Battery
For more information, please call +65 6243 0050 or email [email protected]
www.ev-li-ionbatteryforum.com
This is Part 2 of the Presentations from the EV Li-ion Battery Forum 2009
Forum Day 1 & 2 September 2009 Shanghai
Join in the discussionlook for the
group on
Lithium Ion Battery and Electric Cars Shanghai Sept 2009
Dr. Sankar Das Gupta
CEO , Electrovaya
• Climate Change
• Urban pollution
• Rising oil prices
• Energy security
• Healthcare costs
• Government initiatives
900 million vehicles worldwide rely on fossil fuels 50 - 70 million new vehicles on the road each year 85 Million Barrels of oil Burnt every day
“It’s the batteries, Stupid”
Notes: (1) James Woolsey – former CIA Director (2) George Shultz – former US Secretary of State
The Honorable R. James Woolsey The Honorable George P. Shultz Co-Chairmen
Fuel reformer
Oil Lines
Oil Pan
Water Cooling system
Catalytic Converter
Fuel Injection System
Various Auxiliary System
Engine
Transmission
Electric Motor
Onboard Charge & Motor Controller
Battery System
Muffler
Gas Tank
Electric Vehicle Components Unnecessary Internal Combustion Components
Electric drive train
Nanotechnology
A 30 kWh system (e.g. small BEV) requires
240 x Electrovaya 35Ah cells
7120 x 18650 cells (commercial phosphate)
3390 x 26650 cells (commercial phosphate)
Ener
gy D
ensi
ty (W
h/kg
)
• Most of world Lithium Ion Battery production uses organic liquid NMP (N- Methyl Pyrollidone)
• NMP recently suspected of reproductive Toxicity (birth defects) California 2001, EU 2003
• Electrovaya – Unique Production Technology does not use NMP
“Zero Emission Manufacturing for Zero Emission Vehicles”.
DistributedIntelligence
ControlIntelligence
Battery Engineering Team
Thermal Engineering Team
Power Electronics Team
Mechanical Engineering Team
Electrical Engineering Team
Battery System
1. Mississauga, Ontario Canada
2. New York State, U.S.A.
3. Licensee, Miljobil Joint Venture - Norway
Strategic Implications of Unique Manufacturing:
• Zero emission manufacturing process - Thus can manufacture anywhere – urban areas (Toronto), countries (Norway) with minimal environmental footprint
• Capital cost for Manufacturing Plant is lowest for the industry - Thus can expand more cost effectively
Mississauga, Ontario Canada
Cell Mfg. Module Build
Production Flow
verificationsystem build integrationSystem design
Commercial
iterativework
Battery R&D Team (Scientists, Engineers, Technicians)
Thermal Engineering Team (Engineers, Technicians)
Power Electronics Team (Computer Scientists, Engineers, Technicians)
Mechanical Engineering Team (Scientists, Engineers, Technicians)
Electrical Engineering Team (Engineers, Electricians, Technicians)
Systems Engineering (Engineers, Scientists, Technicians)
Mechatronics Team
Type
of L
abou
r Req
uire
d
Pre-commercialization Activities
OEMs Delivery Vans & Buses
PassengerCars
maya-300Urban cars
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Battery Electric Vehicles
Off-Road
Production : USA, Canada, Norway
Delivery Vans PHEV Conversions
•••
CorporateHomepageFeature
••
•••
•
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
二00九年九月
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
提
一、奇瑞公司 介
二、奇瑞新能源 展
三、主要 池 品技 参数
四、下一步的需求
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
奇瑞 品已出口到全球70多个国家和地区
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
提
一、奇瑞公司 介
二、奇瑞新能源 展
三、主要 池 品技 参数
四、下一步的需求
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
2000.12,完成奇瑞 汽 目的可行性分析与立 ,成立 汽 目
2001.10,申 承担了“十五”一期863 划“奇瑞混合 力 ” 目
2002.12,第一 3 ISG混合 力功能 研制完成,于2003.2通 863 划 收。
2004.09,第二 5 ISG混合 力功能 研制完成,并承担了“十五”二期863
划“QR混合 力 研 。
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
2002.01,A11 公司内立 ,并申 承担了“十五”一期863 划“QR
” 目
2002.12,第一 2 A11 功能 研制完成。
2003.02,第二 5 A11 功能 研制完成,并通 863 划 收。
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
2004.11,以奇瑞 主 ,国 合作研 , 行A21_ISG中度混合与A21_BSG
度混合等两款混合 力 工程化与 化研 :
行了3 化 开 , 了奇瑞两种混合 力 的 化
建立了新能源开 平台,如 件、硬件平台等
培养了奇瑞新能源开 的核心人
列入863 划有4个
技 与 利 奇瑞所有
BSG 度混合 力
ISG中度混合 力
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
2007年10月,奇瑞在 湖投放10台A21 BSG出租 行示范 。每台行超 20万公里,共累 示范 超 200万公里据 与反 ,在 湖市出租 行,BSG 油在10%左右
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
奇瑞公司提供58 A21_ISG与A21_BSG两种混合 力 ,在2008年北京奥 会期 ,成功 行了示范 ,体 了“ 色奥 ”的宗旨。
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
2009年1月,奇瑞A21 BSG混合 力 在 湖批量上市,首期上市150 。截至 在, 已 行近8万公里,累 行 1200万公里。
2009年底,奇瑞A21 ISG混合 力 将批量上市
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
混:BSG
中混:ISG
全混
2008 2009 2010 2011
A5
A5
A3
B22
QQ3 S18b
Q21
S18 A5
Q21
混
合
力
2012
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
提
一、奇瑞公司 介
二、奇瑞新能源 展
三、主要 池 品技 参数
四、下一步的需求
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
1
2
4
6
10
2
4
6
100
2
4
6
1000
(W
h/k
g)
100
101
102
103
104
(W/kg)
Lead -Acid
Capacitors
IC Engine
Ni-MH
Li-ion
Lead -Acid
Capacitors
IC Engine
Ni-MH
Li-ion
EV
HEV
PHEV
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
ISG
QQ EV M1 PHEV
A5 PHEV
BSG
NiH
AGM
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
a)
b) 336 V
c) 40Ah
d) 0.2C 98%
e) 80%
f) 1C
g) 13.4 kWh
h) 3C
i) 1C
j) 30 21KW
k) 100%DOD 2000
l) 220 kg
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
提
一、奇瑞公司 介
二、奇瑞新能源 展
三、主要 池 品技 参数
四、下一步的需求
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
我 的目
……
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
安全与主要性能相兼
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
池本体
一步提高比能量(EV及PHEV)
一步提高比功率(PHEV)
一步提高高温循 和低温性能
一步提高均匀一致性和安全性
一步降低成本(重要)
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
系 池包
化 、 等
循 寿命考核,如常 循 和工况循
安全性能考核,如使用初期和使用中后期
境 用性考核,如温度和机械等
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
控制(管理系 )
化SOC和SOH算法,特别是SOH算法
开展 磁兼容性能考核
池包系 包括管理系 在内的 力蓄 池系 性能的 合考核,如寿命、 境适 性等
奇瑞新能源 目 CNEAT
C - Pure electricity Technology
!
8Ah LMO Hi-Power cell, 89Wh/Kg, 1700W/Kg
Cycling peformance of LMO cell module (100%DOD)
Rate performances of 40Ah LFP cell at 25°C
Power density
Energy density
Life
Safety Cost
Working temp.range
FreedomCAR Energy Storage Goals
J.M. Tarascon, M. Armand, Nature, 414, 2001, 359
Cathode Voltage
vs Graphite
Specific
Capacity
Price Application Safety
LiCoO2 3.7V 140Ah/kg $35/kg Consumer Low
LiNoCoMn 3.6V 155Ah/kg $24/kg Consumer
Powertool
mid
LiNiCoAl 3.55V 170Ah/kg $26/kg Consumer
Industial
Low/mid
LiMn2O
4 3.8V 110Ah/kg $12/kg Powertool
Vehicel
High
LiFePO4 3.2V 150Ah/kg $30/kg Powertool
Vehicel
High
Voltage
vs Graphite
Specific
Capacity
Price
Anode Graphite 0V 330Ah/kg $10/kg
Hard Carbon 0.3V 250Ah/kg $40/kg
Li4Ti
5O
12 1.3V 160Ah/kg $25/kg
Graphite Anode
Hard Carbon Anode Li4Ti5O12 Anode
H. Li, X. J. Huang et al,
Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 2 (11) 547-549 (1999)
Si
Si
Cu foil
nano-Si/C After discharging
Electrochem. agglomeration
Si Composite Anode materials
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
LFP/Graphite
*Patent licensing fee is not included
Tianjin Lishen Battery Joint-stock Co.,Ltd
Zhang Na
2-3 Sep, 2009 EV Li-ion Battery Forum, Shanghai, China
Outline
Safety The number one concern for passenger vehicles
Availability Meet a wide temperature range of -30 to 60
Durability Cycle and calendar life must allow for 10~15 years of battery operation
Cost Batteries for EV with large batteries require low cost
Background-Key Materials Challenges
Voltage Range/V
Capacity /(mAh/g) Cycle Life Cost Safety
LiMn2O4 3.0-4.2 100 120 Good Low Better
LiFePO4 2.0-3.6 130 150 Excellent Low Excellent
NCM 2.5-4.2 150 Better High Good
NCA 2.5-4.2 150 Better High Good
•At least four different cathode chemistries are being considered in power battery
•NCA and NCM are the choices for high energy density
•LFP shows the lowest energy density due to low voltage and low material density
Cathode Chemistry in Lishen
KPI of Cathode Materials
•Most cathode materials exhibit a strong exothermal reaction with the electrolyte in the charged state which can lead to a thermal runaway of the battery
•LFP is completely stable and allows the development of an intrinsically safe cell
Safety of Cathode Material
DSC of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 LiMn2O4LiFePO4 and Electrolyte at 4.3V
Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—Basic Performance
Energy Type Power Type
Items A B C D E F G H
Surface area (m2/g) 9 11 16 10 14 18 15 14
Tapped density (g/cm3) 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.6
Particle size (μm) (D10) 2.2 1.5 0.6 1.1 0.8 0.75 0.2 0.2
(D50) 5.4 3.4 2.3 4.2 4.5 5.1 0.8 0.6
(D90) 9.1 5.9 11.2 10.3 12.2 16.6 4.8 5.0
Moisture (ppm) 420 800 300 500 1100 100 410 700
Discharge capacity (mAh/g)
148 150 145 148 145 143 143 152
Processability Hard Hard Hard Hard OK OK Hard Harder
Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—SEM
A B
C D
Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—SEM
E F
G H
Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—Discharge Performance
Discharge Performance:A E B C D F
Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—Cycle Life
Cycle Life( According to cycle life trend line): B C A E D
Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—Discharge Performance
Discharge Performance: G E
Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—Safety performance
All the Materials are Safe!
NoExplosion No Fire
NoExplosion No Fire
Safety & Abuse Testing
Nail Penetration Nail: 3- 8mm,Speed:10-40mm/s
Hot Oven 150 /10min
Over Charge1C/10V
Short Circuit
Over Discharge
NoExplosion No Fire
NoExplosion No Fire
NoExplosion No Fire
NoExplosion No Fire
Crush
Properties of anode materials
SEM
Structure
LTO SC HC MCMB Item
Anode Chemistry in Lishen
KPI of anode materials
Particle size D50/(μm)
Capacity /(mAh/g)
Tap Density/(g/cc) Advantage Disadvantage
Graphite (MCMB) 8.104 300 1.3 Low cost;
High capacity Low temp.;
Rapid charge
Hard Carbon 9.146 430 0.9 High Power;
Longevity
Energy; Initial Efficiency; low
tap density
Soft Carbon 11.216 360 0.8 Low cost; Longevity
Low energy density; low tap
density
Li4Ti5O4 9.7 150 1.2 High Power;
Longevity Low Temp.; Safety
Low energy density
Charge Capacity (mAh)
Ano
de e
lect
rode
Pot
entia
l (V
)
1.5V Vs Li
0.1V Vs Li
LTO
Graphite
Soft Carbon
Charge curves of anode materials
Hard carbon has the excellent specific capacity, and the charge and discharge curve shows good gradient, which is propitious to
estimate the SOC of the battery .
No SEI forming, which can improve the low temp. electron
conductivity. the voltage Vs. Li is 1.5V, which can effectively avoid
the creating of the lithium dendrites.
The properties of soft carbon is between hard carbon and
artificial graphite.
Hard Carbon
Electrochemical performances—rated discharge
Because of the intrinsic properties, hard carbon is benefit to be discharged at large current. The hard carbon displays the higher voltage than soft carbon and MCMB at high rate discharge.
Electrochemical performances—rated charge
Time of charging to 90%SOC (10C)
Anode Time/min MCMB 12.8
HC 7.3
SC 5.4
LTO 5.6
LTO shows excellent high rate charging property, which is better than HC and SC, and the high rate charging capacity of the MCMB is the least.
Electrochemical performances—cycle life
Low temperature performance
Batteries are the primary barrier in making electric-drive vehicles possible. Li-ion batteries can best meet the electric-drive challenge;
LiFePO4 is an intrinsically safe system with good cycle life. At present LiFePO4 platform is one of the best choice for EV/HEV application in Lishen;
MCMB and hard carbon are used in Lishen present EV/ HEV cell products; Li4Ti5O12 has higher rate charge ability (at low Temp. vs. AG) , so it seems that Li4Ti5O12 is the best choice for next generation HEV application;
Raw material is one of the key premise for good battery, but the electrode process is a big challenge for battery maker due to the property of LiFePO4. Lishen has sound base and enough manufacture experience to penetrate the EV market.
Conclusions
Thank You!
Solar Wind
°
°
°
1
1
2
2 3
3 4
4 5
5
μ
(1st cycle rate: C/20, other cycles: C/5)
http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu/
Carbon-based economy (pollutions) will be gone eventually
Clean electricity-based economy will take over Electrified transportation will prevail
How can we insure a safe and optimal operation of a power source or energy storage (PS/ES) system? Field testing? Laboratory testing? Modeling & simulation? All of the above?
What tools do we need to reach that objective? Model/simulation? Diagnosis? Prognosis? Are they easy to handle? Can they be used in real time ? Can they be used to forecast the available capacity ?
Data collection
How to understand field data? Analyze the duty/generation cycle
Link usage (duty cycle) to size & performance of the PS/ES system
Allow accurate sizing of the battery pack for geographically-dependent duty cycle
Pattern Recognition
Duty cycle analysis
Data collection Event D, high wind speed, low gusts distribution
Pattern Recognition
Duty cycle analysis
Event cycle analysis
Event forecasting
How to understand battery degradation ? Battery electrochemical behavior is:
Rate dependent Temperature dependent Age dependent
Need to test the cells under appropriate protocols Derived from representative usage
schedule (rate, temperature) Matrix of different parameters
Rate Pulses Temperature …
Small scale tests Specific protocols
Performance under load
Rate, T, … effects
Degradation is often complex Need a reference point (SOC tracing) Need in situ characterization
Incremental capacity analysis Close-to-equil. OCV analysis Small scale tests
Specific protocols
Life & degradation mechanisms
Single cell model Derived from performance tests
ECM approach: accurate & not computation intensive
Small scale tests Specific protocols
Performance under load
Cell performance model
Rate, T effects
Single cell to pack modeling Accommodate cell-to-cell variations Adapt to topology
Small scale tests Specific protocols
Performance under load
Cell to cell variations
Cell performance model
Pack model
Rate, T effects
Diagnostic and prognostic tools Developed from knowledge in
single cell testing and analysis Nominal vs. anomalies ID & Quantification
Small scale tests Specific protocols
Performance under load
Cell to cell variations
Prognostic model
Cell performance model
Diagnostic model
Pack model
Life & degradation mechanisms
Rate, T effects
Diagnostic and prognostic tools
Real time data V,SOC
Analysis and
prognostic module
V,SOC
I,T,SOC,SOH
Small scale tests Specific protocols
Performance under load
Cell to cell variations
Prognostic model
Cell performance model
Diagnostic model
Pack model
Data collection
Pattern Recognition
Duty cycle analysis
Event cycle analysis
Event forecasting Life & degradation mechanisms
Rate, T effects
Representative usage schedule
More details ― Roadmap
M. Dubarry, V. Svoboda, R. Hwu and B.Y. Liaw, “A roadmap to understand battery performance in electric and hybrid vehicle operation,” J. Power Sources 174 (2007) 366.
M. Dubarry, N. Vuillaume, B.Y. Liaw, and T. Quinn, “Vehicle evaluation, battery modeling, and fleet-testing experiences in Hawaii: A roadmap to understanding evaluation data and simulation” J. Asian Electric Vehicles 5 (2007) 1033.
Event pattern recognition B.Y. Liaw, M. Dubarry, “From driving cycle analysis to understanding battery
performance in real-life electric hybrid vehicle operation” (invited) to the Special Issue on Hybrid Electric Vehicles, J. Power Sources 174 (2007) 76.
Battery Analysis M. Dubarry, V. Svoboda, R. Hwu and B.Y. Liaw, “Capacity and power fading
mechanism identification from a commercial cell evaluation,” J. Power Sources 165 (2007) 566.
M. Dubarry, V. Svoboda, R. Hwu and B.Y. Liaw, “Capacity loss in rechargeable lithium cells during cycle life testing: The importance of determining state-of-charge” J. Power Sources 174 (2007) 1121.
Modeling M. Dubarry and B.Y. Liaw, “Development of a universal modeling tool for
rechargeable lithium batteries,” J. Power Sources 174 (2007) 856.
TRK7335.000 61CN 0809 EV09TRK7335.000 61CN 0109 FLA1
Troy A. Hayes, Ph.D., P.E.
General Manager
Exponent China
+1 (650) 688-7127 (US)
+86 (571) 2802 1727 (China)
September 3, 2009
TRK7335.000 61CN 0809 EV09
Who We Are
• Professional services firm
• Engineering & scientific consulting
• 650+ consulting and technical staff
• Best known for analyzing accidents
& failures
• Design and manufacturing
consulting based on FA experience
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Outline
• Technologies used for identifying defective cells
– X-Ray
– CT Scanning
– Hi-Pot testing
– OCV
– Sorting
– Imaging laser tab welds
– Tab-to-cell impedance (soft pouch)
• Maintaining your brand’s trust
– Recalls – when and why?
– Managing a recall
TRK7335.000 61CN 0809 EV09
TRK7335.000 61CN 0809 EV09
X-Ray
• X-Ray is useful as a 100% inspection procedure to verify proper anode/cathode alignment
– Note: this is not 100% accurate
• X-Ray is also useful when used on a sampling basis (using both is most desirable)
TRK7335.000 61CN 0809 EV09
X-Ray
Ni tab kink
TRK7335.000 61CN 0809 EV09
X-Ray
TRK7335.000 61CN 0809 EV09
CT Scanning
• CT Scanning can be used on a sampling basis to evaluate: – Metallic contamination
– Holes in active material
– High-density spots in active material
– Wrinkles in electrodes/current collectors
– Delamination of electrodes
– Detailed alignment
– Deformation of windings associated with tabs, bends etc.
• Disadvantages: – Slow for a complete scan (7 hours for an 18650)
– Expensive ($250K USD for a good machine)
TRK7335.000 61CN 0809 EV09
CT Scanning
100 x 100 x t=50 μm Fe 50 x 50 x t=20 μm Ni
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CT Scanning
• Cu dissolution due to repeated over-discharge
• Cathode delamination
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Hi-Pot Testing
• How were the Hi-Pot values chosen?
– Need a properly-designed DOE
• Metallic particle size/type
• Voltage level and application time
– Will vary with capacity/size
• Hi-Pot failures
– Data analysis
– Failure analysis
– Closed-loop corrective action
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OCV Testing
• How are the limits chosen?
– IEEE 1725 5.5.7
• Data analysis
• Failure analysis
• Closed-loop corrective action
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Sorting
• Why sort?
• Do you really know what causes the variation between cells of various classes?
– Loading versus other properties
– Self discharge rate
• Is it possible for two independent causes to create a cell of a particular class?
– If so, cells of one class may age differently
2,000 – 2,150 mAh
2,151 – 2,300 mAh
V 3.82V Grade B Grade A
3.82 > V 3.77 Grade D Grade C
Cap Voltage
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Laser Weld Visual Inspection
• Entirely dependent on operator skill
• Is the visual inspection reliable?
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Impedance Measurement Between Tab and Cell (Soft Pouch)
• When the inner polymer layer on the Al pouch is compromised, a current leakage path can occur – Corrosion
– Gas generation
– Cell swelling
– Electrolyte leakage
• Compromised pouches can be identified during production by measuring the impedance between the negative tab and the Al pouch after cell formation and aging
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Part 2: Maintaining Your Brand’s Trust
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Maintaining Your Brand’s Trust
• Recalls are for the consumer’s protection
• Recalls must be properly managed
• Recall as soon as possible – don’t wait
• Recall everywhere, not just where you are required (e.g., by the CPSC)
• Consumers will have more confidence in your brand if they know you are acting in their best interest
• Communicate to the customer
TRK7335.000 61CN 0809 EV09
Limiting a Recall – TRACEABILITY
• Tracing all material lots and equipment is extremely important!
– Cap assemblies
– Electrode batches
– Current collectors
– Slitting blade number
– Winding machine
– The more detail, the better
• Remember, most date codes disappear during a thermal runaway event
– Can you differentiate dates and machines by something internal to the cell?
TRK7335.000 61CN 0809 EV09
Data Analysis
• Need to consider
– End of life
– Time in service at time of incident
– Geography and power type/stability where incidents occur
– Differences in population versus failure rate (e.g., type of charger, etc.)
– Changes on manufacturing line
– Material changes
– Design changes
– Failure rates (Hi-Pot, OCV, etc.)
– Other factors
TRK7335.000 61CN 0809 EV09
Data Analysis
Ex
pe
cte
d N
um
be
r o
f F
ail
ure
s
pe
r M
illi
on
Ce
lls
TRK7335.000 61CN 0809 EV09
Timeline for Possible Contributing Factors
Factor A
Factor B
Cu Foil B
Can vendor B
Winder #2 in use
12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11
2007 2008 2009
Anode material B
Winder #16 in use
TRK7335.000 61CN 0809 EV09
Summary
• Technologies used for identifying defective cells
– X-Ray
– CT Scanning
– Hi-Pot testing
– OCV
– Sorting
– Imaging laser tab welds
– Tab-to-cell impedance (soft pouch)
• Maintaining your brand’s trust
– Recall if necessary
– Manage the recall and communicate to the customer
Make your product as traceable as possible
TRK7335.000 61CN 0809 EV09
Questions?
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Cell and Battery Pack Analysis, Including:
Auditing, Failure Analysis, Design Review, Testing, CTIA Certification and Regulatory Consulting
24 Offices Worldwide
Boston, Los Angeles, Phoenix, San Francisco and China
+1-888-656-EXPO (US)
www.exponent.com/batteries
+86 571 2802 1788 (China)
www.exponentchina.com