that in an uncompensated line, the output voltage is less than the input voltage for the reason of transmission line parameters. After adding shunt compensation with the line we saw that the output voltage is improved. As well as after adding series compensation with the line the output voltage is also improved. If we implement this FACTS Controller in our transmission line network, economically it will beneficial for us.
Reference
•Hingorani, N.G., "Power Electronics in Electric Utilities:Role of Power Electronics in Future Power Systems,"Proceedings of the IEEE Special Issue Vol. 76, no. 4, April1988.•Thyristor-Based Facts Controllers For Electrical Ttransmission Systems by R. Mohan Mathur and Rajiv K. Varma•http://www.energy.siemens.com/co/pool/hq/power-transmission/FACTS/FACTS_Series_Compensation_neues%20CD.pdf• www.siemens.com/energy/facts•http://www.iosrjen.org/Papers/vol3_issue4%20(part-1)/C03411726.pdf•http://www.onsemi.com/pub_link/Collateral/HBD855-D.PDF