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FIELD REPORT on SATKHIRA AND ADJACENT AREA
SUBMITTED BY
K. M. Ferdous Mahmud (568)
Md. Sohel Rana (573)
Md. Taufick Imam (574)
Mohammad Rubaiat Islam (581)
Md. Nor Ali (585)
SUBMISSION ON 11th March, 2012
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Topic Page No
PHYSIOGRAPHY 1
NATURAL RESOURCES 2
FOREST RESOURCE 2
WATER RESOURCE 5
LAND RESOURCE 7
FOOD RESOURCE 9
ENERGY RESOURCE 10
MINERAL RESOURCE 10
BIODIVERSITY 12
FLORA 12
FAUNA 18
ECOSYSTEM AND ITS SERVICE 20
POLLUTION 23
SOCIAL ASPECTS 26
COMMUNITY AND KEY COMMUNITY 27
POVERTY 29
SANITATION 30
EDUCATION 31
DRINKING WATER SUPPLY 33
CONCLUSION 34
APPENDIX - 1 ( SALINITY READING) i
APPENDIX – 2 (QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY) ii
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The study area lies in the South-western part of Bangladesh which is a part of the Khulna Division.
Geologically this area is part of the overall Quaternary geology of the Bengal Basin. Sediments from early
Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river systems were deposited over the northern and eastern parts of the
basin during Pleistocene period. For this reason, the study area represents a tidal and fluvial delta
formation.
Sediments of the area are of mainly silt and clay in nature. Only a very small portion of land represents
sandy soil.
Figure 1: - Fine silt and clay sediment
Land morphology is mainly plain and there is no depressed or uplifted land types were observed.
Physiography of the adjacent area can be easily visualized by the following figures. This photograph was
taken near Barakupot area.
Figure 2: - Deltaic plain land of the study area
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Shyamnagar Upazila is full of many significant amounts of resources. These resources are used in various
ways for the growth and development of our society in various ways. The Natural resources of different
areas of Shyamnagar Upazila differ with each other. The areas under study were Shyamnagar union,
Padma Pukur union, Gabura union, Buri Goalini union and Munshiganj union. Different resources of these
unions can be categorized as followes: -
Forest Resource
Water Resource
Land Resource
Food Resource
Energy Resource
Mineral Resource
FOREST RESOURCE: -
Figure 3: - Forest resource of the study area
As the forest is the important portion of every area, they provide different resources to the local
inhabitants. Both Sundarban and different social forest are utilized in different ways by the local people
of different union. A comparison is made among the utilization pattern of forest resource in different
unions.
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Union Villages Utilization pattern
Shyamnagar
Sadar
The effect of salinity is not so intense. The social forests are
dominating.
Provide oxygen.
Provide fruits to people.
Trees and shrubs used as fuel wood.
Building material for construction and furniture.
Medicinal products.
Gums and resins.
Shyamnagar
Nawabeki
The amount of forest is moderate, mainly social forest.
Provide fruits to people.
Used as fuel wood.
Building huts and houses.
Provide oxygen.
Grass for grazing.
Medicinal products processed into drugs.
Barakupot
Mainly social forest. Heterogeneous mixture of plants is
observed.
Grass for grazing and small feeding livestock.
Small timber for building huts and houses.
Provide oxygen.
Used as fuel wood.
Medicinal plants.
Provide fruits to people.
Padma Pukur Pakhimara
Relatively small amount of forest present.
Provide fruits to people.
Firewood.
Construction and furniture.
Provide oxygen.
Gabura
Maddham
Kalishabunia
Trees are very rare to found. Most of them are destroyed in Aila.
Mangrove forest present.
Provide fruits to people.
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Firewood.
Construction purpose.
Provide oxygen.
Chockbara
Small amount is observed, still developing. Mangrove forest
observed.
Provide fruits to people.
Firewood.
Construction purpose.
Dumuria
Developing Social forest and Mangrove forest.
Provide fruits to people.
Firewood
Used for construction purpose.
Buri Goalini Nildumur
Well-developed social forest and mangrove forest were observed.
Provide oxygen.
Provide fruits to people.
Trees and shrubs used as fuel wood.
Building material for construction and furniture.
Medicinal products.
Gums and resins.
Munshiganj Munshiganj
Sadar
Social forest is present as well as Mangrove forest.
Provide fruits to people.
Used as fuel wood.
Building huts and houses.
Provide oxygen.
Grass for grazing.
Medicinal products processed into drugs.
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WATER RESOURCE: -
Figure 4: - Water resource of the study area
Water resource is an important resource of the area. Water of this area is used in different ways for
making our life easy and more comfortable. The local people use a huge volume of water in different
ways. Cultivation of fish is the historical form of the use of water resource in the area. But recently the
water use pattern has been changed a lot. The utilization pattern of water resources of different study
areas are compared and given in order of importance bellow: -
Union Villages Utilization pattern
Shyamnagar
Shyamnagar Sader
Washing and cleaning
Drinking purpose
Fish culture
Rain water harvesting
Nawabeki
Used for drinking purpose
Fish culture
Washing and cleaning
Rain water harvesting
Irrigation
Barakupot
Used for drinking purpose
Costal Aquaculture
Fish culture
Irrigation
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Padma Pukur Pakhimara
Culture of Crabs, Shrimp, Chiring etc.
Transportation medium
Drinking purpose
Fish culture
River fishing
Irrigation
Gabura
Maddham Kalishabunia
Crab and Shrimp culture
Transportation medium
Used for drinking purpose
Rain water harvesting
River fishing
Chockbara
Fish, Crab and Shrimp culture
River fishing
Used for drinking purpose
Rain water harvesting
Dumuria
Irrigation
Transportation medium
Drinking purpose
Fish culture
River fishing
Buri Goalini Nildumur
Used for drinking purpose
Fish culture
Washing and cleaning
Rain water harvesting
Irrigation
Munshiganj Munshiganj
Used for drinking purpose
Crab and Shrimp culture
Fish culture
Washing and cleaning
Irrigation
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LAND RESOURCE: -
Figure 5: - Land resource of the study area
Landforms formed from the huge amount of alluvial sediments play important role in the development of
the local social and economic conditions. This area is basically agricultural and Aqua cultural land. Some
of them are used for construction medium. The overall utilization patterns are compared in the following
table: -
Union Villages Utilization pattern
Shyamnagar
Shyamnagar Sader
House construction
Commercial land utilization
Brick production
Roads and communication
Fish culture land
Nawabeki
Agricultural land
Aqua cultural land
Sand extraction
House construction
Commercial land utilization
Brick production
Roads and communication
Barakupot
Aqua cultural land
Agricultural land
House construction
Brick production
Roads and communication
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Padma Pukur Pakhimara
Aqua cultural land
House construction
Roads and communication
Agricultural land
Gabura
Maddham Kalishabunia
Aqua cultural land
House construction
Roads and communication
Construction medium
Chockbara
House construction
Aqua cultural land
Roads and communication
Construction medium
Dumuria
Agricultural land
House construction
Aqua cultural land
Roads and communication
Fish culture land
Buri Goalini Nildumur
House construction
Commercial land utilization
Roads and communication
Fish culture land
Munshiganj Munshiganj
House construction
Commercial land utilization
Brick production
Roads and communication
Fish culture land
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FOOD RESOURCE: -
Figure 6: - Food resource
This area provides us with valuable food resources from various sources. Among these sources, forest,
agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery are important. The main food resources of the overall area are
as follows: -
Union Villages Major food Resources
Shyamnagar
Shyamnagar Sader Rice, Hen, Pigeon, Goat, Cow, Vegetables, Crab,
Shrimp, Fruits etc.
Nawabeki Goat, Cow, Ram, Crab, Shrimp, Fruits, Rice,
Vegetables, etc.
Barakupot Cow, Ram, Goat, Crab, Shrimp, Fruits, Rice,
Vegetables, etc.
Padma Pukur Pakhimara Crab, Shrimp, Other river fishes, Fruits, Cow,
Vegetables etc.
Gabura
Maddham Kalishabunia
Crab, Shrimp, Chiring, Other river fishes, Goat, Cow,
Ram, Fruits etc.
Chockbara
Crab, Shrimp, Chiring, Other river fishes, Goat, Cow,
Ram, Vegetables etc.
Dumuria
Rice, Hen, Pigeon, Goat, Cow, Vegetables, Crab,
Shrimp, Fruits etc.
Buri Goalini Nildumur Goat, Cow, Vegetables, Rice, Hen, Pigeon etc.
Munshiganj Munshiganj Rice, Hen, Pigeon, Goat, Cow, Vegetables, Crab,
Shrimp, Fruits etc.
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ENERGY RESOURCE: -
Figure 7: - Energy resource of the study area
The area is highly potential in terms of energy resource. A large number of people are directly and
indirectly dependent of the collection of fuel wood and their business. By this way, they earn a significant
amount of money. The utilization of solar energy is also significant.
Union Utilization pattern
Shyamnagar Mainly Electricity and also includes Fuel wood, Solar energy, Petroleum
products.
Padma Pukur Mainly Solar energy and also includes Fuel wood, Petroleum products, coal
etc.
Gabura Mainly Solar energy and also includes Fuel wood, coal, Petroleum products
etc.
Buri Goalini Mainly Electricity and also includes Fuel wood, Solar energy, Petroleum
products.
Munshiganj Mainly Electricity and also includes Fuel wood, Solar energy, Petroleum
products, coal etc.
MINERAL RESOURCE: -
The presence and extraction of mineral resource is very limited in the Shyamnagar area. There is hardly
any mineral resource to be found in the area. The presences of petroleum ad crude hydrocarbons are yet
not discovered. This is mainly because of the nature of the sedimentation and stratigraphic succession
pattern. This area is an example of recent alluvial sedimentation and its sedimentation stage is not
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matured yet. That is why the presence of any hydrocarbon or petroleum resource is not discovered so
far.
Figure 8: - Mineral resources of the area under study
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FLORA: -
Figure 9: - Some floral species of the area
Both Mangrove and non-mangrove vegetation are observed. Major plant species found in this area are as
follows: -
Union Major Types of Plants
Local name Scientific name
Shyamnagar
Mango Mangifera indica
Date palm( Khejur) Phoenix dactylifera
Sil Koroi Albizia lucida
Sofeda Eucalyptus spp.
Sun flower Helianthus annuus
Blackberry Syzygium cumini
Jackfruite Artocarpous heterophyllus
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Simul Bombax ceiba
Raintry kory Samanea saman
Kadam Anthrocephalus chinensis
Mahagani Swietenia mahagoni
Barai Zizyphys manuritiana
Coconut Cocos nucifera
Paddy Oryza sativa
Palm Borassus fiabillifer
Padma Pukur
Palm Borassus fiabillifer
Gewa E agallocha
Goran Ceriops decandra
Keora Sonneratia apetala
Passur Xylocarpus mekongensis
Dhundul X. granatum
Date palm( Khejur) Phoenix dactylifera
Coconut Cocos nucifera
Tamarind Tree (Tentul) Diploglottis cunninghamii
Cactus Blossfeldia liliputiana
Gabura
Coconut Cocos nucifera
Date palm( Khejur) Phoenix dactylifera
Paddy Oryza sativa
Palm Borassus fiabillifer
Gewa E agallocha
Goran Ceriops decandra
Keora Sonneratia apetala
Brinjal Solanum melongena
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Bean Phaseolus vulgaris
Raintry koroi Samanea saman
Babla Alstonia nilotica
Nim Azadirachta indica
Cactus Blossfeldia liliputiana
Buri Goalini
Mahagani Swietenia mahagoni
Date palm( Khejur) Phoenix dactylifera
Joba Habiscus rosa sinensis
Barai Zizyphys manuritiana
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus
Banana Lagerstroemia_speciosa
Coconut Cocos nucifera
Paddy Oryza sativa
Palm Borassus fiabillifer
Gewa E agallocha
Goran Ceriops decandra
Keora Sonneratia apetala
Passur Xylocarpus mekongensis
Dhundul Xylocarpus granatum
Mango Mangifera indica
Blackberry Syzygium cumini
Jackfruite Artocarpous heterophyllus
Munshiganj
Gewa E agallocha
Goran Ceriops decandra
Date palm( Khejur) Phoenix dactylifera
Keora Sonneratia apetala
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Passur Xylocarpus mekongensis
Dhundul X. granatum
Paddy Oryza sativa
Palm Borassus fiabillifer
Mahagani Swietenia mahagoni
Date palm( Khejur) Phoenix dactylifera
Barai Zizyphys manuritiana
Coconut Cocos nucifera
Cactus Blossfeldia liliputiana
Paddy Oryza sativa
Shyamnagar
Mango Mangifera indica
Date palm( Khejur) Phoenix dactylifera
Sil Koroi Albizia lucida
Sofeda Eucalyptus spp.
Sun flower Hibiscus spp.
Blackberry Syzygium cumini
Jackfruite Artocarpous heterophyllus
Simul Bombax ceiba
Raintry kory Samanea saman
Kadam Anthrocephalus chinensis
Mahagani Swietenia mahagoni
Barai Zizyphys manuritiana
Coconut Cocos nucifera
Paddy Oryza sativa
Palm Borassus fiabillifer
Padma Pukur Palm Borassus fiabillifer
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Gewa E agallocha
Goran Ceriops decandra
Keora Sonneratia apetala
Passur Xylocarpus mekongensis
Dhundul X. granatum
Date palm( Khejur) Phoenix dactylifera
Coconut Cocos nucifera
Tentul Sonneratia spp.
Cactus Blossfeldia liliputiana
Gabura
Coconut Cocos nucifera
Date palm( Khejur) Phoenix dactylifera
Paddy Oryza sativa
Palm Borassus fiabillifer
Gewa E agallocha
Goran Ceriops decandra
Keora Sonneratia apetala
Brinjal Solanum melongena
Bean Phaseolus vulgaris
Raintry koroi Samanea saman
Nim
Cactus Blossfeldia liliputiana
Buri Goalini
Mahagani Swietenia mahagoni
Date palm( Khejur) Phoenix dactylifera
Joba Habiscus rosa sinensis
Barai Zizyphys manuritiana
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus agallocha
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Banana
Coconut Cocos nucifera
Paddy Oryza sativa
Palm Borassus fiabillifer
Gewa E agallocha
Goran Ceriops decandra
Keora Sonneratia apetala
Passur Xylocarpus mekongensis
Dhundul X. granatum
Mango Mangifera indica
Blackberry Syzygium cumini
Jackfruite Artocarpous heterophyllus
Munshiganj
Gewa E agallocha
Goran Ceriops decandra
Date palm( Khejur) Phoenix dactylifera
Keora Sonneratia apetala
Passur Xylocarpus mekongensis
Dhundul X. granatum
Paddy Oryza sativa
Palm Borassus fiabillifer
Mahagani Swietenia mahagoni
Date palm( Khejur) Phoenix dactylifera
Barai Zizyphys manuritiana
Coconut Cocos nucifera
Cactus Blossfeldia liliputiana
Paddy Oryza sativa
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FAUNA: -
Figure 10: - Major faunal species of the area
Among various household and wild animal species, these followings are significant-
Union Major Types of Plants
Local name Local name Local name
Shyamnagar
Cow Dog King fisher
Hen Crow Mosquito
Goat Pegion Salik
Ram Swan Spider
Duck Snail Crab
Squirrel Monkey Butterfly
Cat Rat Fly
Snake Nilotica Chorwi
Heron Shrimp Silver carp
Grass carp Kholshe Punti
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Padma Pukur
Duck Snail Crab
Squirrel Swan Butterfly
Cat Rat Nilotica
Snake King fisher Shrimp
Heron Mosquito Butterfly
Crab Hen Crow
Ram Goat Pegion
Duck Chiring Butterfly
Gabura
Crab Shrimp Snail
Snake King fisher Cat
Heron Mosquito Snake
Goat Crow Ram
Butterfly Dog Duck
Swan Spider Chiring
Rat Grasshopper King fisher
Buri Goalini
Ram Cow Dog
Swan Hen Crow
Goat Pegion Salik
Cat Snake Crow
Nilotica Silver carp Kholshe
Shrimp Grass carp Punti
Kholshe Bee Fly
Deer Butterfly Mosquito
Munshiganj
Monkey Cow Duck
Silver carp Hen Squirrel
Punti Goat Cat
Kholshe Butterfly Snake
Shrimp Bee Duck
Deer Ram King fisher
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Organisms and environment are two non-separable factors. Organisms interact with each other and Also with the physical conditions that are present in their habitats. "The organisms and the physical Features of the habitat form an ecological complex or more briefly an ecosystem."
MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS OF THE AREA:
Mainly two types of ecosystems were found in the area.
Aquatic ecosystem
Terrestrial ecosystem
Aquatic Ecosystem:
Two types of aquatic ecosystems were observed.
Fresh water ecosystem
Saline water ecosystem
Terrestrial ecosystem:
We found two types of terrestrial ecosystem.
Crop vegetation
Social forest
Ecosystem
Aquatic
Fresh water
Saline water
Terrestrial
Crop vegetation
Social forest
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Union Ecosystem Services Sh
yam
nag
ar
Terrestrial
Ecosystem
Crop
Vegetation
Provide food for local people
Provide food for household animals
Provide food & shelter for birds and insects
Social forest
Provide huge amount of Oxygen
Protects the coastal area from the destruction of
natural hazards
Provide firewood as a source of energy
Aquatic
Ecosystem
Fresh water
Ecosystem
Provide habitat for fresh water fish species
Provide food for fish and other aquatic organisms
Many fresh water fish species are cultivated
Used for drinking purpose
Used for irrigation purpose
Saline water
Ecosystem
Habitat for many halophytic plant species
Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that
requires saline environment for their growth and
development
Great contribution in coastal aquaculture or shrimp
culture
This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture
Pad
ma
Pu
kur
Terrestrial
Ecosystem
Crop
Vegetation
Provide food for local people
Provide food for household animals
Provide food & shelter for birds and insects
Social forest
Provide huge amount of Oxygen
Protects the coastal area from the destruction of
natural hazards
Provide firewood as a source of energy
Aquatic
Ecosystem
Fresh water
Ecosystem
Provide habitat for fresh water fish species
Used for drinking purpose
Used for irrigation purpose
Saline water
Ecosystem
Habitat for many halophytic plant species
Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that
requires saline environment for their growth and
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development
This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture G
abu
ra
Terrestrial
Ecosystem
Crop
Vegetation
Provide food for local people
Provide food & shelter for birds and insects
Social forest
Provide huge amount of Oxygen
Provide firewood as a source of energy
Provide firewood as a source of energy
Aquatic
Ecosystem
Fresh water
Ecosystem
Many fresh water fish species are cultivated
Used for drinking purpose
Used for irrigation purpose
Saline water
Ecosystem
Habitat for many halophytic plant species
Cultivation of saline tolerant fish
This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture
Bu
ri G
oal
ini
Terrestrial
Ecosystem
Crop
Vegetation
Provide food for local people
Provide food for household animals
Provide food & shelter for birds and insects
Social forest
Provide huge amount of Oxygen
Protects the coastal area from the destruction of
natural hazards
Provide firewood as a source of energy
Aquatic
Ecosystem
Fresh water
Ecosystem
Provide habitat for fresh water fish species
Provide food for fish and other aquatic organisms
Many fresh water fish species are cultivated
Used for drinking purpose
Used for irrigation purpose
Saline water
Ecosystem
Habitat for many halophytic plant species
Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that
requires saline environment for their growth and
development
Great contribution in coastal aquaculture or shrimp
culture
This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture
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Mu
nsh
igan
j
Terrestrial
Ecosystem
Crop
Vegetation
Provide food for local people
Provide food for household animals
Provide food & shelter for birds and insects
Social forest
Provide huge amount of Oxygen
Protects the coastal area from the destruction of
natural hazards
Provide firewood as a source of energy
Aquatic
Ecosystem
Fresh water
Ecosystem
Provide habitat for fresh water fish species
Used for drinking purpose
Used for irrigation purpose
Saline water
Ecosystem
Habitat for many halophytic plant species
Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that
requires saline environment for their growth and
development
This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture
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Pollution is the effects of undesirable changes in our surroundings that have a harmful impact on plants,
animals and human beings. Pollutants are substances that are mainly responsible for the pollution to
occur. Since the dawn of civilization, the humans are modifying the natural environment and ecosystem.
This is resulting nothing but the harmful consequences that is causing a significant amount of loss in the
present age and immense amount of harm for the day to come. The major pollutions that are observed in
field tour is given bellow: -
Union Villages Pollution Observed Sources of pollution
Shyamnagar
Shyamnagar
Sader
Air Pollution
Burning fossil fuel
Burning fuel wood
Particulate matters due to brick production
Dust particles
Water Pollution
Oil seepage
Turbidity
Solid waste dumping
Sewage discharge
Discharge of soap and detergent
Medical residues
Salinity
Sea water intrusion
Land Pollution
Solid waste disposal
Sewage discharge
Fertilizer and pesticide
Salinity
Medical residues
Nawabeki
Water Pollution
Salinity
Sea water intrusion
Oil seepage
Turbidity
Land Pollution Solid waste disposal
Fertilizer and pesticide
Salinity
Air Pollution
Dust particles
Burning fossil fuel
Burning fuel wood
Particulate matters due to brick production
Barakupot Air Pollution Burning fuel wood
Particulate matters
Dust particles
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Land Pollution Solid waste disposal
Fertilizer and pesticide
Salinity
Padma
Pukur Pakhimara
Water Pollution
Oil seepage
Turbidity
Solid waste dumping
Salinity
Sea water intrusion
Land Pollution Solid waste disposal
Fertilizer and pesticide
Salinity
Gabura
Maddham
Kalishabunia
Water Pollution Oil seepage
Turbidity
Solid waste dumping
Air Pollution
Burning fossil fuel
Burning fuel wood
Particulate matters
Dust particles
Land Pollution Solid waste disposal
Salinity
Fertilizer and pesticide
Chockbara
Water Pollution
Oil seepage from water vehicles
Turbidity
Solid waste dumping
Salinity
Land Pollution Solid waste disposal
Salinity
Dumuria
Water Pollution Oil seepage from water vehicles
Salinity
Land Pollution Fertilizer and pesticide
Solid waste dumping
Buri Goalini Nildumur
Land Pollution
Solid waste disposal
Sewage discharge
Fertilizer and pesticide
Salinity
Medical residues
Water Pollution
Oil seepage
Turbidity
Solid waste dumping
Sewage discharge
Discharge of soap and detergent
Salinity
Sea water intrusion
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Air Pollution
Burning fossil fuel
Burning fuel wood
Particulate matters due to brick production
Dust particles
Munshiganj Munshiganj
Land Pollution Solid waste disposal
Fertilizer and pesticide
Salinity
Water Pollution
Oil seepage
Turbidity
Solid waste dumping
Salinity
Sea water intrusion
Figure 11: - Pollution in the area
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KEY COMMUNITY
EDUCATION
DRINKING WATER SUPPLY
SANITATION
POVERTY
RELIEF AND REHABILITATION
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According to Banglapedia, main occupations of the local people can be represented in the following pie
chart. Among them, Agriculture 36.9%, agricultural laborers 26.74%, commerce 13.32%, service 4.37%,
wage laborers 3.72%, transport 2.46% , fishing 1.86% and others 8.13% etc. According to literature, one
can find three major types of communities in the area under consideration. They are
1. Aqua farmer community
2. Crop farmer community
3. Natural resource collectors community
Figure 12: - Major occupations of the region (After Banglapedia)
Major types of community and key communities along with the union are provided in the following table.
SERIAL UNION KEY COMMUNITY
1. SHYAMNAGAR
Aqua farmer
Crop farmer
Natural resource collector
Day labor
2. PADMAPUKUR
Aqua farmer
Crop farmer
Natural resource collector
Businessman
1% 2% 2% 2% 4%
4%
8%
13%
27%
37%
pisiculture
Industry
Fishing
Transport
Wage laborers
Service
Others
Business
Agricultural labour
Agriculture
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3. GABURA
Aqua farmer
Crop farmer
Day labor
Businessman
Natural resource collector
4. BURI GOALINI
Aqua farmer
Day labor
Businessman
Natural resource collector
Transport labor
5. MUNSHIGANJ
Day labor
Businessman
Natural resource collector
Transport labor
Figure 13: - Fish is an important source of livelihood for the local people
By considering the literature and field observation, it was found that the key communities of the area under consideration are-
Aqua farmer
Crop farmer
Natural resource collector
Day labor
Businessman
Transport labor
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Most of the people of the area are poor. Their per capita income is also very small. As a result, standard
of living in the area is not satisfactory. After the impact of AILA, many people lost their house, crops and
household animals. This resulted in a great miseries for them. Moreover, salinity of the area increased in
an alarming rate. As a result, those highly fertile lands became unfit to cultivate paddy. In some areas,
people tried to grow rice but they failed. Recently a new variety of halotolarent paddy variety has been
isolated and some farmers started growing them. But still it’s really hard for them to restore their luck
what the AILA taken from them.
Figure 14: - A local house made of bamboo, mud and straw
As we can see from the communities and key communities, a large number of people are day labors.
They don’t have any land and they work on the land of the others or in a brick kiln. But recently
unemployment problem turned into a great social problem for the people of the area. As people are
moving towards aquaculture, this problem is becoming more and more serious day by day. Because,
aquaculture needs only a little amount of workers than that of traditional agriculture. For this reason, the
rich community of the area are becoming richer and the poor community are becoming poorer and may
be poorest.
To avoid such problems, setup of industry and mills in the area can provide a huge number of job
opportunity that will help to reduce the unemployment problem.
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Status of sanitation is getting improved day by day. Various NGOs and volunteer organizations are
working very actively in improving the condition of health and sanitation of the surrounding area
especially after the impact of AILA. Most of the latrines of the area as we visited were of sanitary in
nature. They were mostly made of ring-slab. A typical ring-slab latrine is shown in the following figure: -
Figure 15: - A typical sanitary latrine
In some parts of the area, we observed some of highly efficient modern latrines. These latrines are the
representative of highly efficient technology in which urine, feces and all other parts can be reused.
Organic manures can also be produce from such technology bearing latrine.
Figure 16: - Modern sanitary latrine of the area (Funded by OXFAM)
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The rate of literacy of the area is very low compared to the northern part of the country. According to
Banglapedia, the rate of average literacy in the area under study was found about 28.1%. The rate of
literacy in female is significantly lower than that of male in these areas. Literacy rate among the male of
the area can be as much as 38% while literacy in female of the area is not more than only 17.4%.
Figure 17: - Huge gathering in the local schools
During our field investigation, we got a chance to visit 4 primary schools of the area.3 of them are used as
a cyclone center. These visits revealed some untold truth. We found the existence of biscuit distribution
of biscuits under the finance of USAID. Almost all the students of primary school are eligible for these
biscuits. As a result, biscuits play a significant role in the number of school coming children of the area. As
a result, we found a large number of students are present I these schools but bench, classroom and other
facilities of these schools are extremely limited.
A very significant observation was the increase in the number of female students and the rapid increase
in the literacy for the females of the area. We found a close relationship of stipend of female students
and other facilities provided by the government and their increase in educational status. Though it is not
that much focused to be published in the literature but if this pattern is continued, surely we will see the
visual change in the overall education scenario.
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Figure 18: - Extreme scarcity of bench, chair and other educational instruments
For these financial aids, recently girls are being allowed to go to school. On the other hands, boys are not
much encouraged to go to school as there is no such economic gain for them. Instead they go to river and
collect fish or work in a brick kiln. In reply it provides a source of income for the boy as well as the family.
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Surface and subsurface water of the area under consideration is highly affected with salinity. For this
reason, scarcity for pure drinkable water is very acute here. People of the area mainly drink surface water
and pond water is the major source of water for the people of the area. In the western part of the study
area, we observed water supply for the use of drinking and cooking foods.
In the Barakupot area, we observed a water treatment plant and storage system that is used to supply
drinkable water for the villagers. The Satkhira Jubo Unnayan Porishad is the volunteer organization that
maintains its operation while this whole project was funded by MuslimAid, UK. This plant doesn’t aim at
complex type of treatment. Screening and physical treatment is the only process by which collected pond
water is treated before it is supplied for the public use. About 600 families are directly dependent on this
supply water. In the Gabura union area, similar water supply system was observed. Oxfam played the key
role and financed the whole water supply system.
Figure 19: - Water treatment and supply system in Barakupot area
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By considering literature review into account we can conclude that-
Pure and drinkable freshwater is very rare in the area. Due to an acute scarcity of drinking water,
local people have no other way but to drink the water of some freshwater ponds. But drinking
water from such sources is not safe and hygienic at all. By drinking such water, many waterborne
disease may result. We interviewed many local people who told us that they frequently suffer
from gastro-intestinal disorders and problems.
In some parts of the study area we observed water supply for drinking and cooking purpose but
this facility is not capable of providing safe drinking water for all those local peoples. Most of
these water supply systems are funded and maintained by either an NGO or a volunteer
organization. But if local government realize the need of sufficient water supply system, it will
definitely reduce the sufferings of the local villagers.
Poverty is a serious social issue of the study area. More specifically after the impact of AILA,
many people became homeless, jobless ad shelter less. Standing of this fact, it is easy to
understand that the poor condition of law and order is nothing but the result of poverty in the
area. If people have sufficient food and shelter, we strongly believe that the incident of crime will
definitely reduce.
In some parts of the area, coastal aquaculture practice is common and most farmers are moving
towards shrimp and crab culture. But saline water is required for the cultivation of these aqua
species. For this reason, aqua farmers created a large number of channels through the river. This
practice is highly responsible for the gradual weakness of the dam that aims at the protection of
the nearby road and locality from the devastation of flood and cyclone.
Sluice gates of the areas are constructed under the data of 1962. These data should be reviewed
and corrected where necessary to determine the appropriate sluice gate construction of the
area.
Enforcement of law should be strict to avoid further damage of the dams by the construction of
channels form the rivers.
Natural resource collectors should be trained well before they are permitted to collect nature
resource to avoid further damage of biodiversity and natural resource of the Sundarbans.
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Location name GPS Position Salinity
1.Base Camp 22°20’34”N
89°06’19”E
2.Kholpetua River 12.4ppt
3.Noabeki 22°20’34”N
89°12’06”E
1.4ppt (Tube well water)
4.Borokupot 22°20’24”N
89°12’07”E
4.3ppt (Pond water)
5.Borokupot (Gazibari) 1.1ppt (Both pond and tube well water
6.Nildumur
22°20’52”N
89°12’38”E 2.1ppt (Burigualini)
7.Chakbara (Gabura) 22°15’01”N
89°14’30”E 14.9ppt (Kholpetua River)
22°15’28”N
89°15’07”E 1.1ppt (Rupantor supplied water)
8.Dumuria 22°14’62”N
89°15’00”E
3.4(Paddy field)
1.6ppt(Irrigation water)
22°14’05”N
89°15’00”E 0.0ppt(pond water)
22°15’31”N
89°15’10”E 7.4ppt(Gher)
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INTERVIEW 01:
Name of Respondent: - MD. Shahabuddin
Occupation: - Hawker
Age: - About 70 years
Address: - Pratapnagar village under Padamapur union.
Question: - How much damage did Aila cause in your area?
Answer: - Aila caused a great damage in our area. Most of the places of our area were
submerged in the water. It severely damaged our house, crop field, cattle etc.
Question: -How long the area was submerged?
Answer: - Almost two years.
Question: - We can see a dam there. Why it was constructed and when?
Answer: - This dam was basically constructed to protect the surrounding area and roads from
riverbank erosion. The dam was constructed after the Aila impact.
Question: - What are the major occupations of the area?
Answer: - Many people are involved in business while most of the people are dependent on
agriculture. Among them some are dependent on crab culture and some grow paddy. Many of
them are forced to do this.
Question: - How many children do you have?
Answer: - 4 Sons and 3 Daughters.
Question: -Tell us about their educational status.
Answer: - They all completed primary education.
Question: - What are they doing now?
Answer: - Some of them are working in garments and others working in the brick field.
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INTERVIEW 02:
Name of Respondent: - Brojendronath Mistri
Occupation: - Teacher
Age: - About 50 years
Address: - Pratapnagar village under Padamapur union.
Question: - Is there any problem in drinking water due to salinity?
Answer: - Yes, the ground water became saline.
Question: - The numbers of trees are very low in here, what is the cause do you think?
Answer: - Due to saline water the trees are dying after plantation. Even crops are not growing.
Question: - What are the main occupations of the people around here?
Answer: - Most of the people are involved in shrimp culture but the profit is decreasing and
people are getting interested in agriculture.
Question: - Where do people find juvenile fishes or srimp?
Answer: - Most of them are collected from Cox- Bazar.
Question: - How many children do you have?
Answer: - 1 Son and 1 Daughter.
Question: -Tell us about the educational situation of your area.
Answer: - The children are very interested, but the reality is not letting them near the school.
INTERVIEW 03:
Name of Respondent: - Anima Rani Paul
Occupation: - Day labour
Age: - About 32 years
Address: - Nawabeki, Shymnagar.
Question: - What do you do?
Answer: - I work in the road construction site.
Question: -How much do you earn every day?
Answer: - Per day 120Tk.
Question: - Which fruits trees are found in this area?
Answer: - Coconut, Date palm, Palm, Sofeda etc. No other fruits grow in here.
Question: - What is the weather condition of this area during winter?
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Answer: - The cold was as usual but severe cold observed about 5-7 days.
Question: - What kind of latrine does your family use?
Answer: - We use sanitary latrine.
Question: -What other jobs do you have except road construction?
Answer: - Sometime I cell sands to the construction manager.
. Question: - How many children do you have?
Answer: - 2 Sons and they are married.
INTERVIEW 04:
Name of Respondent: - Haradhan Mandal
Occupation: - Businessman
Age: - About 60 years
Address: - Barakupat, Shymnagar.
Question: - What do you do?
Answer: - I am businessman and I sell shrimp.
Question: -Do you cultivate them yourself?
Answer: - Yes and some other laborers help me.
Question: - How much land do you use in shrimp culture?
Answer: - About 2 Acer land.
Question: - What kind of problem do you face during cultivation?
Answer: - Recently the disease of shrimp is increasing and we are not getting the proper benefit.
Question: - How many children do you have?
Answer: - 2 Sons and 1 Daughter.
Question: -Tell us about their educational status.
Answer: - They all completed primary education.
Question: - What are the main occupations in your area?
Answer: - Some are day labor others work in the brick field, Garments and in transportation
sectors.
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INTERVIEW 05:
Name of Respondent: - Devdas Kumar Mandal
Occupation: - Aqua farmer
Age: - About 25 years
Address: - Barakupat, Shymnagar.
Question: - What do you do?
Answer: - I am an Aqua farmer work in shrimp gher.
Question: -How many workers work with you?
Answer: - About 10-15 workers.
Question: - What are the major problems in this area?
Answer: - The people are suffering very hard. Due to salinity agricultural practice is affected that
is why most of the people are forced to do shrimp culture.
Question: - What about the production of Shrimp?
Answer: - The production is reduced recently. Before now the production was 20,000 Tk per
bigha but now it is reduced to 10-12,000Tk.
Question: - What do you think the cause of productivity loss?
Answer: - I think the Juveniles collected from outside cannot tolerate or cope with the
environment here.
Question: -Are you married?
Answer: - Yes.
Question: - Do you have any children?
Answer: - No.
INTERVIEW 06:
Name of Respondent: - Mir Abdur Razzeq
Occupation: - Ex- Union Parisad member
Age: - About 65 years
Address: - Maddam Kalisha bunia.
Question: - As an Ex- member what types of problem do you and your people feel?
Answer: - Mainly poverty, unemployment, un-developed communication system, lower budget
in constructive fields are the main problems.
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Question: -What is the condition of drinking water and sanitation system in this area?
Answer: - The condition was worsed before but due to the activity of NGOs and Volunteer
organizations we improved the condition.
Question: - From where the people collect Drinking water?
Answer: - The water scarcity is the main problem. Rainwater harvesting is used for collection of
drinking water some drink the pond water directly.
Question: - What is the choice of local people among Agriculture and Shrimp culture?
Answer: - The salinity is a common problem and growing crop is hard task as cyclone and storm
surges always hit this area. So the people think the shrimp culture is more profitable.
Question: - What are the main occupations of the local people?
Answer: - Mainly natural resource collectors, day labors, businessman, Fisherman, aquaculture
labor are common.
INTERVIEW 07:
Name of Respondent: - Sahadat Hossain Torofdar.
Occupation: - Businessman
Age: - About 60 years
Address: - 7 No Dumuria, Gabura.
Question: - Tell us about the educational condition of your area.
Answer: - The children are interested in studying and their presence is very present. But their
economic condition is not letting them to continue in higher study.
Question: -How many educational institutions are present in this area?
Answer: - There are 7 Primary Schools, 2 High Schools and 2 Madrasas are present. There is no
College so the students have to travel in far areas.
Question: - What are the impacts of Sundarban in the lifestyle of local people?
Answer: - The Sundarban is providing many resources so it is the main source of employment.
Question: - What is the condition of Medical systems in this area?
Answer: - The medical condition is very bad. There is no doctor available so in emergency case
people have to go in Stkhira and Khulna.
Question: - How many children do you have?
Answer: - 3 Sons and 2 Daughters.
Question: - What are they doing now?
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Answer: - Sons works in the forest two daughters are married.
INTERVIEW 08:
Name of Respondent: - Israfil Hossain.
Occupation: - Headmaster of 52 No Dumuria Primary School.
Age: - 40 years
Address: - Nildumur, Shamnagar
Question: - How many teachers and student do you have in this school?
Answer: - About 542 students among them 60% girls 40% boys. Four teachers are present now;
two of them are under PTI training.
Question: -What social problems are seen in this area?
Answer: - Early marriage is the important problem, the law and order is also hard to found.
Question: - What is the average age of early married children?
Answer: - The boys at the age of 15-17 get married with the girls’ age of 11-13 years.
Question: - What kinds of diseases are seen in this area?
Answer: - Mainly Different Gastrointestinal diseases are observed as they drink pond water and
other common diseases also happen.
Question: - What is the main occupation in this area?
Answer: - Mainly crop farmer, aqua farmer, Natural resources collector and day labors
Question: - Do the students continue their study?
Answer: - The boys are strongly influenced in working section and they have to work for their
family. So they cannot continue. Although some of them return after a long time. Very few are
going for higher study.