2. Effective and responsible integration ofimmigrants in the labor market and insociety is one of the key factors for successin reaching the Lisbon targets. The genderperspective is to a large extent lacking inintegration policies, which hampers thepossibilities of fully utilize the potential ofimmigrant women in the labor market.European Commissions Report on the Equality betweenMen and women. 2005 3. Overview- Domestic and Care as Work- Types of Migrant Care Work (domesticwork, childcare and elderly care)- The European Care-Curtain a geo-political aspect of the Global Care-Chain- Welfare and Migration Regimes- The ILO convention Decent Work forDomestic Workers- Debate 4. Care as WorkDomestic and Care Activities = Reproduction/Consumption productive WORKModernity labeled care/domestic work asunproductiveBinary: care/domestic workpaidemploymentAdam Smith and Karl Marx shared a contempt formenial servants and despised their toil asparasitical, actually a perversion of labor, asthough nothing were worthy of this name which didnot enrich the world (Hannah Arendt 1958:86). 5. Care as Work4 characteristics of current debates:b)Asymmetric evaluation of care and remunerated work isstill valid domestic/care work is considered unqualifiedwork low payment;c)Care/Domestic work outsourced to migrant women fromeconomically poorer countries rise of a global market forlow paid migrant care workers;d)Equal distribution of domestic/care work in the privatehousehold between the genders unsolved;e)Extrication of domestic and care work from the privatesphere as one of most insuperable challenges of 21stcentury. 6. Specificities of the domestic and care work sectorDistinction from other markets:- Intimate character of the work sphere;- Social construction of d.m. as female genderedarea;- Highly emotional relationship between employerand employee;- Highly personalized mutual dependency;- Logic of care work logic of other employment;- Cannot be reduced to replacement andsubstitution. 7. CareParadox:Western & Southern European countries have huge demand for migrant care workers while politically denying and ignoring this deficit.Mismatch of demand and restrictive migration policies resulting in large sector of undeclared work.Consequence: Legal care services and irregular migrant care work exist side by side. 8. Scale and numbers Exact data missing; informed guesses:Three mill. migrant women from Centraland Eastern Europe work in Southern andWestern Europe. Sector undergoes quick changes withinshort time periods; Unwillingness of sending and receivingcountries to acknowledge care migration: In receiving countries: hidden (dirty)secret; in sending countries: femalemigrants are characterized as temporarily 9. Types of Care workDomestic work (live-out) cleaning, ironing, cooking etc.~ est. 10% - 20% of all households purchase; irregularwork-service check systems are existent low level oftake up.Child care - au pairs (live-ins); despite au-pair regulation(contract for one year) many overstays (irregularity);Elderly long term care (live-ins)- 24 hours personal care worker- From self-organized (6-10 weeks) to regularized rotationsystem;- Majority from Eastern Europe (Poland, Romania, CzechRepublic, Slovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine,Georgia, Moldavia, Bulgaria). 10. Global Care Chains:Global Care Chains by A. Hochschild:Care gain and Care drainThree views on Global Care Chains:Critical feminist positionCelebrating globalization: win-win situation of migrants andemployersTraditionalist attitudeThe Care Curtain of EuropeCare chains are embedded in geo-political and historicalformations; they have non-identical outcomes: transnationalcare arrangements are at stake. 11. state migrant workers in the familyfamilymarket 12. ILO Convention June 2011 13. DEBATE- Cash for Care: Care receivers = employers(intimate and precarious relationship).- Various European countries: tacit toleration ofirregularity (open secret, state semi-compliancewith irregularity as a tool for flexibly solving the caredeficit).- Various European countries: Two sector model -side by side: expensive regular care services nextto (regularized) cheap migrant care worker Downgrading of social standards and labor rights.Care-drain in sending countries.- Will the ILO convention be implemented in nationallaw? Who are the actors to push this? 14. A (not so) hidden affair- Non recruitment policy for the low wageddomestic work sector;- Exceptions: au pair and care work for the elderlythrough ZAV;- Since May 2004: migrants from Eastern Europeuse free movement of services (Guide line96/71/EC);- Result:a) distinction between legal and illegalemployment is blurred;b) non discrimination of employers and nondecision (laissez faire) policy.