Framework 1.Introduction 2.Magnitude of Problem 3.Risk Factors
4.Social Impact 5.Haddon Matrix 6.Interventions 7.Recent Road
safety initiatives by Government of India 8.Current status 9.
Success stories 10. Conclusion 11. References
Slide 3
Introduction RTAs is major public health and development
crisis, and are predicted to increase if road safety is not
addressed adequately by countries. Amongst the leading causes of
deaths, disabilities and hospitalizations with severe socioeconomic
costs across the world, however more so in developing countries
like India. In the year 2011, there was one road accident every
minute, and one road accident death in less than four minutes, many
of these victims are young people, those who are economically
active. Road traffic accidents are amenable to remedial action.
Many countries have witnessed drop in road accidents and fatalities
by adopting multipronged approach to road safety, The challenge for
India is to adapt and evaluate these approaches to suit our
needs.
Slide 4
Magnitude
Slide 5
Approx 1.24 mill people die every yr on the worlds roads, and
another 20 to 50 million sustain nonfatal injuries as a result of
road trafc crashes. In most regions of the world this epidemic of
road trafc injuries is still increasing. 80% of road traffic deaths
occur in middle-income countries, which account for 72% of the
worlds population, but only 52% of the worlds registered vehicles.
In India Between 1970 and 2011, the number of accidents increased
by 4.4 times, with 9.8 times increase in fatalities and 7.3 times
increase in the number of persons injured
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Growth in Accident related parameters CAGR (%) in India
PeriodNumber of Accidents Number of Deaths Number of Injured
persons 2001/19913.23.74.7 2011/20012.15.82.4
Factors influencing exposure to risk Rapid motorization Motor
vehicles Main contributing factors for the increase in global road
crash injury Buses and trucks are a major mode of travel In New
Delhi, buses and trucks are involved in almost two thirds of
crashes involving vulnerable road users, and these people make up
over 75% of all road trafc deaths. Motorized two-wheeled vehicles
Non motorized Traffic
Slide 17
Factors influencing exposure to risk Demographic Factors-
Fluctuations in the relative sizes of different population groups
physical vulnerability Transport, land use and road network
planning The degree of physical exercise undertaken by individuals,
and the volume of road trafc crashes and injuries
Slide 18
Increased need for travel Choice of less safe forms of
travel
Slide 19
Risk factors inuencing crash involvement Speed Core of the road
injury problem Inuences both crash risk and crash consequence
Slide 20
Pedestrians and cyclists- The absence of separate pedestrian
and cyclist facilities, such as footpaths or cycle tracks, creates
a high risk for these road users. If separation is not possible,
road management and vehicle speed management are essential. At
speeds of less than 30 km/h, pedestrians and cyclists can mix with
motor vehicles in relative safety Young drivers and riders- Young
men in their rst few years of driving, have higher rates of crash
involvement than women. Thrill seeking behaviour over-condence less
tolerance of alcohol excess inappropriate speed
Slide 21
Alcohol Age of drivers- Teenagers with BAC of 0.03 g/dl
carrying two or more passengers were 34 times more at risk of a
crash than drivers aged 30 years. Severity of crashes- - each 0.02%
increase in BAC doubled the risk of involvement in a fatal
crash.
Slide 22
Medicinal and recreational drugs Driver fatigue
Slide 23
Crash Risk Probability of a crash involving an injury is
proportional to the square of the speed. The probability of a
serious crash is proportional to the cube of the speed. The
probability of a fatal crash is related to the fourth power of the
speed. Increase of 1 km/h in mean trafc speed results in a 3%
increase in the incidence of injury crashes. At levels above 50
km/h, a decrease of 2% in the number of crashes for every 1 km/h
reduction in the average speed
Slide 24
Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)-
Slide 25
Severity of crash injuries- As V from increases about 20 to 100
km/h, the probability of fatal injuries increases from 0 to almost
100% Serious injury for belted front-seat occupants is three times
at 30 miles/h and four times as great at 40 miles/h compared with
the risk at 20 miles/.
Slide 26
Risk factors inuencing injury severity
Slide 27
Lack of in-vehicle crash protection- Most accidents occur
outside the car, with those affected being pedestrians, cyclists,
motorized two-wheeled vehicle riders Non-use of crash helmets by
two-wheeled vehicle users reduce fatal and serious head injuries by
between 20% and 45% Non-use of seat-belts and child restraints in
motor vehicles
Slide 28
Risk factors inuencing post-crash injury outcome 50% of deaths
from road collisions occurred before reaching to hospitals. Pre
Hospital Factors No access to basic form of emergency medical
service. Many victims do not possess social security, health cover
or life insurance therefore lack access to hospital care. Hospital
care factors- Lack of trained expertise in trauma care, equipment-
essential low- cost and reusable equipment poor organization rather
than the cost.
Slide 29
Road safety as a social equity issue High impact on the poor
and vulnerable in society. costs of prolonged medical care loss of
the family breadwinner cost of a funeral loss of income due to
disability can push families into poverty.
Slide 30
Haddons Matrix Road transport as an ill-designed, man-machine
system needing comprehensive systemic treatment three phases of the
time sequence of a crash event pre-crash, crash and post-crash
epidemiological triad of human, machine and environment nine-cell
Haddon Matrix models a dynamic system each cell of the matrix
allowing opportunities for intervention to reduce road crash
injury.
Slide 31
Haddons Matrix Factors PhaseHuman Vehicle/ Equipment
Environment Pre-crashCrash prevention Information, Attitude, Police
enforcement Roadworthiness Speed m/m, Lighting Road design &
layout, speed limit, pedestrian facility Crash Injury prevention
during crash Use of restraints Occupant restraints, crash
protective design Crash protective roadside objects Post-crashLife
sustaining First aid skill, Access to medics Ease of access Fire
risk Rescue facilities
Slide 32
6. Road Traffic Accidents, Prevention and Control RTA deaths
and serious injuries are to a great extent preventable, since the
risk of incurring injury in a crash is largely predictable. The
strategies address the three prime elements of the trafc system
Vehicles road users road infrastructure
Slide 33
Managing exposure to risk through transport and land-use
policies Reducing motor vehicle trafc Efcient land use- spatial
distribution of origins and destinations of road journeys patterns
of urban growth size of residential areas. Safety impact
assessments of transport and land-use plans- improving mobility
reducing congestion improving the environment Providing shorter,
safer routes, Trip reduction measures.
Slide 34
Encouraging use of safer modes of travel Improved mass transit
systems better coordination between different modes of travel
shelters for bicycle allowing bicycles to be carried on board
trains, ferries and buses discourage private car use in favour of
public transport Minimizing exposure to high-risk scenarios
Preventing traffic mixing Giving priority to higher occupancy
vehicles Restrictions on speed and engine performance of motorized
two- wheelers Increasing the legal age for use of motorized
two-wheelers Strict driver licensing systems
Slide 35
Incorporating safety features into road design Segregation of
traffic Trafc-calming measures, Safety audits, Crash-protective
roadsides, Crash cushions, Remedial action at high-risk crash sites
Providing visible, crash-protective, smart vehicles Daytime running
lights for cars(20%), High-mounted stop lamps in cars(15% and 50%
crashe reduction in Norway and United States), Crash-protective
vehicle design Setting and securing compliance with road safety
rules
Slide 36
Setting and enforcing speed limits
Slide 37
Setting and enforcing alcohol impairment laws The risk of crash
starts to increase signicantly at BAC levels of 0.04 g/dl In India
legal BAC level is 0.03gm/dl. Minimum drinking-age laws Drivers
hours of work in commercial and public transport 2030% of crashes
in Europe & US involving commercial road vehicles. 60% of the
overall costs of trafc crashes are borne by society
Slide 38
Setting and enforcing seat-belt and child restraint use
Mandatory seat-belt use
Slide 39
Child restraints Bicycle helmets Reduce the risk of head/brain
injury by 63-88% Motorcycle helmets In Malaysia, legislation(1973)-
reduction of 30% in motorcycle deaths In Thailand -head injuries
decreased by 41.4% and deaths by 20.8% The role of education,
information and publicity always featured as the mainstay of
prevention.
Slide 40
Delivering post-crash care Chain of help for patients injured
in road crashes No Golden Hour Pre-hospital care-Role of lay
bystanders contacting the emergency service put off fire secure the
scene first aid, external haemorrhage could be avoided Access to
the emergency medical system Improvement of hospital settings by
human resource, physical resource, organization of trauma care.
Rehabilitation
Slide 41
Recent Road safety initiatives by Government of India The
Government has already approved a National Road Safety Policy. The
Government has constituted National Road Safety Council as the apex
body to take policy decisions in matters of road safety The
Ministry has adopted a multi pronged strategy to address the issue
of road safety based on four Es of Road Safety. Road Safety
Framework plan has been praposed for the Twelfth Five Year Plan
Multi-Pronged Strategy to improve road safety
Slide 42
Present Status NHAI has identified eleven locations for
establishing, operating and maintaining Wayside Amenities with
various entrepreneurs and out of which 4 are functional. NHAI is
identifying more Potential Sites along East West Corridor between
Porbandar to Lucknow and North South Corridor between Kanyakumari
to Hyderabad to develop Wayside Amenities to facilitate the Road
Users. Call Centre No. of Ambulances in place 223 No. of Tow away
cranes 198 No. of Route Patrol vehicles 229
Slide 43
Success Story Vision Zero- trafc safety policy, Sweden, in the
late 1990s. It is based on four elements: ethics, responsibility, a
philosophy of safety, and creating mechanisms for change system
should be able to take account of human failings and absorb errors
in such a way as to avoid deaths and serious injuries limiting
factor of this system is the human tolerance to mechanical force
chain of events leading to death/serious injury can be broken at
any point. A tool for all Relevant to any countries that aims to
create a sustainable road transport system. basic principles can be
applied to any type of road transport system, at any stage of
development. Adopting Vision Zero means avoiding the usual costly
process of trial and error,
Slide 44
References World report on road traffic injury prevention.
Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. Global Status Report on
Road Safety, Time for Action. Geneva: World Health Organization,
2009. Road Accidents in India. New Delhi: Transport Research Wing,
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, 2011. Road Accidents in
India. New Delhi: Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road
Transport and Highways, 2009.